Megan Mallory
World History E-Core
Period 5
French Revolution
Time Line
The Old Regime: Reign of King
Louis XVI (1774-1792)
http://online-study-guide.com/history/france-french-royalty/king-louis-xvi/life-bio-biography.html
Title is: “Biography: Life of King Louis XVI of
Marie Antoinette –
“The stories of Antoinette's excesses are vastly overstated. In fact, rather than ignoring
Cardinal Fleury
(1653-1743) – “André-Hercule de Fleury (1653 -
1743) was tutor to the young King Louis XV. He was made a cardinal in 1726 and
became in effect Prime Minister of France. Louis left government in the hands
of his ministers, the Duke of Bourbon and Cardinal Fleury.” - http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=NG903
Financial and
administrative problems – “French citizens rose
against their monarch, Louis XVI, eliminated the ancient legal
distinctions based on social class, and established a republican government.
The French revolutionaries invited all of the peoples of
Demands of the
Nobility – “His measures to curb the power of the great nobles aroused
(1465) the League of the Public Weal, headed by Charles the Bold,
son of Philip the Good; Francis II, duke
of Brittany; Jean, comte du
Dunois;
Antoine de Chabannes;
and the dukes of Alençon and Bourbon, under the
nominal leadership of the king's brother Charles. The lesser nobility, the bourgeoisie,
and the lower classes supported Louis, who also allied with the citizens of Liège, a Burgundian protectorate,
against Charles the Bold. Louis successfully defended
Identify
"Jacques Turgot" (1727-1781) – “His
most famous work, "Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of
Wealth" (1766), comprised only fifty-three pages. Among other works written during Turgot's
intendancy were the Mémoire sur les mines et carrières, and the Mémoire
sur la marque des fers, in which he protested against state regulation and
interference and advocated free competition. At the same time he did much to
encourage agriculture and local industries, among others establishing the
manufacture of porcelain.” - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot,_Baron_de_Laune
Identify
"Jacques Necker" (1732-1804) – “Necker wrote his famous Traité (1784), one of his better treatises. Necker
was appointed minister of finance by the new regime, but went into
retirement at his Swiss estate soon afterwards. He returned to
Explain Louis Reign – “He was 20 years old when he came to the throne. His greatest fault was that he was always ready to listen to others and follow their advice. Immediately after he was crowned, Louis remitted some of the most oppressive taxes and instituted financial and judicial reforms. Calonne was appointed finance minister in 1783. He borrowed money form the court until 1786, when the borrowing limit was reached.” - http://www.angelfire.com/va/frenchrev/LouisXVI.html
The Estates General (1788) - http://www.people.memphis.edu/~kenichls/1302FrenchRevolution.html
First Estate - “The Clergy from the outset was established as a privileged Estate. The French Catholic Church maintained a wide scope of powers - it literally constituted a state within a state and it had sustained this position for more than 800 years.” - http://www.people.memphis.edu/~kenichls/1302FrenchRevolution.html
Second Estate – “The
Nobility like the clergy represented another privileged Estate. The nobility
held the highest positions in the Church, the army, and the government. As an
order, they were virtually exempt from paying taxes of any kind. They collected
rent from the peasant population who lived on their lands.” - http://www.people.memphis.edu/~kenichls/1302FrenchRevolution.html
Bourgeoisie- “This
was originally the name for the inhabitants of walled towns in medieval
Proletariat – “During what Marx called the "socialist phase" of the revolution, the new proletarian government would confiscate all capitalist private property like factories, mines, farms, and other businesses. The government would then operate these enterprises for the benefit of the workers. When the proletariat finally controlled economic production, Marx declared that all classes would disappear and class struggles would end.” - http://www.crf-usa.org/bria/bria19_2a.htm
Third Estate – “This Estate ostensibly consisted of every one who was not a member of either the First or Second Estates. Totaling approximately 25 million people, the Third Estate was composed of the bourgeoisie, the peasantry and the urban artisans.” - http://www.people.memphis.edu/~kenichls/1302FrenchRevolution.html
Peasant life in
Gabelle - “This
was a form of tax in
Corv'ee – “The Corv’ee was a certain type of tax for the
peasants. It stated that they had to do public work for the city without pay to
make up for the taxes that they cannot pay for. Because the peasants were very
poor and could not pay taxes with their money, the government came up an
arrangement for that.”
