Megan Mallory

 

World History E-Core

 

Period 5

 

26 May 2005

 

 

Outline Chapter 32 and 33

 

Chapter 32

 

1. The Great Liberation
1. By the 1930s, nationalist movements had taken root in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
2. After WWII, nationalist leaders like Gandhi in India insisted on independence
3. Superpowers were seeking allies among emerging nations
2. The Cold War Goes Global
1. New nations emerged into a world dominated and divided by the Cold War
2. The United States and Soviet Union competed for influence by offering economic and military aid to developing nations
3. Each superpower wanted new countries to develop its ideology
3. New Nations Seek Stability
1. In Africa nations inherited random colonial borders
2. Regions had their different languages, religions, and ethnic identities
3. The new nations wrote constitutions that modeled those of western democracies
4. The Shrinking Globe
1. Since 1945, transportation and communication systems have made the world increasingly more independent
2. The UN played a role in decolonization
3. The World Health Organization (WHO) helped wipe out smallpox through its programs of vaccinations
5. Enduring Issues
1. Since the dropping of the nuclear bomb by the US, nations have poured resources into building nuclear weapons
2. During the Cold War, efforts to stop the arms race had only limited success
3. A number of countries signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) agreeing to halt the spread of nuclear weapons
6. The Global North and South: Two Worlds of Development
1. The cold war created a split between communist countries and democratic countries
2. An economic gulf divides the world into 2 spheres:

                                                               i.      The relatively rich nations in the north

                                                             ii.      The poor countries in the south

3. The global north includes the industrial nations of western Europe and north America, as well as Japan and Australia
4. The global south refers to the developing world
6. Economic Interdependence
1. The nations of the global north control much of the worlds capital, trade, and technology
2. They depend on low-paid workers in developing states to produce manufactured goods as inexpensively as possible
3. This shift in labor has led to loss of manufacturing jobs in many western nations
7. Obstacles to Development
1. Some developing nations have failed to achieve their economic goals because of their geography
2. Some other reasons are because of the countries’ population and poverty
3. One last reason is because of he countries’ political instability
8. Economic Development and the Environment
1. Economic development has been achieved at a great cost to the natural environment
2. Modern industry and agriculture have used up the earth’s natural resources and polluted the world’s water, air, and soil
3. With the Industrial Revolution and the population explosion, the potential for widespread environmental damage grew
9. The Village: Continuity and Change
1. Village people continue to form the largest part of the world’s population
2. There were approximately 3.3 billion of the 5. billion people on earth
3. Though village culture has endured for centuries, decades of urbanization, westernization, and new technology have left their mark
10. Old Ways and New
1. Since 1945, the world has experienced similar upheavals as Europe did in the Industrial Revolution
2. Urbanization and Westernization are among two of the major factors that contribute to the spread of new technology and updated cultures
3. Religious influence is another contributing factor to societies in developing countries
11. New Rights and Laws for Women
1. After 1945, women’s movements brought changes to both the western and developing worlds
2. By 1950, women had won the right to vote in most developed nations
3. A small but growing number won elected office
12. Science and Technology
1. Instant communication through satellite shrunk the globe
2. New forms of energy such as nuclear power has added to the steam power, electricity, and gasoline energy of the first industrial age
3. The computer is one of the most impacting inventions that has been created in the past 50 years
13. A New International Culture
1. Since WWII, American fads, fashions, music, and entertainment have captured the worlds imagination
2. American movies and television programs play to audiences in Moscow, Beijing, Buenos Aires, and Cairo
3. English has become the leading language of international business
14. Looking Ahead
1. Many current trends emerged long before 1945
2. Many trends popular now will continue beyond the year 2000
3. Nationalism is spreading, and global interdependence is essential

 

 

Chapter 33

 

