India is one of the fastest growing
economies in the world. Rapid industrialisation & urbanisation involved
many basic structural changes in the economy. Uncontrolled and unplanned
expansion of cities led to inefficient use of energy and severe pollution
problem. The rapid pace of urbanisation has also put pressure on the civic
service infrastructure. Trucks and buses with old/ poorly maintained engines or haphazardly retrofitted engines are the
section of transport infrastructure where excess diesel consumption is
accounted and pollution is generated. The current yearly consumption of diesel
in transport is about 40 million tonnes, which is about 40 per cent of the total
petroleum product consumption. This is expected to reach 52.32 million tonnes
by 2006-07 growing at the rate of 5.6 per cent annually.
PCRA has been continuously assisting State
Transport Undertakings (STUs) in the organized transport sector by setting up
Model Depots. In these Model Depots, diesel conservation measures are
effectively implemented with PCRA's assistance and is sustained by the depots
management at the attainable performance level. These depots incorporated
good fueling practices, improved driving and maintenance skills and also
management information system and control. The measures thus introduced in the
Model Depots are being emulated by other depots of State Transport Undertakings
as well as fleet operators. PCRA has conducted model depot studies in 1938
depots of STUs as model depots in order to improve operating and maintenance
practices and the management control system. Saving potential in the range of
5-15% were identified in these Depots.
Under the
Urban Energy Management Program, PCRA plans to carryout Model Depot Project
Studies in the Depots of Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Delhi alone generate
about 6000 MT of solid waste per day. MCD had to operates around 890 vehicles
for collection, transportation and disposal of these solid wastes. The Fuel
consumption is approximately 650 KL every month. A survey visit to explore the
conservation potential was made to one of the MCD depot with their officials to
prepare further action plan. The results of the survey reveal that drivers are
to be encouraged for fuel conservation. Operational control for monitoring of
fuel consumption is to be installed in place.
There is considerable scope for further improvement of productivity
levels, essentially, on the basis of preventive maintenance of equipment
instead of breakdown maintenance & improvement in the output levels of
manpower thru’ proper training. After survey it was planned to generate the
basic data of depots of MCD so that Model Depot Project Study can be
undertaken. This involves thorough study of Depot in four phases:
§
Preparatory
Study: Includes
formation of basic data i.e. kilometres covered and oil consumption of each
vehicle, preventive maintenance schedule, history of each vehicle such as
breakdown, dead kilometres etc.
§
Intermediatary
Study: Developing
concept of model wise performance of vehicles such as Identification of high
diesel and oil consuming vehicles, Identification of low diesel KMPL drivers,
fixing of drivers over each vehicle and developing concept of conservation i.e.
fixing targets
§
Implementary
Study: Implementation of concept of KM base oil
charge system. Implementation of preventive maintenance schedule, starting of
DTP, attending to low KMPL and frequent oil top up vehicles, report
preparation, Computerised data logging system
§
Model
Depot Project Study:
The following are the areas covered under MDP:
§ Fuelling Practices, Calibration and
maintenance of fuel injection equipment.,
Lubricants and fuel handling.
§ Maintenance practices - Vehicle
giving low KMPL, Failure of reconditioned engine, Vehicle having high engine
oil consumption, Vehicles having frequent breakdown, checking of Self starting,
Tyre pressure, Injector testing, Condition of Cap in diesel tank,
§ Management review and control - Manpower required vs. available,
Route and Vehicle Fixing with Drivers, High / Low KMPL Drivers,
§ Report Preparation and submission of
each depot containing the following:
o
Summary
of Findings and Recommendations on Fuelling practices,
o
Summary
of Anticipated Savings per annum.
o
Performance
of depot during last 6 months (based on record data, if made available by MCD),
o
Analysis
of engine giving less than 4.5-4 KMPL – HSD,
o
Analysis
of engine giving less than 500 KMPL – Engine Oil,
o
Analysis
of driver giving low KMPL (based on data, if made available by MCD),
o
Design
different formats for MIS and maintenance practices.
.In the year 2003-04, PCRA has conducted 106 MDPs in depots
of BEST, with an average savings of
8-10% on maintenance practices depending upon depots.
DTPS WITH MCD DEPOTS AT N.DELHI & BEST, MUMBAI:
PCRA
conducts Driver Training Programs (DTPs) in State Transport Undertakings
(STUs). The current trend of rapid population growth in the cities has not only
taxed the surface transport infrastructure but also loaded the civic
infrastructure. As a result of this, authorities like the Municipal
Corporations who are in charge of providing civic amenities to the citizens has
to play a challenging role. PCRA under Urban Energy Management Program has
identified the agencies dealing with jobs involving huge movement of vehicles where scope for Fuel Conservation is
immense. The Municipal Corporation of Delhi in its Solid Waste Management Program
engages a fleet of vehicles, which are as follows:
|
Tipper
Trucks: |
693 |
|
Loader
Cum Trucks: |
2 |
|
Front
End Loaders: |
162 |
|
Backhoe
Loaders: |
6 |
|
Hydraulic
Excavators: |
8 |
|
Bulldozer: |
26 |
These
vehicles are used for collection, transportation and disposal of 6000 MT of
garbage per day in Delhi, which consumes about 653 KL of fuel per month.
MCD
has approached PCRA to collaborate for organising Driver Training Program (DTP)
to train their drivers in the field of Fuel Conservation. A total of 750
drivers is being identified for this purpose. Moreover, PCRA had been
approached by MCD to take up the job of recording the KMPL of all the vehicles
of MCD on the route in which they are presently operating before undertaking
DTP.