The Middle Class - The
middle class was part of the third estate. They were also required to pay
taxes. Most of them had fair jobs and received minimum pay for their work.
Urban workers - The
urban workers were the ones who had the simple but resourceful jobs. They had
to pay heavy taxes and do city work
King Louis XVI summons the
Estates General (1788) - http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0858282.html
Identify
"Elections for the Estates General" – “It
is not idle comment to note that absolute monarchy in
Identify
"Demands on the Monarchy"- There were several issues with the
government and monarchy in
Voting By Order - Before voting was allowed, each estate would meet separately and would each give one vote to a subject of discussion. The first two estates would usually end up winning 2 to 1, leaving the third estate losing. A new system changed this; they all met together and vote. In this circumstance, the third estate would win by close number
The Third Estate proclaims
itself to be the National Assembly (1789)
http://personalwebs.oakland.edu/~crouch/102/fr-revol.txt
Identify "The
Identify "Louis
XVI versus the National Assembly"- the Third Estate declared itself
The National Assembly. A few open-minded nobles and several clergy joined the
movement of the Third Estate and helped them gain power. The National Assembly
proclaimed itself the Constituent National Assembly. They now had the ability
and power to declare law; their most important task was to create and adopt a
constitution.
A
Describe what
happened - The people living in
Jacques Necker's
restoration - Jacques Necker thought the taxation and the government was
being unfair. He believed that the government should have a strong taxing
system and new financial reforms.
Jean Bailly's
promotion (1736-1793) - He was elected in 1789 from
Marquis de
Lafayette's promotion (1757-1834) -
How did the revolt
affect most aristocrats?- Because the peasants were causing revolts and
destroying cities, the aristocrats and other higher people either joined the
third-class revolt, or left the city because they feared that they would be
overrun and killed.
The Great Fear Sweeps the
French countryside (1789) http://www.historywiz.com/greatfear.htm
Describe- The
peasants started to realize that there were food shortages and economic
depression and feared of an aristocratic scheme. So the peasants stole from and
burned chateaus, destroying records of feudal taxes. This reaction was known as
the “grande peur”, which meant “great fear”.
Effects- The nobles
and clergy in the Assembly, afraid of what was happening and partly by a sudden
occurrence of impracticality, gave up their privileges which destroyed the
feudal structure of France in one night.
The National Assembly
approves the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen (1789)
http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/declaration.html
Describe the
Declaration of the Rights of Man- the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
citizens was accepted by the National Assembly of France
Declaration of the
Rights of Women- Olympe de Gouges took the
“Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” and changed into in a way that
she believed it should be so that it would represent the interest of women as
well as men.
Mob Action (1789) -
To make sure that the citizens of
Political Clubs - The
Jacobins, Cordeliers, and the Feuillants were some of
the political parties that were created.
The Jacobins - This
club was well-known to be the most drastic. It was formed in 1789 by the Breton
deputies to the States-General. Later it was reconstituted as the “Society of
Friends of the Constitution” after the National Assembly moved in October of
1789 to
The Cordeliers - This
club was founded in 1790 as the “Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man
and of the Citizen”. It offered a political base for Georges Danton and Jean Paul Marat. In
1792-93, after Danton left the club, it was involved
in the destruction of the Girondists. After Marat's assassination the club was led by Jacques René Hébert and it fell apart
The Feuillants - This club was founded in July, 1791, when
the Jacobins that opposed the petition for the dethronement of the king broke
off from that club and began to meet at the former Feuillant
convent together. The Feuillants supported a
constitutional monarchy and in March of 1792, Girondists
helped overthrow the Feuillant ministry, which went
against war in
The Civil Constitution
of the Clergy (1789) - This constitution put the French Catholic Church
under state control and the bishops and priests became elected as paid
officials in
The National Assembly
enacts the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) http://history.hanover.edu/texts/civilcon.htm
The Constitution of 1791
establishes a constitutional monarchy (1791)
http://www.historywiz.com/constitution1791.htm
Necker's resignation
- In 1776, Necker, who had previously aided the government with loans, was
made director of the treasury; in 1777 he was made director-general of
finances. When his enemies at court again secured his dismissal in 1789, the
populace, on July 14, stormed the Bastille in the first outbreak of violence of
the French Revolution; Necker was once more recalled; his final resignation
came in 1790.
