Ch. 27
militarism- The late 1800’s saw a rise in militarism, the glorification of the
military. Under militarism, the armed forces and readiness for war came to
dominate national policy.
ultimatum -
mobilize - the plea to urge
neutrality- Neutrality is a policy of supporting neither side in a war.
total war-The channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort. As
the struggle wore on, nations realized that a modern, mechanized war required
the total commitment of their whole society.
propaganda- Propaganda is the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage
an opposing cause. Both the allies and the Central powers waged a war of
propaganda on each other.
atrocity- Horrible acts against innocent people. Both the British and French
press circulated highly exadurated versions of misreported incidents to make
armistice- An agreement to end fighting. The new German government pushed for
an armistice with the allies. The final Armistice to end World War I came on
reparations- Payments for war damage. The allies blamed the conflict on their
defeated foes and insisted that the losers make reparations. This was often a
source of discontent for Germans and led to world War II.
Edith Cavell- a British nurse who ran a Red Cross hospital in
Georges Clemenceau- a French Leader in the
Alfred Nobel- the Swedish inventor of dynamite who came to regret the military
uses of his invention. In his will, he set up the Nobel Peace Prize to reward
each year the individual whose work advanced the cause of peace.
Gavrillo Princip - A youth of 19 who joined a terrorist group called the Black
Hand. He vowed to kill Francis Ferdinand the archduke of Austria Hungary, and
did.
Woodrow Wilson- The president of the
Francis Ferdinand- the Arch- Duke of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated by
the Black Hand. He decided to visit Sarajevo and was assassinated by Gavrillo
Princip who believed he was a tyrant for conquering Serbia.
Kaiser William II- the last German Monarch who was forced into Exile. He
refused to listen to his generals who told him that the war could not be won.
Bertha Von Sutner- A woman known as “Peace Bertha” who predicted the war. Eight
days after her death, an assassin’s bullet started a four year world war.
Triple Alliance- An alliance between three countries. In 1872, Germany joined a
week alliance with Austria-Hungary and Russia. Ten years later, they formed the
Triple alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy.
Ottoman Empire- A large country who joined the central powers in 1914.
Eventually, the war caused the fall of the Ottoman Empire who was already known
as the “sick man of Europe.”
trench warfare- A system of warfare where both sides burrow into trenches and
use them for protection from the other side.
This was the first time in history that the armies had dug into trenches
to protect them from attack.
machine gun (role it played in WWI)- The machinegun made it possible for one or
two gunners to mow down a wave of soldiers. This made it very difficult to go
across no man’s land.
airplane (role it played in WWI)- Airplanes such as the Sopwith Camel were used
for observation of the other side. Eventually, however, people like the Red
Baron would engage in dog fights which just ended up resulting in one or two
casualties.
role of women in WWI- During world war one, women helped as nurses, and as
stewardesses on warships. Sometimes, they were allowed to take over the jobs of
the men who had left for war.
Nationalism (ie. tension between France and Germany)- France and Germany both
fought each other for power in Europe. The French were still bitter about their
defeat in the Franc-Prussian war and wanted the Germans out of Alsace and
Lorraine.
Paris Peace Conference- A conference Held between the United States, Great
Britain, and France. They were to deal with the leftovers of the war.
American neutrality- Until 1917, the United States had stayed out of the war.
However, after the sinking of several boats with American Citizens on board,
America declared war on Germany.
Black Hand- The terrorist group responsible for the assassination that started
World War I. The goal of the organization was to unite all South Slav peoples
into a single nation.
Treaty of Versailles- A treaty that ended the war and stated the conditions for
each side. Under the treaty, Germany was forced to take all the blame, and to
pay for the damages.
self determination- One of Wilson’s 14 points. The Baltic States and Poland
regained independence after more than 100 years of foreign rule.
Shleiffen Plan- A strategy developed by German General Alfred Von-Schlieffen to
avoid war on two fronts. Under the plan, Germany first had to defeat France
quickly, and then fight Russia.
U boat- An underwater ship that can launch torpedoes or guided underwater
bombs. These were used to destroy Allied shipping.
