Not Quite the Egyptian Wordlist:
A Dilettante Approach at Vocalization Theories

Sami Paldanius

Last edited : May 2009
First draft : 2005 (online 2006)

Key
(see also Literature Consulted at the end of file)

å .... 1. an open back vowel of unspecifiable length / 2. in Hebr./Aram.
........... references = qametz
AL .... Antonio Loprieno
BA .... Biblical Aramaic
CGr. .... Classical Greek
Dem. .... Demotic
e .... 1. possible 'schwa' / 2. vowel of uncertain qualities (= V) / 3. dialectal
........... variant vowel (cf. spoken Semitic languages)
E .... stressed vowel of uncertain qualities
EotW .... Otler, Nicholas : Empires of the Word (with Loprieno's vocalization)
LE .... Late Egyptian
LI .... Loprieno, Antonio : Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction
ME .... Middle Egyptian
MnEng .... Modern English
NDNM .... Zaborski (ed.) : New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics
OEng .... Old English
OS .... Orel, Vladimir E. & Stolbova, Olga V.
PAA .... Proto-Afro-Asiatic (1/falling, 2/rising, 3/level are the tones as
........... reconstructed by Ehret)
PIE .... Primitive Indo-European
STS .... Stuart Tyson Smith
Sum. .... Sumerian
ts. .... (cuneiform) transcription

-

above, over (prp) .... Harii, Hari [H-r-y, H-r || Vycichl: "from *_Haryaw_?" || AL
........... *Har, LI 32 (id.?) || same as /top: on top of/?]
advice (n) .... ziiH [z-H #2]
also (adv) .... giru [g-r(-w)]
among (prp) .... maam [m-m]
answer, reply (n) .... wush(aa)b-u (or *wåshub-u) [w-sh-b || Copt. _uooshb_]
antelope (n) .... baHaak-u [b-H-k < PAA *bahakw-]
Anubis (pr n) .... (y)anuupuu > (y)anpuu [j-n-p-w || w/ STS]
arm (n) .... 9a [9 || cf. Akkad. _ahu_ and Sum. _a_-2]
arrive (v) .... saapar [s-p-r < PAA *-sap- (Ehret)]; puuH- [p-H || Copt. _pooh_,
........... BCopt. _foh, feh_]
ascend, mount up (v) .... 9aar- [9-r < PAA *-9al- (Ehret) || Copt. _ool, ol_,
........... SCopt. _ale_ || any relation to Akkad. _naqaaru_?]
assembly, mixture (n) .... zumaa'uu [z-m-3-w]
attack (v) .... paH- (*paHH-u?) [p-H]; Han- (*Hann-u?) [H-n]
axe (n) .... mayenaab-u, miinaab-u [m-j-n-b]; (R)aqiiHuu [3-q-H-w]

back (n) .... yaa'e.t, yaa'a.t [j-3.t #1 || cf. /office/; /father/]; saaR-u,
........... saa'-u [s-3 #1 < PAA *sa1r- (Ehret) || SCopt. _soi_ || same as Akkad.
........... _Seeru_?]
bad; be bad (adj/v) .... bayu(u)n, ba'u(u)n / baayan, baa'an [b-j-n < PAA *bayan-
........... || SCopt. _boo'n_ 'evil, misfortune' (< *baayVn-) || AL *bAAyin, LI 33,
........... *bA3na.t 'a bad thing', LI 60 || cf. with the synonymous Arab. perfect
........... _saa'a_]; (v) Duw(w)-, Dewiww- [D-w #1, vn. D-w.t > *Dawwa.t, *Diwwa.t,
........... *Di'uut [1] || Hebr. #_s.-w(-:)_ ('filth') would seem to follow the
........... apparent correlation of D <> s., but of interest is also Sem. #d-w-:/h
........... (Hebr. 'one was weak/unclean from menstrual bleeding', Aram. 'it was
........... grief-causing, sad, [Syr.] wretched'); yet another word, Aram.
........... _dayw-aa_ 'demon' is to be dismissed as related due to probable PIE
........... origin] [1] extrapolated with help of Arabic and Semitic
ball (n) .... *pe3aaD/pa(a)3d > paaD (paadz) [p-3-D]
basket (n) .... naabu.t [n-b.t #2 || v. n-b 'to tie' given in Ehret's paper (In
........... Memoriam W. Vycichl, p. 43)]
bear children, give birth (v) .... misayo, misy- [m-s-j || voc. Allen § 19.2]
beauty (n) .... nåfruu [n-f-r-w || SCopt. adj. _nufe_ 'beautiful']
become; happen (v) .... khaapar (act part fem *_khaapura_) [x-p-r < PAA *-ghaap-
........... 'to rise, arise' (Ehret)]
beer (n) .... Hinqa.t (Hinqu.t?) [H-n-q.t || Copt. _hnke_; cf. /offer/ || parallels
........... a later-discovered pattern of *_pirye(t)_ > _prre_ by Thacker as well]
beer-pot (n) .... namse.t (*numsa.t?) [*n-m-s.t || source: Salonen&Holthoer?]
beg (v) .... daabaH [d-b-H]
below, beneath (prp) .... h_ur [h_-r  < PAA *xoor- 'ground' (Ehret) || SCopt.
........... _ha-_, BCopt. _kha-_ || AL has arrived on *h_ur as well; LI 58]
beneficent, efficient; be ~ (adj/v) .... maanikh/maanekh [m-n-x]
between (prp) .... ya(a)mayteu? imeeta(a)u? [j-m-y-t-w || cf. Hebr. _yachdaaw_,
........... esp. in Deut. 25:11]
bird (n) .... (3)aapid [3-p-d < PAA *pVd- 'move quickly' (OS) || vocalized 1aa2i3
........... by Vycichl also || possibly survived in Arab. _aabid, aabida_ (Wehr,
........... 1st entry page)]; qay, qee [q-y]
black; be black (adj/v) .... kummi/kumam(m) [k-m(-m) < PAA *kum- (OS) || Copt.
........... _kmom, kmam_ be(come) black; _kame, kmme, kam, (F) kem(i)_ black ||
........... note Sum. _kum_-2/-4 '(to be) hot' || AL suggests v. *kamAm, LI 88 ||
........... also q.v. /Egypt/]
blessing (n) .... Hizwa.t, Hizuu.t [H-z-w.t]
blood (n) .... zanaaf-u [z-n-f(-w), ME s-n-f < PAA *-zanf- 'to seep out' (Ehret)
........... || Copt. _snof_ || Arab. #n-z-f > _nazf_, _naziif_ 'haemorrhage']
body (n) .... h_uuwa.t > h_uu.t (pro *h_iw.t) [h_(-w).t (cf. h_.t 'belly, womb') ||
........... Copt. _hee_ || LI 41]
book, writings (n [*pl]) .... shif(aa)diww-a/u [sh-f-d-w || cf. Sem. _kitaab_]
bone (n) .... qåss-, qoos- [q-s < PAA *k.(w)as- (OS) / *k'os- (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _kas_, LCopt. _kes_ || cf. Hausa _k'ashi_, pl. _k'asasuwaa_ 'bone';
........... Arab. _qassa_ 'it hardened']
bow (n) .... piiDa.t [p-D.t || Copt. _pite/pide_ || LI 57]
box (n) .... guut- (or *gutt-) [g-t < PAA *gut- 'container' (OS)]
boy (n) .... yuud-a/u [j-d < PAA *-9uz- 'young' (Ehret)]
branch (n) .... yaaRuu'a.t [j-3-3.t < *yal- 'branch, scepter' (OS)]; sabaar-u [s-b-r
........... < PAA *cabar- (OS)]
brand (v) .... Rubuu (Rubw-?) [3-b-w #1 || however cf. WSem. #p-t-w yielding _-taa_,
........... et al. sim.]
bread (n) .... pasan [p-s-n]; (loaf) tii [t (OS: t-3) < PAA *ti'- (OS) / *iit-
........... (Ehret)]
breast (n) .... manaaD-u (manaadzu) [m-n-D; ME m-n-d || Copt. _mnot/mnod_]
breath (n) .... TiiRuu, Tii'uu [T-3-w (OS suggests PAA *kiw/y- based on Chadic) ||
........... Copt. _teew_, BCopt. _theew_]
breathe (v) .... saasan (or caus. *sassIn? q.v. /kiss/) [s-s-n]; khaanam [kh-n-m];
........... khaanap [x-n-p || compare Hebr. #n-p-ch (Gen. 2:7), Arab. #n-f-kh]
breeze: cool breeze (n) .... qaabuu [q-b-w]
brick (n) .... Daabu.t (dz-) [D-b.t || Copt. _toobe_]
brother (n) .... saan-u (pro *sunnu), pl. seniww-a/u [s-n < PAA *san-/*sin- ||
........... SCopt. _son_, al. _san_, pl. _sneeu/sniiu_; note also Hurrian _shen-,
........... she-en-_ || AL *san, LI 46 etc.]
build (v) .... qaad- (or/beta-stem *quud-) [q-d #1 || SCopt. _koot/kood_ || in all
........... curiosity note Hebr. #9-w-d in the sense 'support, prop up' (for more
........... on my theoretical q/9 correlation, see /life/ and /Milky Way/) || AL
........... *quudaw (qd.w) 'it was built', LI 78]
bull (n) .... kaa [k-3 #3/#4 || SCopt. _ko_]; ya(a)wii(R), ya(a)wuu(R) [j-w-3 <
........... PAA *lawi'- (OS) / *yaw-, *yawr- (Ehret)]
bury (v) .... qaaras [q-r-s]
but (p) .... se'uut, suut [s-w.t || < STS || note Hebr. #s-w-t 'to lead astray' and
........... #s'-w-T 'to be led astray' (Ps. 40:5)]
by, near, during; to (prp) .... khar [x-r || EotW 114]