Mirabeau- The
year 1785 found him an exile in
Mirabeau's death
(1791) Meanwhile, he was increasingly criticized
in the assembly, particularly by the Jacobins, who opposed his moderation; his political
position was becoming untenable. He died in Apr., 1791, amid impressive
manifestations of public sorrow and respect, for he had never lost his
popularity with the masses. He was buried in the Panthéon,
but his body was later removed when his dealings with the court were
discovered.
Louis XVI and family
flee but captured – In June of 1791, Louis XVI disguised himself as a
valet, Marie dressed as a governess, the royal children and a loyal friend
disguised to be a wealthy Russian employer. When they stopped in a small town,
a former soldier recognized Marie Antoinette and they were caught.
Louis accepts New
Constitution (
Other reforms of the
National Assembly (1791)
http://www.assemblee-nat.fr/english/8am.asp
Abolished titles of nobility - Nobles guilds were abolished. However they repaid the nobles for the land they lost due to the peasant revolts.
Reorganized local government- In order to make it more efficient, old Provinces were replaced. Areas were them split up into 83 equal departments.
Laissez faire principals- The government was structured in a laissez faire way which meant that they cannot get in the way with the work of the other people’s businesses
Legislative Assembly
convenes (1791-92) http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~rpekarek/frevchron.html
Conservatives- Conservatives
captured nearly 85% of the seats in the national assembly, and Édouard Balladur, a Gaullist,
became premier. The elections in April, 1791 returned a majority of moderates
and conservatives to the Constituent Assembly, and their measures against the
radicals led to a new insurrection?the June Days,
three days of bloody street fighting in Paris.
Moderates (centrists)
- The foreign employment was ended in 1818; and
Girondists- Girondins,
reasonable Republican faction active in the French Revolution from 1791 to
1793. They were called Girondins because many of
their prominent members represented the department of
Mountain - They
were an assembly of people that included the Jacobins and the Cordeliers the
ruled France during the Reign of Terror.
Intervention of
Foreign Powers (1791-92) - In 1789 the French Revolution erupted. French
citizens rose against their monarch, Louis XVI, eliminated the ancient legal
distinctions based on social class, and established a republican government.
The French revolutionaries invited all of the peoples of
Austria-Prussia
The Legislative Assembly
deposes King Louis XVI and calls for the election of the National Convention
(1792) http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~frvandun/Texts/European%20history/Histoire.htm
Radical Takeover- When
the execution of King Louis XVI was followed through with, the cities became a
little disorderly. To solve these problems, the National Convention decided
that the Jacobins and the Cordeliers should carry out the laws.
Robespierre- Maximilien Robespierre lived from 1758 to 1794. He studied
law and was known for his honesty. He resigned as a judge so as not to give a
death penalty. In May of 1793, Robespierre forced the Girondists
out of the National Convention. This was because he opposed them and was an
activist of democratic reforms. In July, he was elected a member of the
Committee of Public Safety.
Danton-
Marat- Marat was a
well-known physician who had been an essential revolutionary from the very
start; because of his radicalism, he was soon exploited and hunted down and
spent part of the Revolution hiding in sewers. From the sewers he contracted an
incurable skin disease which required that he bathe constantly to ease the
pain; it was while he was bathing, that a Girondists
extremist named Charlotte Corday stabbed him to death
in the early months of the Terror.
sans-culottes- There
is a significant range of collective evidence of this kind, it is quite
possible to differentiate between the politically orthodox, the parfaits
sans-culottes revolutionaries as they would no doubt have preferred to define
themselves, and the authentic rebels, a minority within a minority, most of
whom were to suffer the fate set aside for ultra-revolutionaries who, according
to official revolutionary logic, were but the other face of the Janus-figure of counter-revolution
King Louis XVI is
executed (1793)-
The Reign of Terror begins
(1793) http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/reignter_governmentandeconomy.asp
Committee of public
safety- The Committee of Public Safety was formed by Robespierre. From July
1793, to July 1794, he governed
Jacobins- The Jacobins
was a political club that was created in 1789 by Breton deputies and the State
Generals. They met at the monastery of Jacobins and their purpose was to secure
support for the elements outside of the Assembly.