Lusitania- the British Ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat who believed that
she was carrying allied supplies. This is what brought the United States into
war.
armistice- An agreement to end fighting. Although the Germans saw the armistice
as a cease- fire, the allied forces saw it as an admittance of defeat.
mandate- Territories that are administered by western powers. The allies
created a system of mandates that were supposed to be held until the countries
were able to stand alone.
war reparations- The central powers were forced to pay 30Billion dollars in war
damages. The money went to war expenses, covering the destruction, and the
pensions for allied soldiers or their widows and families.
western front- The place where most of the fighting took place. This is where
the war first began and battles including that of the Somme River were fought.
eastern front- On the eastern front, battle lines swayed back and forth
sometimes over large areas. Casualties rose even higher than in the west, but
the results were just as indecisive.
Verdun- A costly battle that was meant to keep the German Forces from passing
them. The French defenders won, but at a cost of more than a half-million
casualties on both sides.
Battle of Marne- One of the first battles of the war where Germany pushed its
way through Paris as part of the Schleiffen plan. However, the Germans were
unable to make the final break and were forced to retreat.
CH. 28
Soviet – A soviet is a council of workers and soldiers. At first the soviets
worked democratically with the government, but soon the Bolsheviks, a radical
socialist group, took charge.
command economy- An economy in which government officials
make all basic economic decisions. The Soviet Union used this to achieve
economic growth.
collective- Large farms owned and operated by peasants as a
group. Stalin forced peasants to give up their private plots and live on state
owned farms or collectives.
kulak- Peasants that are slightly wealthier than other
peasants. Stalin sought to destroy the kulaks by confiscating their land and
sending them to labor camps.
Totalitarian state- A state in which a one- party
dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of the citizens.
Stalin purged political rivals and imposed central government control over
industry ad agriculture.
Socialist realism- A forced artistic style in which painters
were forced to portray communism in a positive light. Its goal was to boost
socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light.
Lenin – A revolutionary who believed in Marxist ideas and
spread them among factory workers along with others. He was exiled for
spreading socialist ideas and sent to Siberia.
Osip Mandelstam- a Jewish poet who was imprisoned, tortured,
and exiled for composing a satirical verse about Stalin. Eventually, he gave in
and wrote an “Ode to Stalin.”
Nicholas II- The last tsar of Russia before the revolution.
He had failed to solve Russia’s basic problems and was eventually forced to
abdicate and was killed.
Gregory Rasputin An illiterate Siberian Peasant who was
entrusted by Alexandra to run the empire while Nicholas was at war. However, he
was extremely corrupt and manipulated the tsarina to meet his own need.
Joseph Stalin- the man who came to power after the death of
Lenin. He was a ruthless person who killed millions and eliminated all
opposition.
Stalin's 5 Year Plan- A set of plans set by Stalin to
modernize Russia by building heavy industry, increasing farm output, and
improving transportation. To achieve this growth, he brought all economic
activity under government control.
Socialist realism- The forced art form under Stalin’s reign.
It was used as propaganda to glorify Stalin and often contained him as the main
subject.
totalitarian state- Stalin created a ruthless totalitarian
state. Anybody who stood in his way or did something against his will was
immediately killed.
Anna Akhmatova- One of Russia’s greatest poets who fell out
of favor because her poetry did not stress communist ideas. However, she
secretly continued to write poetry which her friends memorized.
V.I. Lenin – The first leader of Communist Russia. After extinguishing
civil war, he tried to build a classless society in which the means of
production were in the hands of the people.
Mikhail Sholokhov- A man who wrote the book And Quite Flows
the Don, a book that tells about WW1, the Russian Revolution, and civil war. He
became one of the few Soviet writers to win the Nobel Prize for literature.
Joseph Stalin- A totalitarian who ruled Soviet Russia with
and Iron fist after the death of Lennon. He replaced religion with communist
ideology, implemented five year plans, purges, the secret police, and
censorship to prevent opposition.
Leon Trotsky- Stalin’s rival who fought for power.
Eventually, Stalin ended up stripping him of party membership and having him
murdered.
Socialist revolution- A series of revolts that led to the
fall of tsarist Russia. The bourgeoisie was abolished, and all social classes
were eliminated.
Bolshevik Revolution- the Bolsheviks took over Moscow and
collapsed the provisional government. After this, they became known as
communists.
Lenin's New Economic Policy- A policy which allowed limited
capitalist ventures. While the state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and
large industries, small businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit.
