Megan Mallory

 

World History E-Core

 

Period 5

 

11 December 2004

 

 

Chapter 20 Outline

 

1. A Turning Point in History

 

1. Between 1840 and 1855, an American dentist used anesthetic for the first time and a French physicist measured the speed of light.

 

2. A German chemist developed the Bunsen burner and Elias Howe made the first sewing machine

 

3. A Hungarian doctor introduced antiseptic to reduce the risk of women dying in childbirth, and there were many more discoveries and creations that made radical changes during this point in time.

 

2. A New Agricultural Revolution

 

1. In the 1600s the Dutch had developed what the British expanded on in the 1700s: some farmers mixed different soils to get higher crop yields.

 

2. Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure so that their farm output would rise.

 

3. As enclosure became more and more popular among landowners, profits rose as well for the workers because large fields needed fewer to work them, thus leaving thousands of farmers jobless.

 

3. The Population Explosion

 

1. The agricultural revolution contributed to the rapid growth in population

 

2. Britain’s population rose from 5 million to 9 million in just 10 years!

 

3. The population in France rose from 18 million to 16 million  

 

4. An Energy Revolution

 

1. In the 1700s, giant water wheels powered machines in the first factories

 

2. Thomas Newcomen developed the steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines in 1712.

 

3. James Watt improved the model of steam engines in 1769

 

5. Why Britain?

 

1. During the agricultural revolution in the 16 and 1700s, it freed many workers from their farm labor, thus making them available to work in factories.

 

2. Britain had been in the center of the scientific revolution, which had focused on inventing and re-designing new devices.

 

3. Britain had a large supply of coal and other necessary materials for industrialization.

 

6. The Age of Coal and Iron

 

1. New technology and iron industry were the key to the industrial revolution

 

2. Iron was needed for machines and steam engines

 

3. In the 1700s, Britain had turned to coal for fuel

 

7. Revolutionary Changes in the Textile Industry

 

1. John Kay invented the “Flying Shuttle” which helped weavers work so fast that they soon outpaced spinners

 

2. In 1764 James Hargreaves produced the “Spinning Jenny” that spun many threads at the same time.

 

3. These new machines were too big and expensive to be put in the home, so factories were developed where people would work at these machines for pay.

 

 

8. Revolution in Transportation

 

1. In the 1700s, individuals made improvements in local systems of transportation

 

2. Some capitalists invested in turnpikes, and others had canals built to connect inland towns to coastal ports.

 

3. In the early 1800s pioneers like George Stephenson developed the steam-powered locomotive to pull carriages along rails.

 

9. Looking Ahead

 

1. In response to the growing demand, inventors developed machines that could produce large quantities of goods more efficiently

 

2. As the supply of goods increased, prices fell

 

3. Lower prices made goods more affordable, thus created more consumers who further fed the demand for goods

 

10. The New Industrial City

 

1. The Industrial Revolution brought many people that used to live in the country to the urban cities to work in the factories

 

2. In Manchester, for example, the population grew 23,000 people in just 30 years!

 

3. Cities grew more diverse, with the rich living in pleasant communities, while poor had to cram into tiny rooms in tenant buildings in crowded slums and alleyways

 

11. The Factory System

 

1. Shifts lasted from 12 to 16 hours!

 

2. Weary workers that would get tired on the job had to be careful from the machines that had no safety features-they might loose a finger, limb, or even a life

 

3. Coal dust destroyed the lungs of minors, while textile workers constantly breathed in air that was filled with lint

 

12. Patience Kershaw’s Life Underground

 

1. She was a girl working in a mine with 15 boys and 20 men

 

2. She had a bald spot on her head from where the strap was from the coal barrel that she had to pull

 

3. She was beat from the men if she did not do her job fast enough

 

13. The Working Class

 

1. Many skilled artisans and craftsmen avoided the new industrialized machines that were costing them their jobs

 

2. Many smashed the machines and burned factories

 

3. If caught, protestors were either hung or set to penal colonies in Australia

 

14. The New Middle Class

 

1. Some of the new middle classmen were merchants who invested in factories

 

2. Others were inventors or skilled artisans that had learned to adapt their ways with the machines

 

3. Some of the new middle class men had no sympathy for the poor and believed that the poor were too lazy and could not “work their way up” out of poverty

 

15. Benefits and Problems

 

1. Some negative sides with the industrial revolution were that workers received low pay, many were unemployed, and there were dismal living conditions.

 

2. However, industrialization also brought good benefits as well

 

3. Some of there were that new factories opened which created more jobs, cost of railroad travel fell, and opportunities increased

 

16. Laissez-Faire Economics

 

1. In the 1800s, people wanted their economy to be a laissez-faire economy.

 

2. Economists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo believed that the poor had too many children

 

3. Thought both of these men were not cruel, they sought no government help for the poor

 

17. The Utilitarians

 

1. This was the idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens

 

2. Individual freedom was strongly supported by the laissez-faire economist, Jeremy Bentham

 

3. Bentham’s main follower, John Stuart Mill, also thought that actions are right if they promote happiness, and wrong if the promote pain.

 

18. Emergence of Socialism

 

1. To end poverty and injustice, socialism was developed

 

2. Under socialism, people as a whole rather than private individuals would own as operate the “means of production” that produced and distributed goods

 

3. The goal of socialists was to live in a society that operated for the well fare of all the people

 

19. The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Marx

 

1. Karl Marx developed “communism

 

2. Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable

 

3. The first country to accept his ideas of communism was Russia