Megan Mallory

World History E-Core

Period 5

11-15-04

Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment 

Ch 14

• Annul
• Means to cancel or invalidate
• When Henry VIII was King of England he annulled his marriage to Catherine
• Gravity
• Using mathematics, Isaac Newton discovered gravity to theorize that this was how planets stayed in orbit
• In the year 1687, Newton published “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” that explained the forces of gravity  
• Patron
• This is otherwise known as a “financial supporter of the arts”
• A man living in Italy during the Renaissance named “Lorenzo” held Florence together during tough times because he was a politician
• Perspective
• Renaissance artists learned the rules of perspective in their artwork
• Through perspective, they learned to make things look much more life-like 
• Theocracy
• This is when the government is run by the church leaders
• John Calvin used this system 
• John Calvin
• John Calvin started the religion known as “Clavinism”
• He believed in predestination and strict moral behavior
• Henry VIII
• King Henry VIII was the first king to divorce his wife
• He annulled his marriage to Catherine, and divorced 8 more times because his wife could not produce him an heir to the throne
• Leonardo da Vinci
• His most popular painting is of Mona Lisa
• Most people refer to Leonardo as an artist, but he was also a botanist, anatomist, musician, architect, and engineer   
• Lorenzo de' Medici
• Lorenzo was best known as being a patron of the arts
• He help Florence together during the tough times because he was a clever politician
• Niccolo Machiavelli
• He wrote “The Prince” that described what was required of someone if they were to become a politician with power
• Machiavelli saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption
• Heliocentric
• This is when someone believed that the sun was the center of the universe
• Most people of this time believed that the earth was the center of the universe
• Humanism
• This was based on the study of classical culture
• Humanists believed that education should stimulate the individual’s creative powers
• Indulgence
• These were things that were sinful
• Catholic priests would let people commit these sins and be forgiven if they paid a fine
• Predestination
• This is the belief that God has already chosen the people that he wants to be in heaven and nothing you do will change that
• Calvinists try to act well-behaved to impress other people to make them think that they are the chosen ones
• Recant
• This is when someone gives up their views or beliefs
• When Luther rebelled against the Catholic Church, they begged him to recant his beliefs  
• Copernicus
• He was a scientist who revolutionized the way people viewed the universe
• He was one of the many people who supported a spirit of an adventure and a wide-ranging curiosity that led to people to explore new worlds
• Durer
• Sometimes called “The German Leonardo”
• He traveled to Italy in 1494 and came back to Germany with new methods of how to paint, engrave, and print, thus spreading the Italian culture
• Luther
• He rebelled against the Catholic Church because he disagreed with “indulgences”
• He started his own “Protestant” religion, that eventually became known as “Lutheran”
• Newton
• He was a scientist in the Renaissance who discovered gravity
• He was one of the first scientists to believe that the sun was the center of the universe
• Petrarch
• He assembled Greek and Roman manuscripts to write into domuments including the poems of Homer and Virgil
• Because of this man, these writings were then available to the western world  
• Renaissance focus
• The focus of the Renaissance was involved in many different areas including reformation of the church, art, literature, and education
• The most significant change that took place was the Protestant Church was started
• Printing of Reformation
• Because of the printing press, Renaissance literature was available to a large number of people, and not just nobility anymore
• As books became more readily available, more people learned to read and write
• Results of Reformation
• The upheavals of the Catholic and Protestant reformations sparked wars of religion in Europe until the 1600s
• Catholic and Protestant rulers of the mid-1600s often made decisions based on political interests rather than for purely religious reasons
• Causes of Renaissance
• The Renaissance began in Italy, because the Renaissance was marked by a re-awakened interest in the culture on ancient Rome
• The spirit of curiosity and adventure that many people had also supported the cause of the Renaissance

Ch18

• Hobbes
• He and John Locke shared and disapproved of views of human nature and human rights
• Hobbes thought that people were naturally cruel, selfish, and greedy and if they were not strictly controlled, they would get out of control
• Locke
• He and Thomas Hobbes shared and disapproved of views of human nature and human rights
• Locke thought that people were basically reasonable and moral and that people were born with natural rights
• Joseph II
• Joseph traveled among his subjects in disguise to learn of their problems
• He won the name for himself “The Peasant Emperor”
• Constitutional Government
• Two political parties emerged in England in the late 1600s: the Tories and the Whigs
• Basically, the Tories wanted to be ruled by the crown while the Whigs favored the Parliament
• Enlightened Despot
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• Natural laws
• These are laws that govern human nature
• Scientists agued that if people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, they should also use reason to discover natural laws
• Natural rights
• These are rights that people are born with and should obtain by everyone
• These included life, liberty, and property
• Physiocrat
• This was an Enlightenment thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economics
• These people focused on economic reforms
• Bach
• Bach was a devour German Lutheran and wrote many religious works for organs and choirs
• He was among the many towering musical figures of this time
• Diderot
• He wrote the first published encyclopedia made up of 28 volumes
• His purpose was “to change the general way of thinking”
• Tom Paine
• He published his pamphlet “Common Sense” which simply informed people about the Enlightenment and told his opinion about tyranny and prejudice
• This event brought forth by Paine began the trail of many rebellious events to come against England  
• Rousseau
• He thought that people were born naturally good, but were then corrupted by the evils of society-especially the unequal distribution of property
• Some points, such as that the control by a freely formed government, are good and not evil
• Robert Walpole
• He was the first “Cabinet Leader”
• He was a Whig, and molded the cabinet into a unified body requiring all members to agree on major issues
• Baroque
• Courtly art and architecture were either in classical style or in the grand complex style known as baroque
• Baroque paintings were huge, colorful, and full of excitement
• Free market
• This was when the natural forces of supply and demand
• Adam Smith, the British economist, greatly admired the physiocrats, and argued that free markets should be allowed to exist
• Laissez faire
• This was the policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference
• This is what physiocrats preferred
• Salon
• These were informal gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas
• Marie-Theresa Rodet became the most popular women to host a salon
• Social contract
• Rousseau published his ideas about government in “The Social Contract”
• He argued that although people surrender their rights, they retain their freedom because the government is based on the consent of the governed