Stalin-Lenin’s Sudden death set off a power struggle among
Communist leaders. Stalin fought against Trotsky who was a brilliant thinker,
and a skillful orator. Stalin was none of these.
Stalin's 5 Year Plan- Stalin brought all economic activity
under government control. The Soviet Union developed a command economy in which
government officials made all economic decisions.
The arts under Stalin- Stalin severely restricted
literature, art, and music. Everything had to pass through his censors to make
sure it didn’t say anything bad about Stalin, or his ideas.
List three causes of the 1917 revolution in Russia-
Lack of reforms
Corrupt bureaucracy
Casualties in World War I
Ch. 29
apartheid- A South African policy of racial segregation. Only the whites could
get the best jobs, could eat at the best restaurants, and use the sidewalks.
Civil disobedience- A refusal to obey unjust laws. Gandhi used civil
disobedience which he had read about in the works of Henry David Thoreau, to
basically render the British helpless and make them leave India.
Diego Rivera- a Mexican Muralist from the 1920’s and 1930’s. He created
magnificent works on the walls of public buildings that won worldwide acclaim.
Hirohito- The Japanese emperor who reigned from 1926 through 1989. During those
decades, Japan experienced remarkable successes and appalling tragedies.
Jiang Jieshi- A young army officer who took over the Guomindang and tried to
Reunite China. He began a long march into northern China, crushing local
warlords as he advanced and capturing Beijing.
Muhammad Ali Jinrah- A leader of the Muslim League during the 1930’s. He came
from a middle class background and had studied law in England, and threw his
support behind the creation of a separate Muslim state.
Nationalization- The government takeover of natural resources. It was one of
the issues addressed in the Constitution of 1917.
Pancho Villa- A radical leader whose real name was Francisco Villa. He fought
mostly for personal power, but won the intense loyalty of his peasant
followers.
Cause of the 1910 Mexico Revolution- The unrest in Mexico boiled over when
Francisco Madero, a liberal reformer demanded free elections in 1910. After
being imprisoned by Diaz, revolutionaries all across Mexico joined his cause.
Pan-Africanism- A movement developed to nourish the nationalist spirit in
Africa. Pan-Africanism emphasized the Unity of Africans and people of African
descent around the world.
Mandate System (M. East) - During the Paris peace conference, a system of
mandates administered by European nations outraged Arabs. The Allies carved up
the Ottoman lands giving France mandates in Syria and Lebanon and Britain
mandates in Palestine and Iraq.
Great Salt March- A march in which South Africans, led by Gandhi, marched to
the sea, and picked up salt against British law. Although he was soon arrested,
the media had tracked the story, and thundered against Britain.
May Fourth Movement- A set of student protests that erupted in Beijing and
later spread to cities across China. They were protesting the possessions that
Japan had been given over China at the Paris peace conference.
Effect of Great Depression in Japan- The great depression devastated Japan
because foreign buyers could no longer afford Japanese silks and other exports.
Prices for all exports plummeted and unemployment rates soared.
CH. 30
general strike- A strike by workers in many different industries at the same
time. In Britain, during the 1920’s, unemployment was severe, and low wages all
caused this general strike.
Stream of consciousness- A technique used by writers to probe characters random
thoughts of feelings without imposing any logic or order. In novels like To the
Light house and Mrs. Dalloway, Virginia Woolf used stream of consciousness to
explore the hidden thoughts of people as they go through the ordinary actions
of their everyday lives.
Flapper- A women who bobbed their hair and wore shirts much shorter than prewar
fashions. This was a marked change in popular culture that shocked many elders.
Concentration camp- Detention centers for civilians considered enemies of a
state. Sending Jews to them was the first step in Hitler’s plan that would soon
lead to the attempted extermination of all Jewish people.
Leon Blum- a French Socialist leader who tried to solve labor problems and
passed some social legislation. But it could not satisfy the more radical
leftists whose strikes soon brought down Blum’s government.
Marie Curie- A woman who, along with her husband won the Nobel Prize for her
ground-breaking research on radioactivity. She later died of radiation
poisoning.
Franklin D. Roosevelt- The president of the United states during the beginning
of World War II> He tried to explain why many countries turned away from
democracy.