cake (n) .... fiqiR (or *fiqqaR) [f-q-3 #1 || any connection to Sum. _gar_-3?]
calf (n) .... baHza [b-H-z, later b-H-s || SCopt. _bahse_ || Arab. _baHzaj_]
call (v) .... yaash(ayo), yaash- [j-3-sh]
calm, content; be ~ (adj/v) .... (pp/stat >) Hatpi / (v) Haatep [H-t-p || #_hatpi_
........... in cuneiform ts., Robinson: The Story of Writing p. 96 || q.v. /please,
........... make content]
canal (n) .... muur-a/u? murr-a? (> */i/?) [m-r #2 < PAA *-mur- 'to flow' (Ehret)
........... || cf. /wretched/]
candle, torch, lamp (n) .... tikuR, tukuR [t-k-3 < PAA *-tikw-/*-tukw- 'to light'
........... (Ehret) || SCopt. _tik_ || note PAA *tuka'- 'burn' (OS)]
cat (n) .... miyuu [m-j-w || Copt. _amu, emu_ || note (East) Aramaic alternation:
........... BA _måthay, eymåthay_; Syr. _em(m)ath_ ('when?') || from a metathetic
........... variant to the root that gave Akkad. _uumu?]
cauldron (n) .... wåHaa.t [w-H-3.t #2/#1]
cavern (n) .... qiraari.t, quraari.t [q-r-r.t || = SCopt. _kelool, kulool_? || cf.
........... Hebr. #q-r-r pertaining to a cool or cold state]
cease; tarry (v) .... (R)uub(ayo), (R)uub- [3-b || cf. et q.v. /brand/]
chief (n) .... yemeyr/yemiyr- > imiir [j-m-y-r]
child (n) .... (male ~; calf) mussa, missa (pro *mossa, *moosa?) [m-s < PAA *moots-
........... 'baby' (Ehret) || Copt. _mas_, F/ACopt. _mes_ 'young' (n) || cf.
........... /below/, with Eg. */u/ < PAA */oo/]
childhood (n) .... nakhna.t? nakhnu.t? [n-x-n.t]
choose (v) .... saatap [s-t-p || pp. *_satE(e)p_ < cuneif. ts. /sha'-te-ep-/ (LI
........... 29)]
circle; cartouche (n) .... shuunuu (*shaanuu?) [sh-n-w]
city, town (n) .... naawa(a).t [n-j-w.t; n-w.t #1 || presuming a connection with
........... Hebr. _naa'aa, naawaa (qq. Naayooth, 1 Sam. 19:18?)_ || cf. /sky/ (#3);
........... /wave/ (#2)]
clay (n) .... sayiin [s-j-n < PAA *-t'ay-/*-t'iy- (Ehret) || cf. Arab. _t.iin_
........... 'mud, clay']
clever, skilled, excellent; be ~ (adj/v) .... yaqri/yaaqer [j-q-r || cf. Aram. &
........... Hebr. #y-q-r]
clothing, clothes (n) .... Habsiww-a/u (pro *HåbuusVw-?) [H-b-s-w]
cloud (n) .... (y)uguup-u [j-g-p < PAA *-guup'- 'to soak' (Ehret) || SCopt.
........... _cheepe_]
colour (n) .... (y)aawiin? (y)awn? [j-w-n || cf. Sem./Arab. _lawn_ || AL *(y)awin,
........... LI 31, 35]
come! come ye! (v imp irr) .... ma'(i), may(i) [m-j < PAA *may-]
cool, calm (v) .... qabb-, qebabb- [q-b-b || Copt. _kbo, kvo_, BCopt. _khbob/khvov_
........... || related to Hebr. #q-p-: > _qaaphaa_ 'freeze, congeal, stiffen'? ||
........... AL *qabAb, LI 42]
cough (n) .... surree.t [s-r-y.t (note: a word with identical radicals means 'fan')
........... || consonants given by Ehret (In Memoriam W. Vycichl, p. 52)]
count, reckon (v) .... Haasab [H-s-b < PAA *-haas- 'voice' (Ehret) || Arab.
........... _Hasab(a)_, etc.]
crocodile (n) .... musaaH-u (or *misaHH-u) [m-s-H (Ehret: m-z-H) < PAA *-moodz-
........... 'to become wet' (Ehret; he also promotes PAA */oo/ > Eg. */i/) || Copt.
........... _(e)msah_, pl. SCopt. _mso'h_ || also Lambdin: *_nim-sha-hu_ (pre-1100
........... BC) < n-3 m-sh-H-(w)]
crown (n) .... muHH-, miHH- [m-3-H || LCopt. _mahnchnut_ 'crown of...']; wiraari.t
........... [w-r-r.t; w-r-r-j.t]; khii9 [x-9]
cry out (v) .... saabaH [s-b-H]
cut (v) .... sakayo, saky- [s-k; s-q < PAA *sak.- (OS; note *suk- 'spear' from
........... same source)]

dance (v) .... khabayo, khaby- [x-b-j < PAA *h(.abay-]
daughter (n) .... ziiRa.t > siit(t) [z-3.t || q.v. /son/, the id. construction _z.t
........... Hm.t_ (for 'woman', q.v.) & Eg. Arab. _sitt_ 'woman, lady']
dawn (n) .... 9anDuu [9-n-D-w < PAA *-9an- or *-9aan- 'to come into view' (Ehret)]
day (n) .... har(r)uu, har(r)oo (*harw-?) [h-r-w < PAA *hVraw/y- || Copt. _hrew;
........... (e)hou(e)_ || Vycichl: *_haariwaw_]
death (n) .... muut [m(-w)-t || Akkad. _muutu_]
decapitate (v) .... Haasaq [H-s-q || v. root & tl. given by Ehret in the Vycichl
........... memorial volume, -04 (p. 50)]
defecate (v) .... fuugun? fugan(n)? [f-g-n < PAA *-fug- 'to drain out' (Ehret)]
desert (n) .... samya.t [s-m-y.t]; khaasu [*x-3-s(-w); fem. x-3-s.t 'desert hills, a
........... foreign land', given as 'desert' in Allen § 25.4]
dig (v) .... shaad(ayo), shaad- [sh-3-d]
divine (adj) .... naaTari (naatshari)? nuTTari? [n-T-r-j]
dominion; scepter (n) .... waas- [w-3-s #1]
dream (n) .... raswa.t, rasuu.t [r-s-w.t < *rasVw- (OS) || SCopt. _rasu_, ACopt.
........... _resu_, FCopt. _lesvi_, LCopt. _resue_ || Vycichl suggests *_risw-_]
drink (v) .... *sVVwVr- > suur-, w/ poss. beta-stem *saar- [s-w-r || SCopt. _soo_
........... || cf. Bedja _suura_ 'pool, vat']
drown (vi) .... måhy- [m-H-j < PAA *-maah.- 'to get wet' (Ehret)]