Republic of virtue - Robespierre,
the strong leader, believed that
Justification of
extreme violence- Robespierre believed that every criminal should be
sentenced to death, which changed the way of how people thought. People now
believed that bad people should be killed, so they executed anyone they though
were “bad”.
Revolutionary
tribunal- The Revolutionary tribunal was when the new idea came up where
they believed in quick court trials, in which they would quickly sentence the
victim to death.
How many dead?- It is estimated that around 40,000 people were
killed, included Marie Antoinette the queen. They were executed during the
reign of terror. The Reign of Terror effectively ended when the National
Assembly, whose members began to fear for there own lives, condemned its leader
Maximilien.
The National Convention
abolishes the monarchy (1792) http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111natc.html
The War of the First
Coalition is fought (1792-1797) - The war between most of
Lev'ee en masse- This was the idea that no single power could come to dominate the continent until the French lev´ee en masse provided the manpower that could overrun any alliance.
Coalition - Coalition
is an alliance, especially a temporary one, of people, factions, parties, or
nations. All of the countries in
French military
victories- the French military was very successful on their victories. They
were strong and ready to attack so they became stronger and stronger so they
won more of their battles.
Treaty of
The Thermidorean Reaction
ends the Reign of Terror (1794) http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/lect/mod13.html
9 Thermidor- The
conspirators of 9 Thermidor, became known as Thermidoreans. This is the Year
II, in the revolutionary calendar.
Guillotine- This was a machine used to execute
people or otherwise known as “beheading”. Dr. Joseph Ignace
Guillotine invented it because he believed that "axes were
unreliable."
The National Convention
drafts the Constitution of 1795 (1795) http://fsmitha.com/h3/h33-fr.html
Who controlled it? - The
people who controlled the National Convention constitution was
a group of people that consisted of a directory, or executive of 5 directors,
and a 2 house legislature.
How was it
controlled? - The directors would alternate their power from one director
to the next after a matter of time. It was fairly reasonable.
Council of Elders - The
Council of Elders was made up of older, wiser people. Their place in the
government was below the 2 houses of legislature
Dissolving of the
National Convention - Like another group, the National Convention became frail.
It is believed that it fell apart because the National Convention was trying to
rid themselves of all of the Christians in France and also believing that women
are not as good as men.
The Directory begins to
rule
Financial crisis- There
was a major financial crisis during 1795-1799 because leaders were using the
money that was suppose to be used toward the people for themselves; therefore,
causing a financial downfall because no one is aware of where the money is
actually going.
Corruption- The
Directory became corrupt and chose not help the citizens when they needed the
help; therefore, the citizens chose Napoleon to fix the mess they were in.
Exhaustion- The
Directory was gaining a lot of power; however, it wasn’t really working out so
the people were frustrated with how the directory was doing their job.
Army - While
Napoleon was in power, the strength of the Army was stronger than ever. They
would be able to defeat many countries and expend the empire. Napoleon was a
very strong leader and pushed the army to be stronger.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Time Line
Napoleon
Bonaparte is born in Corsica (1769-1821)
birth and childhood- Hated France
because he was born when
physical stature (Napoleonic
complex)- Napoleon was quite small in before his prime (5’11’’). He had a rigid
pose and would usually walk with one arm tucked in his coat.
marriage and political
significance- He wrote a brief history of
Early
military successes (1796)-
Napoleon's army defeats the Austrians in
Treaty of Campo Formio- On
1798-1799 French extend their control- Napoleon made many
advances with the French. He expanded their borders and invaded
Napoleon
Fights his Egyptian campaign (1798-1799)
Napoleon's invasion of
Rosetta Stone Discovery- Soldiers of Napoleon's army
discovered the Rosetta Stone in
Lord Horatio Nelson's role (1758-1805)-
Nelson was against Napoleon Bonaparte and fought against him in the
War of the Second
Coalition is fought (1798-1801)
Describe the war and its participants- The war came with
people from many countries. The odds were a lot to France and the Swiss. The
Swiss became under French rule so they were on his side, The Spanish allied
with
Napoleon's defeat of the Second Coalition- Napoleon came out
victorious at the Second Coalition as he usually does. The war ended with two
treaties that helped to bring about some peace.