Virginia Woolf- The author Mrs. Dalloway, and To the light. She used Stream of
consciousness to explore the hidden thoughts of people as they go through the
ordinary actions of their every day lives.
Albert Einstein- A german-born physicist who advanced his theories of
relativity. Einstein argued that space and time measurements are not absolute
but are determined by many factors, some of them unknown.
James Joyce- The author of the book Finnegan’s Wake. He explores throughout the
book the mind of a hero who is fast asleep throughout the novel.
Pablo Picasso- One of the creators of cubism He broke three-dimensional objects
into fragments and composed them into complex patterns of angles and planes.
Joseph Pilsudski- The dictator of Poland by 1926. Like Hitler, he promised
order and won the backing of the military and wealthy.
Frank Lloyd Wright- an American Architect who reflected the Bauhaus belief that
the function of a building should determine its form. In designing houses, he
used materials and forms that fit their environment.
Kellog-Briand Pact- A pact that pressed for disarmament, and worked to reduce
German Reparations. This came along with many social changes in the United
States.
Fascism- system of government marked by centralization of authority under a
dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition
through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent
nationalism and racism. After World war one, many in Italy turned to fascism to
end corruption and replace turmoil with order
Adolph Hitler- a German army veteran and leader of an extremist party who
eventually led Germany through an attempt to exterminate the Jews. He was a
nationalist, racist, and anti-Semitist.
Totalitarian rule- Rule in which every aspect of life is controlled. To achieve
his goals, Hitler built a brutal system of terror, repression and totalitarian
rule where Nazis controlled all areas of German Life.
Mein Kampf- Hitler’s Book which translates to “My Struggle.” In it he said that
Germans belonged to a superior master race of Aryans, or light-skinned
Europeans whose greatest enemy were the Jews.
Campaign against the Jews- In his fanatical Anti-Semitism, Hitler set out to
drive the Jews from Germany. He placed many laws restricting the freedoms of
Jews and eventually decided to exterminate them.
Great Depression- during the 1920,s the great depression rippled throughout the
world. Unemployment soared, prices crashed, and the stock market plummeted.
Mussolini- A fierce nationalist who in the 1920’s, made himself the fascist
dictator of Italy. He suppressed rival parties muzzled the press, limited the
number of voters, and rigged elections.
Weimar Republic-In 1919, the new German Republic drafted a constitution in the
city of Weimer. The constitution set up a parliamentary form of government led
by a prime minister, and gave both women and men the vote and included a bill
of rights.
Kristallnacht- On the nights of November 9th and 10th, Nazi-led mobs attacked
Jewish communities all over Germany. This was the beginning of the nightmare
for the Jews that would last for years.
List causes of Great Depression-
Over production due to new technology that led to lower
prices, but hurt farmers, miners, herders, and other suppliers of raw material.
The stock market bubble bursting in 1929.
Worldwide interrelationship of governments, financial
institutions and industries
Huge debts from World War I.
European dependence on American Loans.
Widespread use of credit.
CH. 31
appeasement- Appeasement is giving in to the demands of an
aggressor in order to keep the peace. When Hitler violated the treaty of
Versailles, Western powers denounced him, but did nothing to stop him.
blitzkrieg- The German term for Lightning war. In September
1939, the German army stormed Poland and bombed airfields, factories, towns,
and cities, as fast moving tanks and troops moved into the country.
Cold war- The cold war was a bloodless war in which two
major superpowers (United States and Russia) engaged in an arms race. For four
decades, the superpowers spent fantastic sums to develop new, more deadly
weapons as well as better delivery systems.
collaborator- A collaborator was a person who helped the
Nazis hunt down the Jews, or shipped them to their deaths. Some collaborated,
but most pretended not to see what was happening.
containment (policy)- The policy of containment is the
limitation of communism to the areas under soviet control. George Kennan, the
American statesman who first proposed this approach believed that communism
would eventually destroy itself.
genocide- Genocide is the murder of a group of people that
are classified by beliefs, race, etc. Hitler committed acts of genocide against
all non Aryans, especially the Jews.
kamikaze- A Kamikaze is a pilot who undertakes a suicide
mission by crashing their planes into American warships. To save their
homeland, Young Japanese often became Kamikazes.
pacifism- Pacifism is the opposition towards all war.