each, every (n) .... Taanuu [T-n-w (ME t-n-w)]; nibba (pro *neeba) [n-b #2 < PAA
........... *reb- (OS) || Copt. _nibe(n)_, SCopt. _nim_ (*bb > *mb?), FCopt.
........... _nibi_ || AL *nib, EotW 114]
eager; be ~ (adj/v) .... Tanri / Taaner (not *Tenar-r-?) [T-n-r < PAA *-tl'a1l- 'to
........... burn, make hot' (Ehret)]
ear (n) .... musDur, (later?) masDer [m-s-D-r || SCopt. _mashdz, maadze,
........... meshte/-de_]
east (n) .... *yV3(V)bVt- > yiiba.t [j-3-b.t || SCopt. _eiebt_, BCopt. _yebt_ ||
........... Vycichl: *ya3iiba.t; cf. p-3 >> LE _pi-_]
eat (v) .... waanam [w-n-m || Copt. _uoom_ || Vycichl: *_wanm-_]
ebony (n) .... habnee, habnii [h-b-n-y || = Pers. _abnus_; Hebrew has a qametz
........... chatuf (long /aa/ [å] becoming /o/ phonetically) in this word: _hovn€€_
........... < håb6n€h]
efficient, functional; be ~ (adj/v) .... maanikh/maanekh [m-n-x]
egg (n) .... sawaaHu.t, -a.t? sa(a)uHa.t? [s-w-H.t < PAA *sawVH- || SCopt. _souhe_,
........... BCopt. _soowhi_]
Egypt (pr n) .... kuuma.t (pro *kuumu.t) [k-m.t || AL concurs, EotW 127/LI 42 ||
........... Copt. _keeme_, FCopt. _keemi_ || as a curiosity note "similar"
........... vocalization in LSArab. _suudaa'_ || q.v. /black/; /land/]
eight (num) .... khamuunu; khamuuna.t [x-m-n-w (m.); x-m-n.t (f.) || Copt. _shmun;
........... shmune_ || *_khamaan-_, *_khamuun-_, NDNM 25]
elephant; ivory (n) .... (3)iibuu [3-b-w #2 || Copt. _ebu_* 'ivory']
embalm (v) .... sadwIkh? saadUkh? [s-d-w-x || with causative _s-_, cf. Aram.
........... Shaphel]
enclosure; temple (n) .... Hawt, (elab.) Haawi.t [H-w.t || var. Heyt, EotW 124
........... || cf. Hebr. #d-w-d; #m-w-t]
enemy, adversary (n) .... khiffitee [x-f-t-y || Copt. _shaft(e)_ 'iniquitous,
........... impious']; raqqu [r-q-w || Akkad. _raggu_]
escape, go away (v) .... rawayo, rawy- [r-w-j < PAA *-ra1-, *-ra1w- 'to continue,
........... keep on' (Ehret) || Copt. _lo_]
eternity (n) .... neHiiH-a/i [n-H-H || Copt. _eneh_, A/LCopt. _aneehe_]; Da(a)t
........... [D.t #3, < PAA *-gaad- 'to stay' (Ehret)? || also adv 'forever' || any
........... relation to Hebr. _9ad_ 'eternity; booty'?]
event (n) .... haRbuu, haabuu [h-3-b-w || Copt. _hoob/hoov_ || LI 59]
everyone .... bu(u)-nibba (not *baaw- or *biw-?) [b-w - n-b || cf. the Lat. spelling
........... _Buubastis_ (a theonym with same #_b-w_?)]
evil (n) .... Dawwa.t, Diwwa.t [D-w.t < D-w #1, see /bad, be/]
excellent, skilled, clever; be ~ (adj/v) .... yaqri/yaaqer [j-q-r]
except (adv) .... wuupuu-Har [w-p-w - H-r || LI 100]
eye (n) .... yi(i)ri.t [j-r.t < PAA *9i2l- (Ehret) || SCopt. _ia, ier_, LCopt.
........... _y(e)ire_]

face (n) .... Har-a [H-r #2 (ME h-r, > *hår-?) || SCopt. _ho_ || = STS = AL (LI 56)]
fall (v) .... huu'(i)y- [h-3-y || Copt. _hee', heeye, hee'i, heei, haie_ (Crum 637)]
family (n) .... (3)aaba.t? (3)aabu.t? [3-b.t]
father (n) .... yuut-a/i [j-t; j-t-j || Copt. _(e)ioot_ || Herodotus II 172 has
........... "Siouf" < *-yuut-ef; Vycichl considers this a local variant of *yaat-
........... || cf. /back/; /office/]
fear (n) .... sanaaD-u, senaaD- [s-n-D, ME s-n-d < PAA *-tsul-/*-tsal- 'to
........... disapprove' (Ehret) || Copt. _snat, snad_]
feather (n) .... shiwwee (pro *shuuy-a; *showay, *showee?) [sh-w-y]
feet (n dl) .... rad(u)way, rad(u)wey [r-d-w-y]
fertile land (n) .... (3)aaHa.t [3-H.t]
festival (n) .... Haab- [H-b; H-3-b < PAA *-Haab- 'to proclaim' (Ehret) || cf.
........... /send/]
field (n) .... saakhu.t (*-a.t?) [s-x.t #1 < PAA *caq- (OS) || Copt. _sooshe_
........... 'field, meadow, country' || AL: *_saakha.t_, LI 53; Vycichl: pl.
........... *_sakhwet_]
fighting (vn) .... 9eHaaR-, 9eHaa'- [< v. 9-H-3]
fill (v) .... miH- > mEH- [m-H]
find (v) .... gimayo, gimy- [g-m-j < PAA *gim- || BCopt. _dzimi_]
finger (n) .... Diiba9, Diib9a [D-b-9 < PAA *c.ibV9- || SCopt. _tee'be/tii'be_]
fire (n) .... khat, khEt [x.t #2]
fish (n) .... rimm- [r-m #1 || Copt. _rame, ra'me, ri_, BCopt. _rami_]; maHee.t,
........... maHii.t [m-H-y.t, < PAA *Haw/y-at-?]
flee (v) .... waa9ar [w-9-r < PAA *wa'ar-/*wa9ar-]; båh'- [b-h-3 < PAA *-ba1h-
........... (Ehret) || cf. /plough/; /recognize/; /write/]
flesh (n) .... (y)awf- > oof [j-w-f, ME j-f || SCopt. _af, abh_]
flood (n) .... bi9aH [b-9-H]
flower (n) .... Hiraari.t, Huraari.t [H-r-r.t || Dem. H-r-r-y; SCopt. _hreere_]
fluid, efflux (n) .... raaDuu (raadzoo) [r-D-w]
fly (n) .... 9aff(aaf)? 9iff-? [9-f-f || SCopt. _af_, ACopt. _ef_]
fly (v) .... pii: piR-, pi'- [p-3 < PAA *-pi1r- (Ehret) || Copt. _peei_; cf. /sky,
........... heaven/]; 9akhy- [9-x-j < PAA *9ah(-]
food (n) .... wanmuu [w-n-m-w]; wanma.t (pro *winma.t [= Arab. fi9lat-]?) [w-n-m.t]
fool (n) .... wikhuR, wekhuR [w-x-3]
foot (n) .... rådda, rooda [r-d < PAA *rad- (OS) / *ri2iz-, or *-r-d- 'to walk'
........... (Ehret) || SCopt. _rat/rad_ || cf. Soom. _raad_ 'footprint' and Hebr.
........... #r-d-d (perf. raadad) 'to flatten, stamp, beat' and #r-d-h (raadaa) 'to
........... rule oppressively; to tread the wine press']
forest (n) .... su9uur-u? su9r-a/u? [s-9-r < PAA *su9Vr- (OS)]
forget (v) .... saamakh? (or caus.) sammIkh? [s-m-x || possibly causative, moreso if
........... #m-x equals synonymous Akkad. _mash-uu_?]
form, shape (n) .... yaruu, yeroo (*yarw-?) [j-r-w || cf. Copt. _hrv_]
four (num) .... yifdaaw, ifdaaw [j-f-d-w < PAA *fa1zw-/*ifz- (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _fdow_; Akkad. _ipTau_]
fraternize (dur v) .... sansun, sansin [s-n-s-n]
friend (n) .... khanmes [x-n-m-s]; såmiri? sumuur-i? (pro *sammir-, *sam[m]aar-u?)
........... [s-m-r]
front: in front of (prp) .... khant [x-n-t]; em-baRH, em-baaH (+ pn suff)
........... [m - b-3-H || lit. 'in the presence (of)']
fruit (n) .... daqiir-u (*diqqar-u, *diqr-u?) [d-q-r(-w) || Dem. t-g-y 'fruit';
........... SCopt. _tiche_, BCopt. _jiji_ 'root crop' || compare /plan/]
functional, efficient; be ~ (adj/v) .... maanikh/maanekh [m-n-x]