Treaty of Luneville- In February
of 1801, the Treaty of Luneville was written and made
to make peace and put an end to the battling with the Austrians. On
Treaty of
Napoleon
Bonaparte seizes power and becomes first consul (1799)-
How does he come to power?- A new type of government was
formed and it was called the Consulate, Napoleon, of course, wanted more glory
and he wanted to guarantee himself as first consul. He himself as well as some
help worked to overrule the Consulate to insure power. Later the constitution
was changed somewhat and Napoleon went from consul for life to emperor.
The Constitution of 1799- Napoleon and his helper, Sieyes, created a constitution that would allow them to
manipulate it in such a way that they could gain more power. The constitution
made it so that the nation would have an unselected Senate and legislatures who
in turn would choose a few consuls.
Consulate- The consulate was the new way of government that
was formed. It was not a well structured government and allowed leeway so that
Napoleon could gain more power, the Consulate basically did not allow the
people to choose their leaders but rather Sieyes
stated “authority must come from above and confidence from below.”
The Concordat of
1801 establishes a reconciliation between France and
the Papacy (1801)
What did it do?- The Concordat of
1801 was made the Pope at the time and the Papacy, Pope Pius VII, and Napoleon
Bonaparte with
Pope Pius VII (1800-1823)- Pope
Pius the VII was part of the papacy when the Concordat was brought up. It took
three phases for Napoleon and the Pope to come to an agreement on
reestablishing the Roman Catholic Church as the basis of religion in
Civil Constitution of Clergy- Because of the financial
crisis that was going on, the national assembly seized some church lands and
made the State in charge of church affairs. Many Clergymen were against this
new form of government but were forced to sign it or be put under arrest.
Napoleon
becomes first consul for life (1802)
The
Napoleonic Empire / Map
(1804)
hereditary emperor-
Eugene de Beauharnais (1781-1824)-
Napoleon's divorce 1809)- Due to
political opportunities and social awareness in the fact that he needed a son
to follow in his footsteps, Napoleon divorced. Napoleon’s divorce of Josephine
led to marriage between himself and Mari Louise of
Archduchess Marie Louise (1791-1847)-
Hoping for a son, and as well as political and romantic reasons, Napoleon
married another wife, the Archduchess Marie Louise who was from
Napoleonic Administration- Napoleon created an Administration
in benefit of the country and the administration was under the national
government’s ruling power and authority. This Napoleonic Administration made
equality be a major factor to the French government.
One of these new laws was to tax citizens based on equality with no exceptions
pertaining to wealth or social/economic status.
Financial Reforms- The financial arrangement shifted under
Napoleon’s leadership and was improved through a series of reforms. He
collected the taxes of the people and formed an unbendable economy, one way
this was possible was through the Bank of France which was made available in
1800.
Centralized Government- Napoleon centralized the government
of
Napoleonic Code 1807 (into effect 1804)-
The Napoleonic Code was one of the greatest things produced during Napoleon’s
time. This code required to make French law completely uniform. It was based on
two ideas: that all men are equal under the law, women were considered
exceptions, and all people have a right to property. In the earlier code it
eliminated all privileges from the laws, including tax laws. The following code
expounded on various laws to ensure the posterity of private property.
Educational Reform/
War of the Third Coalition (1805-1807)-
The Third War Coalition was the emperor of
British Naval Victory at Trafalgar- The
British Naval Victory at Trafalgar was one of the most decisive naval battles
in history. This victory all began when Napoleon considered battling the
British.
French Victories on Land- Napoleon was also victorious
outside of naval battles. He also made victories and conquered many
contributing to the French victories on land against Turkish and British
troops.
