Megan Mallory

 

World History E-Core

 

Period 5

 

6 January 2005

 

Industrial Revolution Study Guide

Ch. 20, 21, and 22

Ch. 20

• Enclosure
• This was the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers
• Rich landowners did this in the 1500s to increase wool output
• Factories (How they worked)-
• Factories were first located close to rivers or streams so that the power from the moving water could supply the machines with energy.
• Later, factories were powered by steam engines
• Turnpike
• These were privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who traveled on them
• Some turnpikes were also canals or rivers that were man-made that connected two bodies of water
• Urbanization
• This was a movement of people to cities
• Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led to urbanization
• Utalitarianism
• This was the idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of citizens.
• Jeremy Bentham spoke of this in the 1800s
• Socialism
• This form of government was created to end poverty and injustice
• Under socialism, people acted as a whole-rather than private individuals
• Communism
• This was a form of socialism
• It sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable
• Proletariot
• This was the working class
• In a communist government economy
• Michael Faraday

 

 

 

 

• John Wesley
• He had been the leader of a religious revival and founded the Methodist church
• He stressed the need for a personal sense of faith
• Karl Marx
• He created the idea of a socialist government in the 1840s
• His first published piece was “The Communist Manefesto”
• Thomas Malthus
• In 1798 he published “Essay on the Principle of Population”
• He concluded that poverty was unstoppable because population was growing faster than the food supply
• John Stuart Mill
• Mill wanted the government to step in and improve the hard lives of the working class
• He also wanted workers and women to have the right to vote so that they could hold the political power to obtain other reforms
• James Watt
• In 1769, James Watt improved on Newcomen’s engine
• Watt’s engines would become a vital force of power in the early Industrial Revolution

• Abraham Darby
• He was the first person to use coal instead of wood for smelting iron
• His experiments led him to produce better-quality and cheaper iron 
• David Ricardo
• He thought that the poor had too many children
• He, like Malthus, had no hope of the working class to rid themselves of poverty
• Jeremy Bentham
• He preached “urbanization” and individual freedom
• This shaped how the democratic system is set up today
• Robert Owen
• He was the first man who owned a mill not to use child labor
• He set an example for future factories; he built a model village for his workers, a school for their children, and excellent working conditions inside his factories
• Britain's population growth (why did it happen?)-
• It was due t declining death rates and increasing birth rates
• Because women ate better, due to the agricultural revolution, women had stronger and healthier babies
• Importance of coal to Industrialization-
• Coal was not as costly as wood, and would last longer
• Coal could weld things like iron and other metals together more easily than wood could
• Agricultural Revolution-
• In the 1500s, farms were enclosed to produce more wool
• By the 1700s, farmers replaced strip farms and in their place put larger fields that could be cultivated more efficiently
• Textile industry
• The spinning jenny was produced in 1764
• John Kay’s flying shuttle sped up the work of a weaver
• Laissez faire economics (Adam Smith)-
• Adam Smith believed that a free market would eventually help everyone-not just the rich
• A growing economy would encourage capitalists to reinvest profits in new ventures

 

Ch. 21

• Ideology
• This was the system of thought and belief
• The clashing of beliefs that occurred in 1815 caused Europe to plunge into turmoil for more than 30 years
• Universal manhood suffrage
• This gave all men the right the vote, and all social reforms
• The right for women to vote would not occur until a later time
• Autonomy
• This was otherwise known as self-rule
• In two rebellions in 1804 and 1817, Serbs suffered terrible defeats, but eventually gained autonomy from the Ottoman empire
• El Grito de Dolores
• Father Hildago, a priest in Delores, Mexico, gave a speech at a Sunday church service and riled up the people of Mexico to rebel
• It called the people of mexico to fight for independency and freedom
• February Days
• The government took steps to silence critics and prevent public meetings
• Iron railings, overturned carts, paving stones, and toppled trees again blocked the streets of Paris
• Frankfurt Assembly
• Throughout 1848, delegates from many German states met in the Frankfort assembly
• Deelegates debated endlessly on whether Germany should be a republic or a monarchy, or whether or not to include Austria in a German state
• Simon Bolivar
• He was a strong admirer of the French Revolution
• He took an oath that he would bring independence to Latin America from Spain
• Miguel Hidalgo
• He was a creole priest in Mexico in 1810
• He raised a cry for freedom that would echo across the land
• Louis Kossuth
• In Budapest, Hungarian nationalists were led by Louis Kossuth
• He demanded an independent government, end to serfdom, and a written constitution  