gate (n) .... ruut, root; var. raawi.t [r-w.t < PAA *-ra1-, *-ra1w- 'to continue,
........... keep on' (Ehret) || Copt. _ro_; cf. /mouth/]; (+ 'barrier') sibkha.t
........... (pro *såb(aa)khu.t) [s-b-x.t]
gather (v) .... Duuru9? intr. Dura9-? [D-r-9 < PAA *gwar- or *gu/ar- 'harvest' (OS)]
gazelle (n) .... gaHaas-u, geHaas- [g-H-s || cf. Copt. _ch'hos_]
girl (n) .... yuddii.t [j-d-y.t, j-d.t < PAA *-9uz- 'young' (Ehret)]
give, put, cause (v) .... yimy-, yim'- [j-m-j < PAA *-9iim- (Ehret) || Copt. _ma_,
........... impt. _meei, moi_]
glass (n) .... TaHnu.t (tshaHnut)? TiHna.t? (note that at least in Semitic, several
........... voc. variations of supposed structure may actually coexist) [T-H-n.t]
go away, depart (v) .... rawayo, rawy- [r-w-j < PAA *-ra1-, *-ra1w- 'to continue,
........... keep on' (Ehret) || Copt. _lo_]
go out, leave (v) .... pirayo, piry- [p-r < PAA *par-/*pir- (OS) / *-pi(i)l- 'to
........... drive, chase' (Ehret) || SCopt. _p(e)ire_ (inf. also _prre_); cf.
........... /house/]
god (n) .... nuTTar (AL: naaTar) [n-T-r || EotW 114, 132 || Copt. _nute_; usually
........... considered related to Sem. #n-k-r 'to be unknown, disguised', however
........... Lipinski also points out Agaw _nk@ra_ 'soul, spirit']
gold (n) .... no(o)buu (Vyc./AL: naabaw) [n-b-w || EotW 127 || Copt. _nub, nuv_
........... ("noub") || cf. note by Vycichl: "Ethiopian n-h-b could correspond well
........... to n-w-b and this root can be represented by n-b-y in Egyptian." || cf.
........... development of MnEng clove 'nail of garlic' < OEng clufu /'kluvu/??]
good; beautiful; be ~ (adj/v) .... na(a)fir? nafri? / naafer [n-f-r < PAA *fir- 'be
........... good']
goose (n) .... samuun-i, sumuun-i [s-m-n || Copt. _smune_ 'Nile goose']
granite (n) .... miiT-a/u [m-3-T < PAA *mik- 'stone']
great (adj) .... waar (v. *_waarar, warr-u_ 'to be great') [w-r || EotW 113]; (+
........... 'of length') (R)iw? (R)aaw? [3-w (= 9-3?) || Copt. _aw, oo_]
grow, flourish (v) .... ruud- w/ stem raad- [r-d #3 || Copt. _root/rood_; cf.
........... /drink/; q.v. /plant/]
grow weary, tire (v) .... wuuruD [w-r-D || v. root & tl. by Ehret (In Memoriam W.
........... Vycichl, p. 43)]

happen; become (v) .... khaapar (act part fem *_khaapura_) [x-p-r < PAA *ghaap-
........... 'to rise, arise' (Ehret)]
harp (n) .... baayinu.t (pro *buuyanu.t) [b-j-n.t || SCopt. _boine, (!)bine_, BCopt.
........... _uooini_ || Vycichl: *_bayna.t_]
he, it (ind pn) .... nita(a)f- > (e)ntAf [n-t-f || AL *(ja)ntaf, LI 65]
head (n) .... tap(p)-i [t-p || cf. SCopt. _ape_ || AL *tap, LI 72, 100]
hear (v) .... saaDam (saadzam) [s-D-m; _saaDam en-_ 'obey' || AL & NO agree, EotW
........... 114 || Copt. _sootm_]
heart (n) .... yibb-u/a, yib [j-b < PAA *libb-, *lubb- (OS) / *li3b- (Ehret) || cf.
........... SCopt. _bai, be_ || in EotW on p. 114]; Haa'ti (pro *Huu3tj-?) [H-3-t-j]
heaven, sky (n) .... pi(i).t [p.t || Copt. _pe, phe_ || AL *pi.t, LI 57]
henna (n) .... taftaf [t-f-t-f < PAA *taf-taf-]
herd (n) .... yå'daar, yaadaar [j-d-r; j-3-d-r]
here (adv) .... 9ayya (< *9a33a or /y/ unmarked) [9-3 || STS]
high: on high (adv/prp) .... tiip- [t-p || cf. /head/]
hill (n) .... quu'uR, quuyuR [q-3-3 < PAA *-k'u'- (k'+u+glottal) 'to rise' (Ehret)
........... || Copt. _koye_]
horizon (n) .... (R)aakha.t? (R)aakhu.t? [3-x.t || cf. /sunlight/]
horn (n) .... dibb-u/a, dib [d-b || Copt. _tap_]
Horus (pr n) .... Hu(u)ru [H-r-w; H-r #1 || Akkad. ts. /-h.uru/; q.v. /day/]
hour (n) .... (*wånaww-? >) wanwa.t, wanuu.t [w-n-w.t || Copt. _(u)nu, naw, no_]
house (n) .... par-a/i [p-r < PAA *par- 'house, enclosure' (OS) || SCopt. _per-_ ||
........... Hebr. _par9oo_ "Pharaoh, the Great House"]
how? (int) .... mi(ye) ma [m-j m]
human (n) .... raamiT (-tsh) [r-m-T, r-m #2 || Copt. _roome_ || Vycichl:
........... *_raamiT_]
hunger (n) .... Hu(u)qir-u; Huqur [H-q-r(-w) || SCopt. _heeke_, BCopt. _heeki_
........... 'poor']

I (ind pn) .... a(a)naaku > ånaak [j-n-k || Copt. _anok_ || Akkad. _anaaku_; Hebr.
........... _aanokhii_]
ibis (n) .... hi(i)bee, -bii [h-b-y || SCopt. _hibooi_, BCopt. _hip_]
impressiveness (n) .... baaRuu, baa'uu [b-3-w]
incarnation (n) .... Hiim [H-m]
injustice, wrong (n) .... yazfa.t (< *yaazifa.t?) (pro *yaziifa.t) [j-z-f.t < PAA
........... *-9adz- (Ehret)]
is not, will not .... nuun (var. *niin?) [n-n #2 || STS; cf. also LI 127 (where <
........... *nj+n)]
island (n) .... (y)iiw? (y)uu? [j-w #2 || cf. Hebr. _ii_ ('ij) 'island', _iyyoon_
........... ('ij.won) 'islet']
ivory (n) .... kimaaree (> *kimree) [k-m-r-y < PAA *kilam- (app. metathesis)]

king (n) .... niisuu(t) [n-s-w(-t)]; (of the Lower Egypt) baytii, beetii [by.ty <
........... PAA *bay-]
kingship (n) .... niisiyya.t, niisaawiyya.t [n-s-y.t; n-s-w-y.t]
kiss; smell (air) (v) .... suun- (*sunn-u?) [s-n < PAA *-tsoon- or *-coon- (Ehret)]
knee (n) .... *pi'(V)d- > puud-, piid- [p-3-d; p-d < PAA *pV'ud- (OS) / *piiz-,
........... Berb. *puuz- (Ehret) || SCopt. _pat/pad_, #_fud-_ abounding in Berber
........... cognates || per interest compare PIE *ped-/*pood-/*pod-, CGr. _pous,
........... podos_ 'foot']
knife (n) .... shu(u)9a.t, sho(o)9a.t [sh-9.t < PAA *c^u9- (OS) / *-£e19- 'to cut
........... off' (Ehret)]
know .... see /learn/

lady (n) .... niiba.t [n-b.t #1 || q.v. /lord, owner/]
lake (n) .... *shayV/*shiya > shee, shi [sh-j; sh]
land (n) .... taa(R) [t-3 #2 < PAA *te2r-/*to2r- 'earth' (Ehret); dl. t-3-w-y >
........... *_taaway/taawey_ 'The Two Lands, Egypt' || Copt. _to_]
lap (n) .... miRsa.t, miisa.t [m-3-s.t || related to Akkad. _meshreetu_
........... (metathesis)?]
laugh (v) .... saabaT [s-b-T (Ehret: z-b-T) < PAA *-zab- 'to call' (Ehret) || ME
........... s-b-t]
law (n) .... hiip [h-p || note also Hebr. #ch-p-p 'to cover, protect' (> _chaph_
........... 'innocent to a violation']
lead (v) .... khaarap [x-r-p || Copt. _shorp_ 'first' (LI 72)]
leaf (n) .... giibuu, guubuu [g-b-3 < PAA *-guH-/*-giH- (Ehret)]
learn; know (v) .... rakh- (never *rukh-, *rokh-?) [r-x < PAA *rah(-/*'arH- || cf.
........... Arab. #H-r-y > _itHarra_ 'he investigated, inquired']
leave, go out (v) .... pirayo, piry- [p-r < PAA *par-/*pir- || cf. /house/]
leg, bird-leg (n) .... sima9, sim9a [s-m-9 < PAA *cim9-]
leopard (n) .... (3)aabii, -ee (*3åby-?) [3-b-y || cf. Hebr. _laavii_ 'lion']
life (n) .... 9aanuukh, -u (pro *9unukh-) [9-n-x(-w) < PAA *-9anghw- 'to rise,
........... grow' (Ehret) || Copt. _onee/onii_ 'live; life' || based on the
........... comparison of Eg. _9_ to Sem. _q_ (q.v. /Milky Way/), an argument can
........... be formed of possible relation to Hebr. #q-l-ch 'sprout' or perhaps
........... rather #q-n-h (II) 'create, cause to be']
light (n) .... wuun-i/u [w-n < PAA *wan- (OS) || Copt. _uo(e)in_, BCopt. _uooini_ ||
........... vowel offglide development similar to English and Faroese; see also
........... /physician/]
lion (n) .... måR(u)y-a > moo'ii [m-3-j < PAA *mary- (OS) || Copt. _mui_ || Thacker:
........... *_ma(a)3uya_ > *_ma(a)3ey_]
lip (n) .... sapaat- [s-p.t < PAA *s´apat- or *c^a(n)f- || Copt. _spotw_ 'lips';
........... Aram. _siphthaa_, Akkad. _shaptu_ 'lip']
live (v) .... 9aanakh [9-n-x || Copt. _onee/onii_ 'live; life' || q.v. /life/]
loathe (v) .... buut-; bawat- > baat- (w/ n. b-w-t > _bawt, baawit_ 'disgust')
........... [b-w-t]
locust (n) .... si(i)D-a/u [s-D || Copt. _shje_]; zunHaamuu [z-n-H-m-w || Hebr.
........... _sål9aam_ || LI 34: "[common] Afroas. *sulxam"]
lord, owner (n) .... niib-u/a [n-b #1 || /i/ recorded in Akkad. ts. || Copt.
........... _neeb/niib_; in CGr. _-neefis_, LI 55; cf. also Arab. _naab_ 'tribal
........... chief']
love (n) .... mirwi.t, miruu.t (STS: marwa.t) [m-r-w.t || see below]
love (v) .... mirayo, miry-/mir'- [m-r-j, m-r || Copt. _me, !mi_ || Vycichl: vn.
........... *_mirya.t_ || note Akkad. _raamu_ and Arab. _raam_ (impf. _yaruum_)
........... 'wish for, aspire']

