Megan Mallory
World History E-Core
Period 5
Chapter 8 and 9
Study Guide
·
Peasant
o Most of the
peasants on a manor were called serfs
o Serfs were bound to
the land, and worked several days a week, farming their lords land, repairing,
or cleaning
·
Usury
o This was the money
that was lent at an interest.
o The clergy and the
nobles despised the new middle class, and thought that lending money was
immoral
·
Capital
o This was the money
that was used for investments
o At this time,
merchants needed money to buy goods, so they borrowed it from money lenders
·
Tithe
o This was given to
the church as a tax that was equal to a tenth of their incomes
o The Church used the
tithe to help the poor
·
Fief
o Otherwise known as
an estate and was granted from a lord to a vassal
o Besides granting
the estate, the lord promised protection to his vassal
·
Chivalry
o This required
knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word
o The code of
chivalry called for women to be protected and cherished
·
Charter
o This is a written
document that set out the rights and privileges of the town
o Even thought most
charters varied from place to place, they almost all granted the people the
right to choose their own leaders
·
Troubadours
o Otherwise known as
wandering poets
o They wrote love
songs that praised the perfection, beauty, and wit of women throughout the ages
·
Manor economy
o Most manors
included a few dozen huts for the serfs, a water mill, fields surrounding the
villages, a tiny church, and the manor house
o Peasants produced
almost everything that was needed such as growing food, sewing clothing, and
making furniture and clothes
·
How monks and nuns lived
o Monks and Nuns
tended to the sick, gave charity to the poor, and set up schools for the
children
o Monks and nuns took
vows of chastity (purity) and obedience to the abbot
·
Why was church reform desired?
o There were many
problems that brought serious problem to the church; as wealth and power grew,
discipline weakened
§
Monks and nuns ignored their vows
§
Married priests devoted more time to the interests of their
families than to their church duties
·
New agricultural technologies
o Around the 800s,
peasants were using new iron plows that carved much deeper than wooden ones did
o Also, a new kind of
harness allowed peasants to use horses rather than oxen
·
Defense of castles (moats, etc)
o By the 1100s, some
castles were built with high walls, towers, and drawbridges over wide moats
o Castle dwellers
stored up food and water so that they could withstand a long siege
·
o Muslim armies won
victory over victory in the
o At the battle of
§
This gave a new hope to the Christians
·
Vassals
o These were people
who pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord
o A vassal was
required to pay 40 days of military service each year, certain money payments,
and advice
·
Knights
o At the age of 7, a
boy could train to become a knight
o At the age of 21 he
would be ready to fight in battle
·
Lords
o A lord had the most
power a person could have without being a king
o They usually had
vassals to help rule their land
·
Why did the church have great power over the people?
o Medieval Christians
believed that all people were sinners and that the only way to avoid the
tortures of hell were to participate in sacraments
o Because it decided
who could participate in the sacraments, and thus who could gain salvation, the
Church had absolute power in the religious life of the Christians during the
middle ages
·
Cluniac reforms
o Abbot Berno at the
o He announced that
he would not permit nobles to interfere in the running of the monastery, and
filled the monastery with men who were solely devoted to religious pursuits
·
Three field system
o Peasants planted
one field in grain, one in legumes, and one they left with no crops
o The legumes
restored soil fertility, and also added variety to their diet
·
Merchant guilds
o Otherwise known as
associations, and they dominated life in medieval towns
o They passed laws,
levied taxes, and decided local affairs
·
Clergy
o Part of the Canon
law that applied to religious teachings
o If someone did not
follow these rules, they could not receive sacraments, which meant that the
could not have salvation
·
Nobles
o A noble had control
of his land and held power over his serfs
o Some nobles were
knights, and some were lords or vassals
·
Charlemagne
o Known later as Charles
the Great; he worked closely with the Church and declared Christianity as the
official language of
o Although
Charlemagne himself could not write, he set up many schools throughout his
empire and encouraged learning
·
Leif Erikson
o He was a troubadour,
or a wandering poet
o He wrote many poems
that described the beauty and grace of women
·
Serf
o A serf was bound to
their land, but could not be bought or sold like a slave
o They could not
leave the manor without their lord’s permission
·
Excommunication
o People who refused
to follow “the canon” were excommunicated and could not receive the sacraments
o To people who
believed in the tortures of hell, a punishment like this was terrifying
·
Steel plow
o Steel plows carved
into the soil much more than the wooden ones ever did
o The wooden ones
were designed for the light soil of the Mediterranean region, not western
europe
·
Feudal system
o Because Vikings,
Muslims, and Magyars were invading people, kings and emperors were too weak to
maintain order.
o People needed to
defend their land and homes, and so a loosely organized system of rule in which
powerful local lords divided their large landholdings among the lesser lords,
otherwise known as feudalism
·
Black Death- which regions were most devastated? % Population
died? Result?
o The Black Death
killed every one in three people- more than any war in history
o The worst was in
o People blamed the
Jews for this “attack from God” and slaughtered all the Jews that they could
find
o One-third of all
·
Magna Carta
o This agreement was
created because the King of that time, King John, was angering nobles with
heavy-handed taxes and other abuses of power
o In 1215, a group of
rebellious barons cornered him and forced him to sign the Magna Carta
o This restricted his
rights as King
·
Concordat of
o The struggle over
investiture lasted over 50 years; finally, in 1122, both sides accepted a
treaty known as the Concordat of Worms
o This agreement
stated that the church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with
spiritual authority
·
Chief goal of/ and result of the Crusades
o The goal of a
crusade was to “purify the church” and convert people to Christianity
o The results were:
tens of thousands of people were killed
·
Reconquista
o Queen Isabella
started a crusade against Jews and Muslims in
o More than 150,000
people fled into exile
·
Early jury system
o The “parliament” was
developed in the 1200s and came to power in 1295
o As the parliament
would continue to gain power, it would limit the power of the monarch
·
Conflict between emperors and popes
o Emperors fought
over who would control appointment to church offices
o The Concordat of
Worms brought both sides to an agreement which stated that the pope had the
power to elect and invest bishops, while emperors had the right to invest them
with fiefs
Short Answer
A.
5 reasons late Middle Ages were a time of decline:
a.
The middle ages were a time of decline because there was a lot of
suffering through people of different religions, countries, and social class.
The Christians, Jews, and Muslims all suffered from crusades and battles; the
Jews were blamed for many things. Another reason why the middle age was a time
of decline was because the Black Death killed 1/3 of all of the people in
B.
3 long-term effects of the crusades
a.
Some long-term
effects of the crusades were that the first crusades rose
the spirits of the men who went on them, which continued on throughout their
life. The crusading spirit continued long after the European defeat at