Pacifism, along with disgust for the First World War caused governments to seek
peace at any price.
Winston Churchill- The man who replaced Neville Chamberlain
as prime minister. For years he stood as a lone voice against the Nazi Threat,
and was the operator of British resistance against Germany.
Francisco Franco- A right wing General who led a revolt that
touched off a bloody civil war in Spain. This caused European powers to take
sides and fight for their beliefs creating a dress rehearsal for World War II.
Dwight Eisenhower- an American General who took command of a
joint Anglo-America force in Morocco and Algeria. Advancing from the west, he
combined with the British forces to trap Rommel’s army which surrendered in May
1943.
Haile Selassie-The Ethiopian king who asked the League of
Nations for help after Italy invaded his country in 1935. The league assed
sanctions, but failed to stop the invasion.
Harry Truman- the president who had taken office after FDR
died unexpectedly on April 12 1945. He made the decision to use the atomic
weapon on Japan.
Dunkirk- The battle of Dunkirk was a battle against the
German forces who were pouring into France. In a desperate gamble, the British
sent every available naval vessel, merchant ship, and even every pleasure boat
across the channel to pluck stranded troops of the beaches of Dunkirk and
Ostend.
El Alamein- In Egypt, the British under General Bernard
Montgomery finally stopped Romel’s advance during the long, fierce battle of El
Alamein. They turned the tables on Rommel, driving the axis forces back across
Libya into Tunisia.
Guernica- One of the worst German air raids on a small
Spanish market town of no military value during the Spanish civil war. The Nazi
leaders used as an experiment to see what their new planes would do.
Hiroshima- A midsized Japanese town that was the victim of
the first atomic bomb ever used in war. The bomb killed more than 70,000 people
in an instant.
Nagasaki- The second bomb dropped on Japan was dropped here.
After this bomb was dropped, the Japanese Emperor forced the cabinet to
surrender.
Pearl Harbor- The American port in Honolulu Hawaii that was
bombed by the Japanese in 1942. This event is what brought The United States
into the war.
Operation Barbarossa- A mission embarked upon by Hitler to
conquer the Soviet Union. Although they had an advantage over the surprised
Russians, the German army stalled because of the Russian winter.
D-Day- The code name of the day chosen for the Allied invasion
of Franc. From the landing crafts, they fought their way to shore and caused
the Germans to retreat.
Battle of Midway- A major turning point in the Pacific war
that involved American warships and airplanes bombing and severely damaging two
Japanese fleets. These victories greatly weakened Japanese naval power and
stopped the Japanese advance.
Holocaust- The program to exterminate the Jewish people.
Storm troopers rounded up Jewish men, women, and children who were sent in
cattle cars to death camps in Germany and Poland. More than 6 million Jews died
in the Nazi Holocaust.
Cold War rivals (which nations) - The rivals in the cold war
were the United States, and the Soviet Union. The United States held most of
the influence in the Western areas, and the Soviet Union held most of its
influence in the Eastern Areas.
Francisco Franco- By 1939, Franco had triumphed. Once in
power, he created a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler and Mussolini.
Benito Mussolini- the Fascist dictator of Italy. During the
war, Italians who were fed up with Mussolini overthrew him and forced him to
flee.
Adolph Hitler-A fanatical totalitarian leader who was known
for his fanatic beliefs and views. He began invading countries in Europe and
eventually started world War II.
Tojo Hideki- the Japanese General who declared war on the
United states by bombing Pearl Harbor. They did not want peace. Instead, Japan
hoped to seize lands in Asia and the Pacific, and the United States was
interfering with their plans.
Neville Chamberlain- the British prime minister before World
War II who declared that the Munich pact had saved Czechoslovakia. He had
earlier caved into Hitler’s demands and persuaded the Czechs to surrender
without a fight.
Franklin Roosevelt- The president of the United States at
the beginning of World War II. Early on, he found ways around neutrality acts
to provide aid to Britain as it stood alone against Hitler and later declared
war on Japan after they bombed Pearl Harbor.
Stalingrad- One of the Russian cities that was invaded by
Germany. This was a major turning point in the war because the German offensive
stalled here due to the Russian winter.
Explain 2 reasons why the US used the atomic bomb against
Reason 1- Invading Japan would cause many more casualties.