marsh (n) .... *khu3r(V)t- > khuu.t [x-3.t < PAA *-gu9- 'to become wet' (Ehret)];
........... shaa(R) [sh-3]
mat, reed-mat (n) .... tummuR (pro *taamiR) [t-m-3 || SCopt. _tmee, tom_ || cf.
........... Sum. _muru_ 'reed mat' = Akkad. _buruu_]
mighty; be ~ (adj/v) .... sakhmi/saakhem [s-x-m || compare Sum. _shumah_ 'mighty';
........... Hebr. _shacham_ 'granite' (for curiosity qq. _9aaSam_ 'he was mighty',
........... LSArab. _9aZuma_); LSArab. _shaHuma_ 'he was/has become fat']
Milky Way (pr n) .... misqa.t seqiidiww-a/u / m. saq(q)uudiww-a/u (concerning the
........... voc. of II, see /voyager/, /bone/) [m-s-q.t s-q-d-w 'path of errant
........... ones' || #q-d #2 (caus. #s-q-d) appears in SCopt. _sarakoote_
........... 'wanderer' || concerning the voc. for I, consider Hebr. _miS9aad_
........... 'pacing, tread', et al. (Arab. fi9lat- pattern : Thackston § 85)]
monkey (n) .... kay, kee [k-y || cf. Hebr. _day, st.cstr. dee_ 'sufficiency'];
........... (baboon) buunu(u) [b-n-w < PAA *bun- || Chadic *buni-]
month (n) .... (3)iibaad-u [3-b-d < PAA *-'aab-/*-iib- (Ehret); but note also *'i-
........... 'time period', *bad- 'separate', and *ibad- 'lose, be lost' (OS) ||
........... Copt. _evate/-de, evot/evod_]
moon (n) .... ya(a)9aaH? yu9aaH? [j-9-H < PAA *-li9- 'to shine' (Ehret) || SCopt.
........... _o'(o)h_, BCopt. _yoh_, FCopt. _a'(a)h_ || Hebr. _yaareach_ < #j-r-H
........... 'moon'; Akkad. _(w)arkhu_ 'month']
morning (n) .... bakaR, baka' [b-k-3 < PAA *-ba1k- (Ehret) || Arab. _bakar_];
........... dawRuu, daw'uu; f. dawRa.t, daw'a.t [d-w-3-w, f. d-w-3.t < PAA *daw- ||
........... adj. d-w-3-j/*_dawRii_]
mother (n) .... miwwa.t, miyya.t (or *miiwa.t, *maiwa.t) [m(-j)-w.t || Copt.
........... _ma(a)w, moo, meew_ || another curiosity is obviously CGr. _maia_
........... 'good mother, foster mother' || AL suggests *me3wa.t, LI 245]
mountain (n) .... Daaw, Doo [D-w #2 < PAA *-dla1- 'to grow, swell' (Ehret) ||
........... Copt. _tow_ || some connect this with Hebr. _Suur_ (1 Chron. 11:15) :
........... www.oldtestamentstudies.net/languages]
mouth; speech, spell (n) .... ruu [r #2 (OS: r-3) || Copt. _ro; roo; tapro_; cf.
........... /gate/ || AL *ra3, LI 58]
myrrh, incense (n) ....  9anatyuu? 9antaayuu? (not *9i-?) [9-n-t-j-w || probably
........... not connected with Sum. _nade_-3, _nadeg_ 'incense']

naked (adj) .... Haa'ii? Haa'ay (-'ee)? [H-3-y || cf. Aram. -aay vs. (more
........... original Afroasiatic?) Arab. -ii]
name, identity (n) .... rånn-, roon- [r-n || AL *rin, LI 46/EotW 125 || Copt.
........... _ran_, FCopt. _len_; /*i/ seems based on the equation of Eg. #r-n-n
........... 'rejoice' with the vocalization of Sem. #r-n-n and its given fruit:
........... Hebr. _rinneen_ 'he rejoiced', Arab. _yirinn_ '(that) it should
........... resound']
neck (n) .... wis(s)aara.t [w-s-r.t < PAA *sar- (OS) / *-wic'- 'to swallow' (Ehret)
........... || cf. Hebr. _Sawwaa'r(-)_ & Aram. _Sawraa_ < #S-w-r]
necklace (n) .... manya.t (pro *munya.t?) [m-n-j.t]
need (n) .... *DaRr- > Daaruu, Darruu [D-3-r-w]; naahuu [n-h-w]
night (n) .... garaaH-u, geraaH- [g-r-H #1]
nine (num) .... pisiiD(u), pisD(i?)u [p-s-D; p-s-D-w || Copt. _phis_ || *_pisiiD-_,
........... NDNM 29]
nod (v) .... hann-, var. henann- [h-n-n]
nose (n) .... funu(u)D [f-n-D < PAA *fung- (OS) / *fi2l- (Ehret)]

oar (n) .... Hamuu, Hemoo (*Hamw-?) [H-m-w #1]; wåsuru, wåsiri (or *waasuur) [w-s-r
........... || SCopt. _uosr_, BCopt. _uoser_ || no connection with Sum. _ngisal_,
........... Akkad. _gishallu_?]; Hiipa.t? Haapu.t? [H-p.t]
oasis (n) .... wahRa.t (pro *wahhu.t) [w-h-3.t (-H-?) || Copt. _uahe_ || Arab.
........... _waaHa_]
obelisk (n) .... takhaan-u [t-x-n]
observe (v) .... paatar [p-t-r]
of (conj) .... ni > en [n #2, n-j < PAA *ni (Ehret) || Copt. _n-_]
offer (v) .... Haanak [H-n-k || Hebrew #H-n-k, whence _Chanookh_ 'Enoch, the
........... (one who was) dedicated']; Daarap [D-r-p < PAA *-da1r- (Ehret)]
office (n) .... (ya')uu.t [j-3.t #2 || cf. /back/; /father/]
official (n) .... sVr(e)yi > saar-i [s-r-j; s-r < PAA *car- 'elder, chief' (OS) ||
........... any relation to Hebr. _saariis_ < #s-r-j-s? (as in Gen. 37:36, 2
........... Kings 20:18)]
oh! (interj) .... ye! ya! [j]; haa! (hii?) [h-3]
oil (n) .... Hiknuu, Heknoo [H-k-n-w]; (+ 'ointment') mirHa.t [m-r-H.t || probably
........... related to Hebr. #m-r-H (whence _maarach_ 'he besmeared' and _mirchaa_
........... 'ointment')]
oil tree (n) .... baq [*b-q || source: Salonen & Holthoer?]
one (num) .... wa9(a) (could also be *wi9-a) [w-9]
open (v) .... waan- [w-n < PAA *wan- (OS/Ehret) || Copt. _uoon_]; wu(u)p-y- [w-p-j
........... w/ n. *wap- [= Akkad.] < PAA *wup- || Copt. _uoop_, arch. form _ueep_
........... (Crum 482)]
order (n) .... wiiD? waD? [w-D]
ornament, decoration (n) .... h_akaar? h_uku(u)r? [h_-k-r]
orphan (n) .... nimiH ("def."/elab. namHuu)? namuuH-u? [n-m-H; n-m-H-w]
Osiris (pr n) .... wasir [w-s-j-r; same as #w-s-r '(be) strong, powerful', from
........... PAA *-we2c- 'to be hard, solid' (Ehret)?]
ostrich (n) .... nii(y)uu [n-j-w]
over, upon (prp) .... Hari [H-r-y, H-r || Vycichl: "from *_Haryaw_?" || AL *Har,
........... LI 32 (id.?)]
overthrow (v, caus?) .... saakhar? saxxIr? [s-x-r]

