Megan Mallory

 

World History E-Core

 

Period 6

 

16 December 2004

 

Chapter 21 Outline

1. Preserving the Old Order
1. Conservatives included monarchs, and members of their government, noble landowners, and church leaders
2. They supported political and social order that had come under attack during the French Revolution
3. The conservatives in 1815 wanted to change things to how they had been before 1789 and wanted to restore royal families that had lost their thrones when Napoleon swept across Europe.
2. The Liberal Challenge
1. Liberals challenged the conservatives and embraced Enlightenment ideas spread by the French Revolution
2. They spoke against divide-right monarchy, the old aristocracy, and established churches.
3. They defended the natural rights of individuals to liberty, equality, and property.
3. Nationalist Ideas
1. By 1815 Europe had several empires that included many nationalities such as Austria, Russia, and Ottoman empires.
2. Each national group believed that they should have their own state.
3. Liberals were enthusiastic about revolution, while Nationalists wanted a country of their own
4. Challenges to the Old Order
1. Revolts occurred frequently in southern Europe
2. Troops dampened the fires of liberalism and nationalism in western and eastern Europe, but could not stop them
3. By the mid 1800s, social reformers and agitators were urging workers to support socialism
5. France After Restoration
1. Louis XVIII was admitted to the French Throne and sensibly issued a constitution
2. It created a 2-house legislature, and allowed limited freedom of the press
3. Louis XVIII died in 1824 and his brother, Charles X inherited the throne-he was a strong believer of absolutism and suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press. 
6. The French Revolution of 1848
1. In the 1840s radicals formed secret societies to work for a French republic and utopian socialists called for an end of private ownership of property
2. Even liberals denounced Louis Philippe’s government for corruption and called for expanded suffrage.
3. Louis Philippe abdicated the throne when turmoil spread, and by June the upper and middle-classes had control over the government
7. “Europe Catches Cold”
1. In both 1830 and 1848, the revolts in Paris inspired uprising elsewhere in Europe
2. “When France sneezes, Europe catches cold” soon became a frequent saying throughout
3. In the late 1700s, Russia, Austria, and Prussia had divided up Poland.
8. The Springtime of the People’s
1. In 1848 revolts in Paris again unleashed a tidal wave of revolution across Europe
2. Middle class liberals wanted a greater share of political power for themselves as well as protections for the basic rights of all citizens
3. Workers demanded relief from the miseries of the spreading Industrial Revolution
9. Looking Ahead
1. By mid-century Metternich was gone from the European scene
2. Conservative system still remained in force
3. In the decades ahead, liberalism nationalism, and socialism would win success through political activity
10. Climate of Discontent
1. By the late 1700s the revolutionary fear spread to Latin America
2. There, discontent was rooted the social, radical, and political system that had emerged during 300 years of Spanish rule
3. Finally in 1808 Napoleon invaded Spain and placed his brother, Joseph, on the Spanish throne
11. Haiti’s Struggle
1. A revolution had erupted on a French-ruled island existed on the island of Hispaniola before Spanish colonists hoisted the flag of freedom on the mainland.
2. In the 1790s, revolutionaries in France were debating ways to abolish slavery in the West Indies.
3. In 1791 a slave revolt exploded in northern Haiti and under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture, Haitians would fight for freedom and pave the way for throwing off the French rule
12. Toussaint L’Ouverture
1. He was born into slavery in Haiti, but his father had only recently been brought to the West Indian island
2. Toussaint learned to speak both French and African language of his ancestors
3. By 1798 Toussaint had achieved his goal-enslaved Haitians had been freed
13. A Call to Freedom in Mexico
1. Father Hidalgo presided over the poor rural parish of Dolores, and on the morning of September 16, 1810, he summoned the people to prayer
2. He riled up the Mexican people and his speech became known as “el Grito de Dolores”
3. Backed by creoles, mestizos, and Native Americans, the Spaniards were overthrown
14. New Republics in Central America
1. Spanish ruled lands in Central America declared independence in the early 1820s
2. Local leaders set up a republic called the United Provinces of Central America
3. It soon fragmented into separate republics of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica
15. Revolutions in South America
1. In the 1800s discontent among the creoles sparked a widespread drive for independence
2. The strongest challenge by Native Americans was led by Tupac Amaru, who claimed descent from the Incan royal family
3. In the early 1800s widespread discontent began to surface among other South Americans
16. Independence for Brazil
1. While Napoleon’s armies conquered Portugal, the Portuguese family fled to Brazil where the king introduced many reforms including free trade
2. When the king returned to Portugal he left his son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil
3. Brazil demanded freedom, so Dom proclaimed himself emperor and ruled an independent Brazil