Napoleon
creates the Confederation of the Rhine and abolishes the Holy Roman Empire
(1806)
Describe what it did.- The
Confederation of the
Treaties of Tilsit- This treaty
established
Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825)-
Alexander I was the emperor of
King Frederick William III (1797-1840)-
William the III was also involved in the Third Coalition and he was actually
against napoleon. Although he was against him, he thought of him as “the only
man in
Napoleon's brothers Kings – Jerome was declared King of
Joseph (1768-1844)- Joseph was in
the Directery and the Council of Five Hundred, he was
later declared King of Spain because he protested over being left out of the
line of succession.
Louis (1778-1846)- Louis was King
of Holland and was Napoleon Bonaparte’s second youngest brother and also wanted
to be in on the goodness of being in the line of succession.
Jerome(1784-1860)- Jerome is
Napoleon’s youngest brother and the last on in the line, he was the King of
Westphalia.
Napoleon establishes
the continental system (1806)
Describe what it did.- The
Continental System was Napoleon's attempt to stop
Berlin Decree of 1806- The Berlin Decree of 1806 was
concerning the British blockade of merely commercial ports was opposing to
global law, Napoleon retaliated by setting up the British Isles under blockade
and forbidding any trade to or from them
Milan Decree 1807- The Milan Decree allowed the French
warships to capture neutral vessels that would be sailing from any British port
or from countries engaged by British armies.
The Peninsular War- Arthur Wellesley was one of the best soldier of his time, other than Napoleon. He was smart as
far as militarian trade and he knew the art of war and
the techniques of strategies.
Conflict
on Other Fronts(1808-1810)
Austria- Austria was just one of the many nations that Napoleon
chose to battle against during the Napoleonic Wars. As a result of these wars
Battle of Wagram (July 1809)- Napoleon learned from his last battle and made it up to
his nation at the battle of
Treaty of Schonbrunn (Oct. 1809)-
The Treaty of Schonbrunn was a treaty of peace that
was made between France and Austria, which forced Austria to give up a lot of
land and it also made them unite under the Continental System.
Plans to restore the French Empire in
Describe the happenings of the War –
Napoleon
fights his unsuccessful Russian campaign (1812)
Invasion of Russia- Napoleon gathered an army together and
entered
Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tollay
(1761-1818)- Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tollay was a prime minister. This man was very powerful yet
he was against Napoleon through all his dealings.
Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov- Kutuzov was a follower of Prince Mikhail Barvlay de Tollay and he later
got to take his place after Tollay died. He also
became powerful and was also against Napoleon.
Battle of Borodino- In this battle
Bonaparte lost about 30,000 men because he was to ignorant to listen to the
signs of war. He went into this battle with less weapons and provisions than
the Russians which led to the loss of many men.
Grand Army entered
French Retreat (Oct 19, 1812)-
Napoleon realized that they were at a disadvantage in this war. He finally
decided that they should retreat because they would not be able to make it
through the war.
Russia,
Prussia, and Austria defeat Napoleon in the Battle of Nations (1813)
Napoleon
abdicates and goes into exile on the island of Elba (1814)
Describe Napoleon's exile.- Due to
his downfall and destruction Alexander the I and others decided to exile
Napoleon so he could stir up no more trouble. They sent him to
Louis XVIII (1814-1824)- Louis
XVIII was the next leader to take the empire of
Napoleon
returns to power, beginning the Hundred Days (1815)
Describe the 100 Days- The Hundred days is also known as the
Waterloo Campaign which started on Maarch 1st
which was the day Napoleon arrived in Paris and June 28 which is when Louis
XVIII returned as King.
Napoleon is
defeated at Waterloo (1815)
Describe the Battle of Waterloo.-
The battle of
Duke of Wellington- The Duke of
Wellington was against Napoleon Bonaparte and he helped to bring Napoleon’s
final glorified days to an end.
Gebhard Von Blucher (1742-1819)- Gebhard Von Blucher aided the Duke of Wellington to the
destruction and capture of Napoleon Bonaparte and saw to it that Napoleon no
longer fought them again.
Napoleon
dies on Saint Helena (1821)