palace (n) .... 9iiH [9-H]
palette (for writing) (n) .... gesta(a)', gista(a)' [g-s-t-j || Hebr. _q€s€th_
........... 'writing kit', Ez. 9; note Sum. _ngesh_ (determinative) + _da_ 'plank'
........... || AL promotes an equation with Hebr. _q€sh€th_ 'bow' < earlier *qasht
........... (LI 245)]
pass time (v) .... såky- [s-k-j < PAA *-ca1ak- 'to stay still, in place' (Ehret)]
path, road (n) .... khaa(R) [x-3 < PAA *ghwaax- (Ehret) || Copt. _xo_]
penis (n) .... *bu3(V)H- > buuH [b-3-H < PAA *bu'uh- (OS)]
pharaoh (n) .... par9oo [p-r-9-3 || q.v. /great/]
physician (n) .... ziinuu [z-j-n-w || SCopt. _sa(e)in_, B/FCopt. _seeini_ || LI 47;
........... cf. /light/ with similar vowel offglide development]
pier, dock (n) .... maDaaH-u (or *miDaHH-u) [m-D-H || Hebr. _mezach: m6zaach-_ and
........... _maachooz: m6chooz-_]
pillar, column (n) .... 9ii(R) [9-3 < PAA *-9ir- (Ehret)]; wuhhuR [w-h-3]
plan (n) .... si(i)khir? sakhiir-u? [s-x-r || BCopt. _shishi_, n. < _ershishi_ 'to
........... hold power' || compare /fruit/]
plant (n) .... siim (not *summ-a/u?) [s-m]; raaduu [r-d-w || Copt. _root/rood_ ||
........... AL *raaduw, LI 58]
please, make content (v) .... Haatap [H-t-p || AL *Haatip (ap) 'pleasing', LI 36]
pleasure (n) .... s(ey)immaR (or *s(ey)immuR) [s-j-m-3 || SCopt. _sime_; also v.
........... _sei_ 'be filled, satisfied, enjoy']
plough (n) .... hib(b)i [h-b || SCopt. _hbbe_, BCopt. _hebi/-vi_ || = Sum. _apin_,
........... Akkad. _epinnu_; based solely on SCopt., Thacker's model would yield
........... *_hibya_ (which would have to be a vernacular survivor as well)]
plough (v) .... såk'- [s-k-3 || Copt. _ske_ ("skai", vi.), _sek-_ (Crum 328) || cf.
........... /flee/; /recognize/; /write/; & next]
pluck, tug; fall out (v) .... fåq'- [f-q-3 #2 < PAA *-faak'- 'to break off' (Ehret)
........... || SCopt. _fooche_, BCopt. _fooji_]
poison (n) .... mitwa.t (numq. mituu.t?) [m-t-w.t || SCopt. _matu_, BCopt. _mathui_,
........... FCopt. _metvi/-bi_]
portal (n) .... 9a(a)ra.t [9-r.t || AL connects this with PSem. *dalt, LI 31]
pot, cauldron (n) .... duuda.t, dudda.t [d-d.t < PAA *dud-]
powerful; be ~ (adj/v) .... sakhmi/saakhem [s-x-m || see /mighty/ for cross-language
........... comparison]
prayer (n) .... naH-? niiH-? [n-H || cf. /eternity/]
previously, before (adv) .... khånaateu [x-n-t-w || as prp 'before': q.v. /front/]
priest, laypriest (n) .... wii9ab [w-9-b || Copt. _uee'b/uii'ib_ || LI 30]
proclaim, announce (v) .... duum- (pro *dumam-m-?) [d-m < PAA *-du1m- (Ehret)]
protect (v) .... naD- [n-D || note Akkad. _naSaaru_]; mEkayo, mEky- [m-k-j]
pure; be ~, purify (adj/v) .... wu9bi, wi9bi / wuu9ub? wu9ab(b)? wa99ub?
........... [w-9-b < PAA *-wa29- (Ehret) || AL: (unspecified) fut. form *_uw9obu_,
........... EotW 125 || Copt. _uop_; SCopt. _ua'b_ 'pure']
pyramid (n) .... maar [m-r #1 < PAA *mar- 'house' (OS) || in addition to CGr.
........... _pyy-ra(a)m-is_, cf. also Hebr. _haaraam: h(a)raam-_ (Metathesis in
........... both, w/ prefix? -- note potentially identical mt. in the base for
........... /love/, > Arab. _raam_. The Hebrew might be a certain-degree adaptation
........... to native base #r-w-m, though.)]

raft (n) .... shaad-? shuud-? [sh-d || compare Arab. _shadd(a)_ 'he has tied'; also
........... a curiously abiding (sic) /sh/ <> /s/ correlation in Hebr. _raphsoodaa_]
rainstorm, tempest (n) .... neshaan-a(a)/i? (or / > ME) nish(a)na? [n-sh-n-j]
raven (n) .... 9ab(b)aaq-u [9-b-q || Copt. _abook, avook_ || note the side meaning
........... 'rob, despoil' of Hebr. _qaaba9_]
rebel (n) .... suubi (*saabi?) [s-b-j]
recall, bring to mind (v caus) .... sakhkhi'-yo (pro *sakhkhi'ee?) [s-x-3-j]
receive, accept (v) .... saazap? sazzap? [s-z-p || WChadic _*s^ap-_]
recognize (v) .... sii'- [s-j-3 < PAA *si'- || cf. SCopt. _so[o]un_ 'know']
red(, be ~) (adj) .... dåshri / daasher? deshar(r)? [d-sh-r || cf. Copt. _toorsh_,
........... SCopt. ?_tshre_ (Crum) 'be red, blush']
Red Land (pr n) .... dashra.t, dåshra.t [*d-sh-r.t]
refuge, shelter (n) .... yaabuu [j-b-w < PAA *-yab- 'to protect' (Ehret)]
relax (v caus) .... saqbIH (pro *suqbUH) [s-q-b-H]
relaxation (cstr phr) .... nåfru yib [n-f-r j-b]
remote, faraway (adj) .... Hoor(a) [H-r #4]
rescue, save (v) .... naaHam [n-H-m]
respect (v) .... shufayo, shufy- [sh-f-j]
rich (adj) .... khaawid [x-w-d]
ring (n) .... yiw(e)9ay? -9aa? (< *yVwa9-j-?) [j-w-9-j]
rise (v) .... wuubun [w-b-n < PAA *bul-? || q.v. /spring, source/]
river (n) .... (y)itaar-u(u) [j-t-r-w || AL *iatr-aw, -uw, LI 47 vs. EotW 122 ||
........... Copt. _(e)ioor_, ACopt. _yoo're_, FCopt. _yaar, yaal_ || Hebr. _y6'oor_
........... 'canal; river', _ha-y'oor_ 'the Nile']
riverbank (n) .... waDaab-u [w-D-b < PAA *-wadl- 'to flow' (Ehret)]; (also 'shore')
........... mirii.t [m-r-y.t || cf. Copt. _meer/miir_]
road, way (n) .... *waa3Vt- > waa3u.t (> waa.t?) [w-3.t < PAA *-wa1a'- 'start out
........... to' (Ehret)]; maTaan [m-T-n, < *m-kl < PAA *kVl- 'move'?]; (path)
........... khaa(R) [x-3 < PAA *ghwaax- (Ehret) || Copt. _kho_]
roast (v) .... maa9aq [m-9-q]; (R)uushur [3-sh-r < PAA *^cur- (OS)]
room (n) .... 9oot, 9uut [9.t || note coll. Arab. _9ooDa_]; (chamber) 9ah_nuutee
........... (*-niwt-?) [9-h_-n-w-t-y]
root (n) .... siR(R)-i, si'(')-i (or *sa-) [s-3 #2 < PAA *sa2r-/*si2r- (Ehret)]
rope (n) .... nuuH-, nooH- (< *nawH-?) [n-w-H || Copt. _nuh_]
rot (n) .... khazaad-u [x-z-d < PAA *h(a3ad- || any relation to Arab. _Hasad_
........... 'envy'?]
ruin (n/vn) .... waRuus, wa'uus [w-3-s #2]