The Japanese were willing to fight to the absolute death and would not
surrender. Also there was fear of more Kamikaze attacks in which a Japanese
pilot would purposefully crash a plane loaded with explosives into a ship, army
camp etc.
Reason 2. Truman hoped that the use of an atomic weapon
would impress the Soviet Union. However, it impressed them so much that they
were determined to have one. This is what started the arms race.
Ch. 32
acid rain- A form of pollution in which toxic chemicals in the air com back to
earth as rain, snow, or hail. Acid rain damages forests, lakes, and farmland,
especially in industrial Europe and North America.
culture shock - The effect of movement from rural villages to urban cities.
People often suffered a sense of overwhelming sense and isolation as older
beliefs and values were undermined by urban values such as material wealth, and
job status.
interdependence- The dependence on countries of goods, resources, and knowledge
from other parts of the world. Political economic, cultural and other links
have created both problems and opportunities.
liberation theology- A movement that urged the Roman Catholic Church to take
more active roles in opposing the conditions that contributed to poverty.
Conservative catholic forces have opposed such political activities.
multinational corporation- A huge enterprise with branches in many countries
that invest in the developing world. They bring new technology to mining,
agriculture, transportation, and other industries.
nonaligned- A nation that was not allied to either side in the cold war. The
goal of the nonaligned movement was to reduce world tensions and promote
economic policies that would benefit developing nations.
privatization- The selling off of state owned industries to private investors.
In order to borrow money from the World Bank, debtor nations had to adopt free
market policies and many turned to privatization.
terrorism- The deliberate use of random violence, especially against civilians
to extract revenge or achieve political goals. Acts of terrorism have been on
the rise since the 1960s.
politcal instability in Africa- Political instability was caused by civil wars
and other struggles that prevented economic development. Military dictators or
other authoritarian leaders send money on weapons of warfare instead of
education, housing, or health.
developing countries- After World War
II, many nations were too drained of resources to hang on to their colonies.
The result was the appearance of many different nations in Africa and other
parts of the world. These countries have faced many polical problems as a
result of inexperience with democracy and civil wars.
Effects of the Cold War- The cold war caused the emergence of nearly 100 new
countries, ands well as a global arms race and technology race. The cold war
ended in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed, leaving new nations that were
once under soviet rule to fend for themselves.
spread of American culture around the globe- Since World War II, the united
states culture has including fads, fashions, music, and entertainment have
captured the world’s imagination. Blue Jeans, soft drinks, and fast foods first
popularized in the United states are now marketed around the world.
Factories and Environmental Damage- Auto
and factory emission often cause air and water pollution which damages the
environment. Rich nations, while producing most of the pollution have also led
the efforts to control pollution b passing laws that controlled waste disposal.
Explain how computers have shaped new global culture- Computers have been one
of the greatest influences on American culture. They allow ideas to spread
extremely quickly, and create an international market for goods.
Ch. 33
détente- A promotion of relaxation of tensions. Détente in e 1970’s between The
United States and the Soviet Union brought new agreements to reduce nuclear
stockpiles, but faced severe setbacks when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan
in 1979.
deficit- gap between what a government spends and what it takes in through
taxes and other sources. As the deficit in the United States grew,
conservatives crusaded for deeper cuts in social and economic programs.
dissident- - people who speak out against the government. Leaders after Stalin
suppressed dissidents with arrest and imprisonments and locking them in insane
asylums.
glasnost - A policy that ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss
publicly the country’s problems. This was brought on b Gorbachav, the last
leader of the Soviet Union before its fall.
welfare state- A system where government keeps most features of a capitalist economy, but takes greater
responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people. The welfare
state has its rots in the late 1800’s, when governments passed reforms to ease
the hardships of the industrial age.
Leonid Brezhnev- The person who took over after Khrushchev was removed from
office due to economic difficulties. He strongly suppressed dissidents and locked
critics away in insane asylums as Czarist Russia once had done.
Charles de Gaulle- The French leader who set up the Fifth Republic with a
constitution that gave him great power. Although he was a staunch nationalist,
he realized that France must give up Algeria.
Martin Luther King Jr.- The leader of the Civil rights movement for African
Americans. He organized boycotts and led peaceful marches throughout the 1960’s
to end segregation in the United States.