The
potential savings as seen in the case of STUs is about 15-20%. The net savings
which PCRA would be able to identify by training the drivers of MCD will be
around 100 KL.
Proposal
for Driver Training Program to be conducted by PCRA is already under
consideration by NOIDA authority to train around 100 of their drivers.
The diesel consumption in BEST, Mumbai is 6500 KL per month
for a distance covering 200 lac Km per month In the year 2003-04, PCRA has
conducted 269 DTPs in BEST, with an average of 16% savings.
PUMPING
WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE SYSTEM:
Water supply system and sewerage
disposal system are an essential component of the basic infrastructure for
urban settlements. Indian cities are no exception to urbanization process and
are tremendously expanding. As a result of this there is tremendous rise in
Urban conglomerations and service infrastructure is not able to cope up to
provide cities a satisfactory provision of both fresh water resources and
sanitation services.
Our daily life generates a huge
amount of waste water (sullage and sewage) from kitchens, baths, toilets, etc.
The sewage is disposed from houses and
other establishments by a complex underground network to the Sewage Treatment Plant. Efforts are made thru’ the Modern
Sewage Treatment plant to achieve a
very high Discharge Standard for Treated Sewage and convert Available Pollutant
to Power as a Non-Conventional Source of Energy. Due to inadequate
infrastructure, a substantial part of effluent finds its way into the nearby
major and minor drains and rivers
causing environmental deterioration.
Potable Water is received at the consumer end through
a piping network from Water Treatment Plants. Rapid urbanization has put
tremendous pressure on the existing civic services including supply of drinking
water in Indian cities. Increasing demand on water resources requires that resources are efficiently and
cost effectively managed. Simple, economical and eco-friendly method like
rainwater harvesting can be encouraged. Leak detection in the Distribution
system needs to be addressed to optimize distribution losses. Studies to find
out the feasibility to reduce Energy Consumption in the utilities like pump-
motors need to be taken. Special campaign for public awareness on water
conservation needs to be successfully implemented through extensive media
coverage
As a part of Urban Energy Management
Program, PCRA plays an active role in optimising Energy Consumption by conducting Energy Audit. PCRA will study the
loading pattern, flow, frictional losses in the pipelines, wastages due to line
leakages in Water Pumping system and evaluate the operating efficiency.
Following are the proposals sent by PCRA to different
authorities for carrying out Energy Audit under Urban Energy Management
program:
1)
Proposal
for Energy Audit of 84 Pumping Stations of MCD is under consideration.
2)
Proposal
for Energy Audit of Four Sewage Pumping Stations at Preet Vihar, Geeta Colony,
Jagriti, Kalyan Puri under Delhi Jal Board is under consideration.
3)
Proposal
for Energy Audit of Sewage Pumping Station, Sewage Treatment Plants and Water
Supply System of Noida is under consideration by Noida Authority.
USES OF COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP:
Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL) has revolutionized
energy-efficient lighting. CFL's are simply miniature versions of full-sized
fluorescents. The compact design allows them to be used in place of
incandescent light bulbs. For the same lumen output, CFL consumes one-fifth of
the electricity compared to incandescent lamp, thus resulting in 80% savings on
energy consumption.
Following are the advantages of CFL w.r.t incandescent lamp:
·
High
efficacy or efficiency as compared to incandescent lamps.
·
Colour
Rendering Index is high.
·
Compact
fluorescent lamps use 70 - 75% less energy than their incandescent equivalents.
A 100 watt incandescent lamp can be replaced by a 28 watt CFL.
·
Life
of a Compact fluorescent lamps approximately 8,000 hours, which is around 10
times the life of an incandescent lamp (expected life approximately 750 hours).
·
The
typical incandescent lamp wastes 90% of the energy it uses by producing heat
rather than light.
·
The
following table lists several standard incandescent lamps and the appropriate
compact fluorescents that can replace them.
|
Incandescent |
Compact Fluorescent |
|
40 - watt |
11 - watt |
|
60 - watt |
15 - watt |
|
75 - watt |
20 - watt |
|
90 - watt |
23 - watt |
|
100 - watt |
28 - watt |
AIRCONDITIONING AND LIGHTING
The
commercial buildings are one the fastest growing energy consumption sector.
Energy audit studies conducted in several office buildings, hotels and
hospitals indicate an energy savings potential of around 20 per cent. The
present trend is to provide high comfort level in the workplace by controlling
temperature, humidity, lighting etc which translates to create a highly
productive work environment for employees
Air-conditioning
Recent years have witnessed a considerable increase in the demand for
air conditioning. Air conditioning is no longer looked upon as an expensive
appliance of luxury, but is seen nowadays as an integral part of necessities
for living.
In any commercial air-conditioned building, the air-conditioning system
generally consumes the maximum power. Substantial energy saving can be achieved
by:
Lighting technologies developed in the last decade can help us in
cutting lighting costs by 30% to 60% while enhancing lighting quality and
reducing environmental impacts. To save lighting energy we can reduce wattage,
reduce the lights on-time, use daylight, and perform simple maintenance tasks.
In addition, a design that recognizes what tasks will occur in a given
area and sizing the lighting to that task will optimize the energy requirement.
Whether employing cost cutting measures in designing the lighting specifically
for a given area, it is important to consider the quality of the light, which
can affect the level of comfort.
Measures which can contribute for energy efficient and economic use
of lighting are as under:
Air conditioning & Lighting is
one of the areas in which PCRA endeavor to achieve a substantial amount of
Energy savings. In every industrial and commercial installation where Energy
audit is carried out, illumination survey and air conditioning load is studied
and provide technical solutions for the commercial building sector for
establishing energy efficient system.