sack (n) .... sa'qu, saqqu [s-q; (OS: s-3-q) || Copt. _sok_ || Akkad. _sakku_,
........... Aram. _saqqaa_, Hebr. _saq_]
sail (n) .... Hu(u)tuR, Hu(u)tiR [H-t-3 || cf. Copt. _hoot_ 'to sail']
sail (v) .... saagar? saggir? [s-g-r || Copt. _s'cheer, shcheer_ (< vn/al. with
........... /u:/?)]; khanayo, khany- [x-n-j < PAA *h(anaw/y-]
salt (n) .... HamuuRa.t, Hamuu'a.t [H-m-3.t < PAA *-h.am- 'to spoil > sour' (Ehret)
........... || Copt. _hmu_, FCopt. _hemu_]
sand (n) .... shaa9ee? shu99ee? [sh-9-y, ME sh-9 < PAA *^ce9- (OS) || Copt. _shoo_
........... ixt. _shuu_ ("shou, shouou") || for an identically ending word with a
........... certain consonant cluster, see /ebony/]
satisfy; pacify (caus v) .... saHtIp [s-H-t-p || AL uses the same voc., LI 81 (note
........... also stress, < LME /sHtep/)]
save, rescue (v) .... naaHam [n-H-m]
scale(s) (n sg) .... mikh(R)a.t, mikh'a.t [m-x-3.t]
scalp (n) .... sumiR? summuR? [s-m-3 < PAA *su2m- (Ehret)]
scepter; dominion (n) .... waas- [w-3-s #1]
scroll (n) .... miDRa.t (pro *maDRa.t?) [m-D-3.t]
sea, ocean (n) .... waaD-waar (waadz-waar) [w-3-D - w-r]; (LE) yaam, yamm [j-m #2,
........... prob. from Semitic || SCopt. _iom_]
seal, shut (v) .... khaatam? khiitim? [x-t-m || probably the cognate of common
........... Semitic #h.-t-m (Aram. _chaatham_, Arab. _khaatim_ 'a seal')]
seat (n) .... Himaas? Himiis? [H-m-s]
see (v) .... ma'aR(n)-u [m-3-3-n, m-3-3 < PAA *meri'- || Akkad. _amaaru_ 'to see']
seed (n) .... piri(i).t [p-r.t < PAA *-fir- 'to flower, bear fruit' (Ehret) ||
........... SCopt. _ebra_, maybe also in _fre_; prob. of same origin as Hebr.
........... _p6rudooth_ 'seed grain' (Joel 1:17) and #p-r-h > _p6rii_ 'fruit' ||
........... AL *purUt, LI 57]
seek, search (v) .... wåkhR-, wåkh'- [w-x-3 < PAA *-wax- 'to look at' (Ehret) ||
........... Copt. _woosh_]
send (v) .... haRb(ayo), ha'ab- [h-3-b < PAA *hVwab- || cf. /festival/]
sentence (n) .... Tiss-? Tas(s)? [T-s]
servant (n) .... wadiipuu [w-d-p-w || Arab. _was.iif_]; buuku [b-3-k < PAA *bi'ak-
........... (OS) || in cuneiform ts. /bu-kur-ni-ni-ip/ = b3k n rn.f 'servant of his
........... name' || Copt. _book_]; Haamuu, (f.) Haamu.t [H-m-w #2; H-m.t < PAA
........... *Ham- || per interest cf. Hebr. _chaam_ 'father-in-law', _chaamooth_
........... 'mother-in-law', & #H-m-d 'to consider desirable']
seven (num) .... safkhu; safkha.t [s-f-x-w (m.); s-f-x.t (f.) < earlier *sab9- ||
........... Copt. _sashf; sashfe_ || *_safkh-_, NDNM 24]
shade, shadow (n) .... shiwwa.t? shiwwi.t? [sh-w.t < PAA *^ci'-/*^ciw-
........... 'darkness' (OS) || cf. SCopt. _ha_? || Akkad. _shiwiitu_ ?'evening']
shape, form (n) .... yaruu, yeroo (*yarw-?) [j-r-w || cf. Copt. _hrv_; cf. also
........... Aram. #r-b-w > ribboo 'myriad' vs. #r-b-w > r6vuu 'greatness']
sharp; be ~ (adj/v) .... sapdi/saaped [s-p-d || AL *sapIdtVj 'thou (m.) art sharp',
........... LI 78 (*/sa:-pid-ta:/?)]
shave (v) .... h_aa9aq (*h_uu9uq?) [h_-9-q || SCopt. _hoo'ke_]
shepherd (n) .... minyu(u) [m-n-j-w]
shield (n) .... yakm-u [j-k-m(-w) < PAA *-yakw- or *-yaakw- 'to conceal' (Ehret)]
shine (v) .... paasaD [p-s-D < PAA *-pas'-/*-pac-/*-pats- (Ehret)]
ship (n) .... yuum-u [j-m(-w) #1]; (convoy ship) wuuyiR (pro *waayV3?) [w-j-3]
shore; riverbank (n) .... mirii.t [m-r-y.t || cf. Copt. _meer/miir_]
shrine (n) .... kuur-? kaar-? [k-3-r; from PAA *kur- 'be round; a mountain'?]
side (n) .... gass-? gaas-? [g-s < PAA *gac- (OS) || phrase example: (wj) r gs.k
........... '(I am) at your side']
silver (n) .... HiDD-u/a (pro *HaDD-?) [H-D < base H-D 'to be white' (see also
........... /tooth/ || Copt. _hat(e), ha't(e)_]
sing (v) .... Hasy- [H-s-j < PAA *-hes'- 'to sing' (Ehret) || Copt. _hoos_]
sister (n) .... saana.t [s-n.t || LI 53/EotW 122 || Copt. _soone_ (Crum 343) ||
........... q.v. /brother/]
sit (v) .... Haafad [H-f-d < PAA *-Haf- 'to lay' (Ehret)]
skilled, clever, excellent; be ~ (adj) .... yaqri/yaaqer [j-q-r || cf. Aram. &
........... Hebr. #y-q-r]
skin (n) .... yenaam-u > inaam- [j-n-m < PAA *ilam- (OS) / *nim-/*nam- 'person'
........... (Ehret) || Copt. _anom_ (Ehret: "from earlier *_inam_")]
sky, heaven (n) .... pi(i).t [p.t || Copt. _pe, phe_ || AL *pi.t, LI 57]; Haara.t
........... [H-r.t < PAA *Har- 'sky' (OS)]; niwwa.t, niyya.t [n-w.t #2 < PAA *liw-
........... (OS) || cf. /city/; /wave/ (#2)]
slate (n) .... bauhan, boohan [? (*b-w-h-n) || source: Salonen & Holthoer?]
slave (n) .... månEH (*monH-u?) [m-n-H #2 < PAA *monVh.- (OS)]
sleep (v) .... qidd- [q-d(-d) || SCopt. n. _kiite/kiide_, al. _kate_; cf. Hebr.
........... #q-d-d > _qaadad_ 'he has bowed down' || so also Vycichl: inf.
........... *qiidi.t, *qidya.t]
snake (n) .... Haaf3VV > Håf'uu [H-f-3-w || SCopt. _hof_ || Vycichl/AL: *_Haf3aw_
........... || note Hebr. _sh6fiifon_ "horned snake"]; na9uu [n-9-w < PAA *Na9w-
........... (nasal /n/) 'python' (Ehret)]
sneak, be surreptitious (v) .... katkat, katket [k-t-k-t < PAA *kat(kat)-]
soldier (n) .... wi(i)9uu [w-9-w || cuneiform ts. /u'-i-u'/, LI 39]
son (n) .... *zii3V > ziiR-a/u [z-3 || OCopt. _si-_ x2 in pr names; cf. also SCopt.
........... _sheere/shiire_ 'son, child' || Vycichl proposes one-time *z-3-y =
........... *_za3iiy-_ -- compare to AL's (LE?) *_shiirij_, LI 60]
sound, voice (n) .... khi(i)ruu [x-r-w < PAA *xwir- 'to rumble' (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _hr-_ in _hrui_ "grande voix" || due to */i/ not = Hebr. #q-(w-)l?]
south (n) .... ruusuu, riisuu [r-s-w || Copt. _rees/riis_]
southern (adj) .... ruusii? ruusay? [r-s-y || cf. Aram. -aay vs. (more archaic?)
........... Arab. -ii]
speak (v) .... (medweyo,) meduuy- [m-d-w; m-d-w-j || cf. /word/]
spear (n) .... måkiri (> *mekiRi?) [? || STS || cf. m-x-3 'pierce with a spear']
spirit (n) .... (3)aakh- [3-x]; (life force) kuu [k-3 #2 || /-ku-u/ x2 in
........... cuneiform tss.]
spit (v) .... bishayo, bishy- [b-sh-j < PAA *bic^-]; tuf-, tif- [t-f < PAA *-tuf-
........... (Ehret) || SCopt. _taf_ || Hebr. n. _topheth_ < #t-p +t, fem. nom.]
spring, source (n) .... wubu(u)n [w-b-n < PAA *bul- (OS) || v counterpart: /rise/?]
staff (n) .... teyaasuu [t-j-s-w]
stairway (n) .... rauduu, -doo [r-w-d-w < PAA *-ra2w-/*-ra2y- 'to rise' (Ehret)]
star (n) .... sibuR, subuR (> -uu) [s-b-3 < *-c'u2b- (Ehret) || SCopt. _siu_ ||
........... coll. sb3w.t 'constellation' (*_sVb'uu.t_ or *_sVb'iiwa.t_), LI 60]
sting (v) .... Diidib, Duudub [D-d-b < PAA *-gwad-/*-gwid- 'to cut' (Ehret) || cf.
........... Soomaali _gud_ 'to circumcise']
stone (n) .... (y)aanir [j-n-r || Copt. _oone_, SCopt. _ene_, B/FCopt. _ane_ || any
........... connection with Sum. _(na-4)nir_ 'a valuable stone'?]
strike (v) .... saakhat? saxxit? [s-x-t #2]; Hawayo, Hawy- [H-w-j < PAA *Haway-];
........... saaHar [s-H-r || v. root & tl. by Ehret in the -04 Vycichl memorial
........... volume (p. 42)]
strong; successful, victorious; be ~ (adj/v) .... naakhit/naakhet [n-x-t]
suck, suckle; nurse (v caus) .... sannUq [s-n-q < PAA *nik.-/*nuk.- (OS) / *-nuuk'-
........... (Ehret) || Copt. _soonk_ || similar Coptic forms: /answer/; /wolf/]
summer, harvest season (n) .... shuumuu, -moo [sh-m-w #2 || Copt. _shoom_ || cf.
........... /traveller/]
summon (v) .... naayas, naas [n-j-s < PAA *-|nay- (palatal /n/) 'to speak loudly'
........... (Ehret)]
sun, (idiom.) day (n/pr n) .... riia9, rii9a [r-9 || Copt. _ree_]
sunlight (n) .... (3)aakhuu? (3)iikhuu? [3-x-w || cf. /horizon/]
supper (n) .... ma(a)sii.t [m-s-y.t < PAA *-mas- 'to become evening' (Ehret) || not
........... to be confused with the inf. of 'to give birth']
sweat (n) .... faatee, -tii [f-t-y || SCopt. _foote_, BCopt. _footi_]
sweet; be ~ (adj/v) .... naaDim? naDmi? / naaDem [n-D-m || AL *naaDim 'sweet', LI
........... 32]; (+ 'pleasant') baanir/baaner [b-n-r]

