Megan Mallory

World History E-Core

10/27/04

Period 5

 

Chapter 14 Outline

 

1. What was the Renaissance?
1. The most important changes that took part in the renaissance were the ways that people viewed themselves and their world
2. The Renaissance produced new attitudes toward culture and learning; people were eager to explore richness and variety of human experiences.
3. The Renaissance supported a spirit of adventure and a wide-ranging curiosity that led people to explore new worlds
2. Italian Beginnings
1. The Renaissance began in Italy in the mid 1300s, then spread north to Europe
2. Italy differed from the rest of Europe because its cities had survived from the middle Ages.
3. Florence came to symbolize the Italian Renaissance, and like ancient Athens, produced numerous numbers of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists in a short span of time.
3. Humanism
1. Humanists believed that education should stimulate the individual’s creative powers
2. The main ideas of study were grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history based on Greek and Roman texts
3. Francesco Petrarch was a Florentine who lived from 1304 to 1374; He wrote “sonnets to Laura”, a love poem that encouraged other writers of his time.
4. A Golden Age in the Arts
1. Florence was home to many outstanding painters and sculptors; one of these included Leonardo da Vinci

                                                               i.      His most famous painting is the “Mona Lisa”

2. Michelangelo was also a painter, but also a sculptor, engineer, architect, and a poet
3. Raphael was also an artist, and blended Christian and classical styles; one of his well-known works is “School of Athens”.
4. Sofonisba Anguissola was also an aspiring artist of her time, and became the first well known woman worker
4. Writings of the New Age
1. The most widely read book was “The Book of the Courtier” written by Baldassare Castiglione; this book described an ideal courier that was a well-educated, well-mannered aristocrat.
2. This ideal man also described a woman that was described as being “beautiful” - outside, because her outer appearance is the true sign of inner beauty.
3. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the book “The Prince” that paved the way for many tyrants.
5. Artists of the Northern Renaissance
1. Albrecht Durer traveled to Italy in 1904 and studied the techniques of the Italian masters

                                                               i.      Because of his wide-ranging interests, which extended far beyond art, he is sometimes referred to as “The German Leonardo”

2. Jan and Hubert van Eyck portray images of townspeople and religious scenes.    
3. In the late 1600s, Peter Paul Rubens created paintings blended the realistic tradition of Flemish painters and also the artistic freedom of the Italian Renaissance.
6. Northern Humanists
1. Northern European scholars stressed education and a revival of classical learning while also emphasizing religious theme
2. Desiderius Erasmus used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament.

                                                               i.      Later, Erasmus wrote the book “The Praises of Folly”, in which he uses humor to expose the ignorant and immoral behavior of many people of his day. 

3. Thomas More also called for social and economic reform by writing his book called “Utopia”
7. Literature of the northern Renaissance
1. The French humanist, Francois Rabelais, wrote the novel “Gargantua and Pantagruel” where he describes many chronicles that two gentle giants go through together.
2. The best known poet and play writer of the Renaissance was, and is, William Shakespeare.

                                                               i.      Between 1590 and 1613 he wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world.

3. In Spain during about the early 1600s, Miguel de Cervantes wrote “Don Quixote”, and tale that mocks romantic notions of Medieval chivalry.
8. The Printing Revolution
1. Although the Chinese had learned to make paper and had printed book centuries before everyone else, Europe learned how to in 1456
2. Johann Gutenburg from Germany invented the printing press in 1456, and by 1500 Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and England had adapted the printing press into their countries.
3. The printing press made books a lot more common around the rich, and also increased the literacy rate to the middle class and poor.
9. Abuses in the Church
1. Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the church had become increasingly corrupt; popes competed for power against Italian princes for political power, and many other forms of injustice
2. The Church increased fees for religious services such as weddings, funerals, and baptisms to finance luxuries for the popes.
3. The Church also promoted the sale of “indulgences”, in which people could give a fine to the priest so that they could “get away” with committing a sin.
10. Luther’s protest
1. By 1517, the Church had frustrated so many people that it led to a revolt; this was led my a German monk named Martin Luther
2. When Luther saw a man selling indulgences outside of a cathedral, he became furious and drew up his 95 theses and posted them on the door of Wattenberg’s All Saints Church.
3. In 1521, the Church excommunicated Luther, but Luther was hid inside of the castle of Prince Fredrick of Saxony for almost a year

                                                               i.      During this time that he was hidden, the people considered him a hero and continued to protest.