16. The Cold War in Europe
1. For more than 40 years, the Cold War divided Europe into two hostile military alliances
2. Several instances almost brought Europe into another war
3. In general, the supoerpowers tried to avoid confrontation
17. Recovery and Growth in Western Europe
1. Western European countries recovered fairly quickly from WWII
2. They rebuild industries, farms, and transportation networks that were destroyed by the war
3. By the 1980s, the economy shifted from the western countries to Japan, who enjoyed dramatic growth after WWII
18. Toward European Unity
1. In 1952, the European Coal and Steel Community was set up by France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
2. These countries signed a treaty to form the European Community (EC), or Common Market, to expand free trade
3. Over the next decades, the Common Market gradually ended tariffs on goods and allowed labor and capital to move freely across national borders
19. Social Trends
1. The pace of social change speeded up after 1945
2. By the 1950s, more and more people in the West belonged to the middle class
3. Most people had job opportunities previously unknown in earlier times
20. Britain: Government and the Economy
1. WWII left Britain battered and economically drained
2. The war helped change old attitudes of the working class
3. After the war, Britain adjusted to a new world role where the British empire shrank as colonies in Asia and Africa won independence 
21. France: Revival and Prosperity
1. Like Britain, France also weakened by WWII
2. Ineffective cabinets drew criticism from both communists and conservatives
3. Bloody colonial wars in Vietnam and Algeria further drained and demoralized France
22. Germany: Reunited at Last
1. The early years after WWII were a desperate time for Germany
2. People were starving amid a landscape of destruction
3. Germany split in two and Western Germany was a member of the Western Alliances while Eastern Germany lay in the Soviet orbit
23. Other Democratic Nations of the West
1. Other parts of Europe slowly recovered from the war
2. Norway, Sweden, and Denmark created extensive socialist welfare programs
3. Spain, Portugal,  and Greece adopted democratic governments
24. United States and the Cold War
1. In 1945, the US was the worlds greatest military power and the only country with the atomic bomb
2. They felt threatened by communist expansion
3. During the Cold War, the US used its vast economic and militaristic powers to protect its interests and the security of the free world
25. Economy and the Role of Government
1. In 1945 the US produced 50 percent of the worlds goods
2. Factories soon shifted from tanks and bombers to peacetime production
3. At the American home, a growing population demanded homes, cars, refrigerators, and thousands of other products
26. The Civil Rights Movement
1. In the 1950s and 60s, segregation of blacks and white was legal
2. In 1954, the Supreme Court issued a landmark that declared that segregated schools were unconstitutional
3. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was inspired by Gandhi’s campaign and organized boycotts and led peaceful marches to end segregation in the United States
27. The United States and Global Economy
1. The United States profited greatly from the growing economy
2. American industries faced stiff competition from Asian and other nations
3. United States lost manufacturing jobs to the developing world
28. Postwar Canada
1. After gaining independence, it charted its own course but still maintained links with Britain
2. Canada ranked among the major democratic industrial powers
3. Canada is rich in oil and gas deposits and its link way to the US through the Great Lakes
29. Stalin’s Successors
1. The Soviet Union emerged through WWII as a superpower
2. Stalin filled slave labor camps with “enemies of the state” until he luckily died in 1953
3. Nikita Khrushchev came through as the new Soviet leader
30. The Soviet Economy
1. After WWII, Soviet industries were rebuilt using factories and other equipment stripped from Germany
2. Stalin and his successors focused on industries such as steel, coal, and heavy machinery
3. With the launch of the first satellite “Sputnik”, it gave Soviets benefits such as low rents, free health care, and day care for children
31. Foreign Policy Issues
1. As nations emerged from colonial rule, the Soviet Union, as well as the US, supplied them with military and economic aid
2. The building of the Berlin wall increased Cold War tensions
3. The Soviets tried to build nuclear missile bases in Cuba, which almost led to the nuclear war that everyone feared
32. Collapse of the Soviet Empire
1. As the fighting in Afghanistan dragged on, the Soviet economy stagnated
2. With the new Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, he made several drastic changes to the society such as free public opinion, restructuring the government and economy, and free-market.
3. There changes brought economic turmoil
33. The Russian Republic
1. After the Soviet Union fell apart, Russia approved a new constitution
2. The members of the Russian democracy were most former communists, or extreme nationalists who rejected western ideas
3. Further troubles came when minorities in Russia sought greater autonomy or independence

34.  The Other Republics

1. Armenia wanted to seize a small area in neighboring Azerbajian, where many Armenians lived
2. The republics of Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus gave up the nuclear weapons left on soil in return for trading privileges or investments from the West
3. Soviet republics wanted to build stable governments and improve their standard for living
34. In the Soviet Orbit
1. Local Communist parties from Hungary to Bulgaria destroyed rival parties, silences critics, censored the press, and campaigned against religion
2. Imre Nagy gained power and Hungary and ended one-party rule, ejected Soviet troops, and withdrew form the Warsaw Pact
3. Soviet power did not extend past Yugoslavia

 

36. Poland’s Struggle Toward Democracy
1. Poland was the Soviet Unions most troublesome satellite
2. Poles wanted greater freedom within the Soviet bloc
3. Communism persecution of the Roman Catholic Church backfired
37. Revolution and Freedom
1. By late 1989, a “democracy movement” was sweeping Eastern Europe
2. Everywhere, people took to the streets, demanding reform
3. One by one, communist governments failed
38. War Comes to Sarajevo
1. 3 groups made up Sarajevo  and went to war against eachother
2. Croats, who were Roman catholic
3. Serbs who were Orthodox Christians
4. And Muslims
39. Looking Ahead
1. In the 1990s, Bosnia became a test case for western powers in the post-Cold War world
2. As the Serbs advanced, observant countries did not know whether to help the Croats or the Muslims
3. Finally, they imposed a temporary peace