Joseph McCarthy- an American senator who accused many Americans with harboring
communist sympathies. He was eventually condemned by the senate after
government probes did not produce sufficient evidence; however, his accusations
ruined the lives of many Americans.
Margaret Thatcher- the British prime minister who denounced the welfare state
as costly and inefficient. Thatcher worked to replace government social and
economic programs with what she called an “enterprise culture” that promoted
individual initiative.
Perestroika- A Russian incentive to restructure government and economy.
Gorbachev hoped that streamlining the government and reducing the size of the
bureaucracy would boost efficiency and output.
Service industry- An industry that provides a service rather than a product
(I.E health care, finance, sales, education, and recreation). After factories
had to close in the United States, the economy shifted more from manufacturing
to service industry.
Welfare State- Margaret Thatcher was a conservative who
greatly reduced Britain’s welfare state during her years as prime minister. She
believed that it was responsible for many economic difficulties.
Mikhail Gorbachev- The last soviet union Leader before its fall. He pushed to
reform inefficiencies in the government, and ended censorship as well as looser
government control of industries.
Helmut Kohl- the West German chancellor who pushed for Reunification of east
and West Germany. In the 1990’s, German voters approved reunification, and Kohl
became chancellor of a united Germany.
Nikita Khrushchev- The leader who came to power in the Soviet Union after
Stalin died. He pushed for a policy of De-Stalinization and shocked party
members when he eased censorship, and let many political prisoners go.
Josip Tito- A fierce Guerrilla leader who had battled German occupying forces
during World War II. Later, He set up a communist government with an
independent path from that of Moscow, refused to join the Warsaw Pact, and
claimed neutrality in the cold war.
Lech Walesa- A polish shipyard worker who led revolts in shipyard workers and
organized an independent trade union called Solidarity. It soon claimed 10
million members who pushed for change until they were arrested causing more
unrest.
global economic competition- American industries face stiff competition from
Asian and other nations. Like Western Europe, the United States lost
manufacturing jobs to the developing world.
civil war in Yugoslavia- after Tito’s death and the fall of communism, a wave
of nationalism tore Yugoslavia apart. Ambitious extremists such as Serb leader
Sobodan Milosevic stirred ethnic unrest for their own ends. Croats created the
separate countries of Croatia and Slovenia. Sarajevo became the capital of a
new nation called Bosnia- Herzegovina. Serbia and Montenegro kept the name
Yugoslavia.
American foreign policy during Cold War- America’s policy during the cold war
was to do anything possible to prevent the spread of communism. They did this
by forming alliances with developing countries and supplying them in hopes that
they would not turn to socialism.
NAFTA- North American Free trade agreement. This created a vast free0 ttrade
zone between Canada, and the United states. It was later extended into Mexico.
Warsaw Pact- In 1955, Khrushchev set up the Warsaw Pact, in theoryto defend the
communist block against NATO. In practice, he would use it to intervene in any
country that was under it.
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty organization. This was a united States system that
stated that all of the members would fight for each other if they were
attacked.
European Coal and Steel Community- An independent agency consisting of France,
Weste Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and luxenbourg that set prices
and otherwise regulated the coal and steel industries of member states. This
cooperation spurred economic growth across Western Europe.
glasnost- A policy that ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss
publicly the country’s problems. This was brought on b Gorbachav, the last
leader of the Soviet Union before its fall.
1973 oil crisis- In 1973, the west suffered an economic jolt when OPEC cut oil
production and raised prices. Since most Western European countries used
imported oil to fuel industries, higher prices hurt.
Berlin Wall as a symbol of Cold War- The Berlin wall remained a Focus of Cold
war Tensions. The wall grew into a massive concrete barrier, topped with barbed
wire and patrolled by guards. It became an ugly symbol of the cold war and a
propaganda defeat for the soviets.
European Union- Despite disputes between members, the common market prospered.
In the 1980’s, and 1990’s it expanded still further and took the name the
European Union.
civil rights movement- Although African Americans had won freedom nearly a
century before, many states, especially in the South, denied them equality.
Segregation was legal in education and housing. Both Martin lUther King and the
ruling in Brown V. Borard of Education of Topeeka declared segregated schools
were unconstitutional.