 

 

 

• Tupac Amaru
• He led the strongest challenge brought up by a Native American
• He claimed to have been from the descent of a royal family, and demanded that the government end the brutal system of forced Indian labor
• Louis XVIII
• When he was first elected to throne, he issued a constitution which created a two-house legistlature and allowed limited freedom of press
• John Stuart Mill
• When all men gained the right to vote, Mill was not satisfied
• Mill wanted women to vote as well, so that they would have a say in reforms
• Toussaint L' Ouverture
• He was born into slavery in Haiti, but his father was from Africa
• From his master, Toussaint learned to read and when he was 50 years old, he became a leader in the revolt against slavery 
• Louis Napoleon
• He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
• He attracted the working class by portraying himself as someone who cared for poverty, while his name attracted the conservatives. 
• Louis Philippe
• As turmoil spread, Ling Louis abdicated his throne
• From the start, deep differences divided the government
• Clemens Von Metternich
• He was a conservative leader who opposed freedom of the press
• He also proposed that monarchs should step in to defeat successful revolutions in neighboring countries 
• Pedro
• Dom Pedro was left in his father’s place to govern Brazil while his father went to Porto Rico
• His father advised to him, “If Brazil demands independence, give them independence”, and so Pedro gave them independence.
• Revolts in Austrian empire
• Revolts first broke out in Vienna, taking the government by surprise
• Although the Austrian emperor promised reforms, revolts quickly spread to other parts of the empire but eventually died down when major economic reforms took place
• Goals of nationalists-
• Nationalists wanted to gain independence from the country that was governing them
• Some wanted to abolish the monarchy and get a constitution as well
• Conservative ideology in Europe-
• Conservatives wanted their own interests with peace and stability for all people
• They encouraged monarchs throughout Europe to suppress revolutionary ideas and crush protests in their own countries

 

 

Ch. 22

• Interchangeable parts
• These were identical components that could be used to replace one another
• Interchangeable parts simplified both assembly and repair
• Assembly line
• Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next
• The assembly line made production faster and cheaper
• Corporation
• These were buissnesses owned by many investors who buy shares of stock
• By the late 1800s, “big buissness” came to dominate industry
• Cartel
• This was an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or divide up markets
• Sometimes, a group of large corporations would form a cartel
• Women's suffrage
• This was what groups dedicated to win women’s right to vote were called
• This emerged in the later 1800s
• Racism
• This was the belief that one racial group is superior to another
• Social Darwinism encouraged this
• Social gospel
• This was a movement that urged Christians to social service
• They campaigned for reforms, in housing, health care, and education
• Romanticism
• From about t1750 to 1850, romanticism shaped western literature and arts
• Romantic writers, artists, and composers rebelled against the enlightenment emphasis on reason
• Realism
• By the 1800s, a new artistic movement, realism, took hold in the west
• This was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without the sediment associated with romanticism
• Impressionism
• By the 1870s, a group of painters took art in a new direction, seeking to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object on the viewer’s eye
• This was known as impressionism and it first took roots in Paris-the capital of the western art world
• Social Darwinism
• This encouraged racism
• Even though Darwin himself never promoted any social ideas, some thinkers used Darwin’s theories to support their own beliefs about society
• Darwin-
• Darwin adopted Malthus’s idea that all plants and animals produced more offspring than the food supply could support
• Darwin said that over time, natural selection would give rise to entirely new species
• Joseph Lister
• He was an English surgeon, and he was the first person to discover how to use antiseptics
• He insisted that surgeons wash their hands before operating and sterilizing their instruments 
• Factory life ( How it changed the lives of workers)-
• Pushed by unions, reformers, and working class voters, governments passed laws regulating conditions in factories and mines
• Early laws forbade employers to hire children under the age of 10