Megan Mallory

 

World History E-Core

 

Period 5

 

6 May 2005

 

 

Chapter 31 Outline

 

  1. Early Challenges to World Peace
    1. Dictators took aggressive action but met only verbal protests and pleas for peace from the democracies.
    2. Mussolini and Hitler viewed that desire for peace as weakness and responded with new acts of aggression.
    3. People at the time strongly believed that the democracies policies would work. 
  2. The Spanish Civil War
    1. In 1936 Spain plunged into a civil war
    2. Although the Spanish war took place in Spain itself, it drew other European countries into the war as well
    3. At the time, Spain was ruled by the Catholic Church and the military while most Spaniards were poor peasants or urban workers
  3. German Aggression Continues
    1. Hitler pursued his goal of bringing all German-speaking people into the Third Reich
    2. Hitler, who believed in the superiority of the German race, thought that Germany had the right to conquer the inferior Slavs to the east to gain “living space” for the Germans
    3. Winston Churchill judged the Nazis by saying, “They had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose to dishonor; they will have war.”
  4. The Plunge Toward War
    1. As Churchill predicted, Europe plunged rapidly into war by 1939
    2. In August of 1939, Hitler announced to the world a nonaggression pact with Joseph Stalin-his great enemy.
    3. They agreed on the pact because they were afraid of one another; Hitler did not want communism, and Stalin did not want fascism.
  5. Why War Came
    1. The Versailles Treaty divided Europe into two sections
    2. The countries that were not satisfied with the treaty wanted to change it, and all the countries who disagreed with it came together as one large, powerful force.
    3. With the rise of new forms of government such as communism, political leaders took advantage of their people and wanted to expand their borders with the help of their new power.
  6. The First Onslaught
    1. Nazi forces first entered into Poland in September of 1939
    2. Within a month, Poland ceased to exist with the indescribable power of both the Nazis and Russian powers.
    3. With new technology (airplanes), the Nazis advanced rapidly and air power took a prominent role
  7. The Battle of Britain
    1. With the fall of France, Britain stood alone to fight against Germany and Russia
    2. Hitler launched massive air strikes against Britain to weaken its air power and break the British will to resist.
    3. The official battle against Britain began on August 12, 1940.
  8. Charging Ahead
    1. In September 1940, Mussolini sent forces from Italy’s North African colony of Libya into Egypt
    2. When British repulsed the invaders, Hitler sent a brilliant commander, General Erwin Rommel, to North Africa.
    3. In 1940, Italian and German forces invaded and Greece and Yugoslavia.
  9. Operation Barbarossa
    1. In June 1941, Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa-the conquest of the Soviet Union
    2. He wanted to gain “living space” for the Germans and to win control of regions rich in resources.
    3. About 3 million Germans poured into Russia while Russia’s soldiers were weak from previous battles in Western Europe
  10. Growing American Involvement
    1. The United States declared neutrality when the war began in 1939
    2. President Roosevelt found ways around the Neutrality Act to provide aid to Britain in the war
    3. In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly on a warship in the Atlantic and created the “Atlantic Charter” which set goals for the war to bring about the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.
  11. Japan Attacks
    1. In December 1941, Japan launched an attack on the United States that pitched the US into the war
    2. General Tojo ordered a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.   
    3. On December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes struck and destroyed 19 ships which killed about 2,400 people
  12. Occupied Lands
    1. While the Germans rampaged across Europe, the Japanese conquered an empire in Asia and the Pacific
    2. Hitler set up “puppet governments” in Western European countries that were populated by “Aryans” or related races.
    3. The Slavs of Eastern Europe were viewed as an inferior race and were pushed aside to make “living space” for the Germans
  13. The Allied War Effort
    1. In 1942, the Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) agreed to finish the war in Europe first before turning their attention to Asia and Japan
    2. Churchill thought that Stalin wanted to dominate Europe
    3. Roosevelt felt that Churchill had ambitions to expand British imperial power
    4. Stalin believed that the western powers wanted to destroy communism.
  14. Turning Points
    1. The Allies won several victories that would turn the tides of the battle between 1942 and 1943
    2. The American general Dwight took command of a joint in Morocco and Algeria
    3. Victory in North Africa let the Allies leap across the Mediterranean into Italy
  15. The Red Army Resists
    1. The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the costliest of the war
    2. Hitler was determined to capture Stalin’s namesake city
    3. Stalin was just as determined to protect it
  16. Invasion of France
    1. By 1944, the Allies were at last ready to open the long-awaited second front in Europe-the invasion of France
    2.  The Allies chose D-Day to be June 6th, 1944
    3. About 176,000 Allied troops were ferried across the English Channel
  17. War in the Pacific
    1. In May and June 1942, American Warships and airplanes severely damaged two Japanese fleets during the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway Island
    2. These victories greatly weakened Japanese naval power and stopped the Japanese invasion
    3. The captured islands served as stepping stones to help the Americans gradually move closer toward Japan itself
  18. The Nazis Defeated
    1. To win assault on the “Fortress of Europe”, the Allies had to use devastating force
    2. As the Allies launched into Belgium in December 1944, Germany set forth a massive counter-attack; Hitler was throwing all he had into a final effort
    3. By 1945, Germany could no longer defend itself in the air
  19. Defeat of Japan
    1. With war won in Europe, the Allies poured their resources into defeating Japan
    2. By mid-1945, most of the Japanese navy and air forces had been destroyed.
    3. When the U.S. issued a warning to Japan to surrender or face “utter and complete destruction”, the Japanese ignored the deadline and the United States dropped the bomb of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
  20. Looking Ahead
    1. After the surrender of Japan, American forces occupied the smoldering ruins of Japan
    2. The Allies divided Hitler’s fallen empire into four zones of occupation-French, British, American, and Russian
    3. Countries faced difficult decisions about the future and how to built the foundations for a stable world peace
  21. Aftermath of War
    1. WWII killed as many as 75 million people in total
    2. The Soviet Union lost the most deaths-22 million people from Russia alone died
    3. The horrors of the Holocaust came into existence after the war came to an end as “walking skeletons” emerged out of the concentration camps
  22. The United Nations
    1. In April 1945, delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco to draft a charter for the United Nations
    2. Its five permanent members were the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China
    3. The UN organization takes on many more problems than keeping peace-they help prevent diseases from spreading in third world countries, improving education, and aiding nations to develop economically
  23. The Crumbling Alliance
    1. Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust divided the former Allies and soon led to the conflict known as the Cold War
    2. The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility among nations without armed conflict between the major rivals
    3. At first, the focus of the Cold War was Eastern Europe, where Stalin and the western power had very different goals
  24. Containing Communism
    1. Like Churchill, President Truman saw communism as an evil force creeping across Europe and threatening countries around the world, including China
    2. The United States took a leading role on the world stage after WWII
    3. The Truman Doctrine was released on March 12th, 1947 which would guild the United States for decades; it made it clear for the United States to resist Soviet expansion in Europe or in the rest of the world
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