"ethnic cleansing" Bosnia- Serbs in Bosnia practiced Ethnic
cleansing, forcibly removing other ethnic groups from the areas they
controlled. Hundreds of thousands of Bosnian Refugees were created living on
food sent by the United nations.
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Asian tigers- Tiawan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea are called the
Asian Tigers because of their rapid economic growth. They were all influenced
to some degree by China and Confucian traditions as well as western ideas.
commune – A block of land that contained several villages, several acres of
land, and up to 25,000 people. It had its own schools, factories, housing, and
dining halls.
Diet- The Japanese parliament. The new consitituion created stripped the mperor
of power and vested in the people who elected representatives to the Diet, or
parliament. The constitution also protected basic rights such as freedom of
thought, press, and assembly.
domino theory- American officials believed in the Domino theory. It held that a
communist victory in South Vietnam would cause noncommunist governments across
Southeast Asia to fall to communism, like a row of dominoes.
Four Modernizations- Deng Backed a program called the Four Modernizations. It
emphasized agriculture, industry, science, and defense. This meant including
some reforms such as private ownership of property and free market policies.
gross domestic product- Gross domestic product refers to the total value of all
goods and services produced by a nation. Between 1950 and 1975, Japan produced
its won economic miracle, even more spectacular than Germany’s.
Khmer Rouge- A group of Cambodian Communist Guerrillas who overthrew the
Cambodian government after American troops withdrew. Led by Pol Pot, the Khmer
Rouge unleashed a reign of terror by destroying all western influences and
driving people from the cities and forcing them to work in the fields.
"Little Red Book"- Books that contained Mao’s sayings. Red guards
attacked those they claimed were counterrevolutionaries and targeted people in
authority, from party leaders and factory managers to teachers, writers, and
artists.
Hong Kong- Britain gained the tiny island of Hong Kong after the Opium war.
Hong kong’s econoy today is based on trade and light industry such as
electronics and textiles.
Japan- The new Japanese republic was created after World war II with a
constitution that stripped the emperor
of his power. They forever renounced war and stopped all military services
except for a few for defense.
Pacific Rim- In the modern Global econom, Southeast Asia and East Asia are part
of a vast region known as the Pacific Rim.By the 1900’s, the volume of trade
across the Pacific was greater than that across the Atlantic.
Singapore- Under Lee Kwan Yew, Singapore
was transformed into an economic powerhouse, one of the “tiger economies” of
the Asian Pacific rim. They expanded government seaports inherited from the
British into one of the worlds busiest harbors.
Vietnam- The country in southeast Asia that was a major focus of the cold war
and was the setting for two wars against communism. The first was when Ho Chi
Minh, the Vietnamese communist organized guarillas to resist the Japanese and
gained control of much of north Vietnam. The second was when the United states
sent the military in to drive the communist forces back after they attacked the
south.
Mao Zedong- After world war II, Mao Zedong’s communist forces and Jiang
Jieshi’s Nationalists resumed the bitter struggle for power that had begun in
the 1920’s. The communists won and Mao Zedong became leader of Communist China.
Four Modernizations- Deng Backed a program called the Four Modernizations. It
emphasized agriculture, industry, science, and defense. This meant including
some reforms such as private ownership of property and free market policies.
North Korea- Under Kim Il Sung, North Korea recovered from the war, State owned
industries and collective farms increased output , however he also developed
nuclear power. Then failed government policies and terrible floods destroyed
harvests, bringing widespread hunger and forcing them to accept foreign
economic aid.
South korea- Economically, South corea leaped ahead of north after the mid
1960’s by exporting textiles and inexpensive goods. By the 1990’s, South corea
was an economic powerhouse and workers gained higher pay, raising the standards
of living.
General MacArthur's military govt goals.- General dDouglas macarther set two
main goals for the occupation of
Nationalist- Nationalists fought against Communists for control of
Ho Chi Minh- During World War II, Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese communist, had
organized guerrillas to resist the Japanese. At the end of the war, he
controlled much of northern
Importance of
effect of American occupation of
Communist Revolution- In 1911, the collapse of the Qing dynasty marked the end
of Confucian china. Mao’s triumph in 1949 signaled the start of an even more
intense upheaval.
Cold War Countries (ie.
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Green Revolution- Seeking to make