12. Spread of Lutheran Ideas
1. A number of German princes embraced Lutheran beliefs for more selfish reasons; some saw it as a way to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.
2. The peasants also agreed with Luther, and in 1524, a Peasant’s Revolt erupted across Germany; 70,000 to 100,000 serfs were killed in the process.
3. In the Peace of Augusburg, King Charles V had all of the princes agree which religion they were-either Catholic or Lutheran, and that would also follow in their lands.
13. John Calvin
1. In 1536, John Calvin wrote the book “Institutes of the Christian Religion”, which was read by Protestants everywhere that set forth his religious beliefs.
2. Calvin preached predestination, and to Clavin, the world was made up of two kinds of people-saints, and sinners
3. Calvanists tried to live like saints, believing that only those who were saved could only live truly Christian lives
14. Radical Reformers
1. As reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up; a number of these groups rejected the idea of infant baptism, otherwise known as anabaptists
2. Compared to other reformers, anabaptists were much more peaceful and called for religious toleration and separation of church and state
3. Today, Protestant denominations such as Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists
15. The English Reformation
1. After 18 years of marriage, King Henry VIII could not produce a heir with his wife Catherine.
2. The Catholic church refused to divorce them, so he broke off from the Catholic church and took away power from the pope and put it in his hands.
3. After Queen Mary died, Elizabeth I took power and proclaimed that England was protestant
16. Elizabeth I Restores Unity to England
1. While Mary was the Queen, she was afraid that Elizabeth I would start a revolt against her because Elizabeth was popular and protestant.
2. For two years Elizabeth was locked in the London tower, and for another year she was imprisoned inside of a shabby house in Woodstock.
3. Finally Mary died in 1558 and Elizabeth became queen of England

                                                               i.      Under her rule, she restored the Anglican “Common Book of Prayer”

17. Catholic Reformation
1. To establish the direction that reform should take, the pope called for the Council of Trent in 1545

                                                               i.      It met off and on for almost 20 years

2. To deal with the Protestant threat more directly, Pope Paul strengthened the Inquisition
3. In 1540, the pope recognized a new religious order, the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits
17. Widespread Persecution
1. During this period of heightened religious passion, persecution was common on both sides

                                                               i.      Catholic mobs attacked and killed Protestants

                                                             ii.      Protestants killed Catholic priests and destroyed catholic churches

2. Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of women and men died in the witch-hunting craze
3. The reformation brought hard times for the Jews; by 1516, Jews in Venice had to live in a separate quarter of the city, known as the ghetto.     
18. Looking Ahead
1. The Catholic and Protestant reformations sparked wars of religioin in Europe until the 1600s
2. At this time, issues of religion began to give way to issues of national power
3. Catholic and Protestant rulers of the mid-1600s often made decisions based on political interests rather that for purely religious reasons
19. Changing Views of the World
1. Until the mid-1500s, European scholars accepted the idea that the earth was the center of the universe
2. In 1543, Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus published the book “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”, and in it he proposed a heliocentric model of the universe
3. Other scientists followed Copernicus’ ideas, such as Tycho Brahe and Galileo Galilei    
20. Newton ties it all Together
1. Using mathematics, Newton discovered a theory as why the planets orbited around to sun, just as why an apple would fall from a tree (gravity)
2. In 1687 Newton published “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” that explained the law of gravity and other things
3. For over 200 years Newton’s law was accepted
21. More Scientific Advances
1. In the 1600s Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds and also explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gases
2. In 1543, Andreas Vesalius published “On the Structure of the Human Body” which was the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy.
3. In the early 1600s, William Harvey described the circulation of blood for the first time
22. Bacon and Descartes
1. Both the Englishman Francis Bacon and the Frenchman Rene Descartes devoted themselves to the problem of knowledge
2. Bacon stressed experiment and observation; he wanted science to make life better for people by leading to practical technologies
3. Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding; through reason, he argued, rather than traditional sources of knowledge, people could discover basic truths.