Tanis (pr n) .... Du9(a)ni.t [D-9-n.t || SCopt. _ja'ne_, BCopt. _jani_ || AL has
........... *_Du9na.t_ from *s.u9n- which gave Hebr. _s.oo9an_ (obv. Ps. 78:43);
........... LI 39, 245]
tarry; stop, cease (v) .... (3)uub(ayo), (3)uub- [3-b || cf. et q.v. /brand/]
taste, experience (v) .... taap- [t-p < PAA *-dap- (Ehret) || SCopt. _toop_]
tempest, rainstorm (n) .... neshaan-a(a)/i? (or / > ME) nish(a)na? [n-sh-n-j]
temple (n) .... Hawt, (elab.) Haawi.t [H-w.t || var. _Heyt_, EotW 124]; Hawt
........... nuTTar (naaTar?) [H-w.t n-T-r]
ten (num) .... mu(u)Daw [m-D-w || EotW 127 || SCopt. _meet/miid_; Berber _mraw_]
tent (n) .... yaam- (yuum-?) [j-3-m]; zaH-(i) [z-H #1]
terror (n) .... na(a)ruu [n-r-w < PAA *-|ner- (palatal /n/) 'to fear' (Ehret)]
Thebes (pr n) .... waasa.t? waasu.t? [w-3-s.t]
thigh (n) .... (also 'haunch') miina.t [m-n.t #1 < PAA *miil- (Ehret)]; (also
........... 'knee') *pV3(V)d- > piid- [p-3-d; p-d < PAA *piiz-, Berb. *puuz-
........... (Ehret) || SCopt. _pat/pad_]
thing, ware (n) .... nikuu.t, nukuu.t [n-k.t || Copt. _nka_ || cf. Hebr. _beeth
........... n6khooth_, 2 Kings 20:13 & Is. 39:2 || AL *nukUt; LI 251]
think (v) .... khaamat [x-m-t]
thirst (n) .... yiiba.t [j-b.t || SCopt. _(e)ibe_ || according to Ehret comes
........... from PAA *-lib- 'to lap', the possible relation of *that* to the
........... noteworthy WSem. root #j-b-sh 'to be(come) dry' (ClArab. _yabisa_)
........... not being elaborated (except for pre-Proto-Semitic *lb 'to lap up')]
this, here (dem pn) .... nEna [n-n #1]
thorn (n) .... surru.t, sirru.t [s-r.t < PAA *cir- || SCopt. _sure_; cf. the
........... (quantitative) etymological history of MnEng 'sugar', 'fury']
Thoth (pr n) .... DiHuutee, -tii [D-H-w-t-y || "tixut-" in Neo-Bab. ts.]
time (n) .... tuur [t-r < PAA *tuwur- || = Copt. _tee/tii_?]; noo, nuu (pro *niiw?)
........... [n-w #2]
to, for (prep) .... na [n #1 < PAA *la || Akkad. _ana_ 'to' || EotW 113]
today (adv) .... miyun(nu), mi'un(nu) [m-j-n, w/ PAA *'un- 'today']
toe (n) .... *saa3eH- > saaH- (*suu3eH- > suuH-?) [s-3-H]
tolerance (n) .... wekhaaduu, wakhduu [w-x-d-w]
tomb (n) .... ya(a)z- [j-z < PAA *ya3-]; khuunuu [x-n-w < PAA *h(un-2]
tongue (n) .... niss-u/a, nis [n-s < PAA *lis- (OS) / *-lis'- 'to lick' (Ehret) ||
........... in EotW on p. 113]
tooth (n) .... nuHDa.t [n-H-D.t < H-D 'to be white' (see /silver/) || LI 251]
top: on top of, over (prp) .... Hiir [H-r #3 || same as /above, over/?]
town, city (n) .... naawa(a).t [n-j-w.t; n-w.t #1 || presuming a connection with
........... Hebr. _naa'aa, naawaa (qq. Naayooth, 1 Sam. 19:18?)_ || cf. /sky/ (#3);
........... /wave/ (#2)]
transformation (n) .... khuparr-u (*khupurr-u?) [x-p-r(-w) || AL *khupiraw,
........... *khupraw, LI 37 || the base means 'to become', q.v.]
transgress (v) .... naanam [n-n-m]
traveller (n) .... sha(a)muu, -moo [sh-m-w #1 < PAA *-£a2am- 'to leave' (Ehret) ||
........... see also /voyager/ and cf. /summer/]
tread, trample (v) .... patput [p-t-p-t < PAA *-put- 'to step along' (Ehret)]
tree; sycamore tree (n) .... naaha.t? naahu.t? [n-h.t]
truth, order of things (n) .... muR9a.t, muu9a.t [m-3-9.t || -u- from cuneiform ts.,
........... see www.friesian.com/egypt.htm; Akkad. _muu_ (#2) 'cosmic ordinance' ||
........... LI on p. 39]
turtle (n) .... shatiy(y)uu [sh-t-y-w || cf. Copt. _shits_ 'tortoise']
twig, branch (n) .... sabaar-u [s-b-r < PAA *cabar-]
two (num) .... sinaaw-ay; sin(aa)tay (*sinaat-a/i?) [s-n-w(-j, m.); s-n-t-j (f.) <
........... PAA *chiny-, chin-ay- (Blazhek/NDNM 17) vs. *tsan- or *can- (Ehret)
........... || Copt. _snaw; snte_ || Vycichl proposes m. *_siniww-aay_ for the
........... theory of Eg. */i/ > Copt. /a/ (in closed syllables)]

under, beneath (prp) .... h_ur, h_orr(e) [h_-r < PAA *xoor- 'ground' (Ehret) ||
........... SCopt. _ha-_, BCopt. _kha-_ || AL has the same outcome (i.e., *h_ur),
........... LI 58]
understand (v) .... (stem from LE/18th dyn.) 9aaraq [9-r-q < PAA *9arVk.-]

very (adv) .... waarat (pro *wiriit?) [w-r-t || placed after the adjective (see
........... Allen § 7.4)]
victorious; be ~ (adj/v) .... naakhit/naakhet [n-x-t]
victory (n) .... nikha.t (def./elab. nakhtuu, nekhtoo?) [n-x.t #1/#2; n-x.t-w]
voice, sound (n) .... khi(i)ruu [x-r-w < PAA *xwir- 'to rumble' (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _hr-_ in _hrui_ "grande voix"]
voyage, sail (v) .... su-/seqaddiyo (pro *saqiddVyV-?) [s-q-d-j]
voyager (n) .... seqiid-? sa(q)quud-? [s-q-d || 1st voc. based on related Arab. verb
........... Form IV || SCopt. _sarakoote, -koode_ 'vagrant' being a later historic
........... formation (and not the direct ancestor)?]

wake (v) .... naahas [n-h-s]
wall (of bricks) (n) .... yenaab-u > inaab- [j-n-b < PAA *ilab- (OS)]
water (n) .... moo, ma(a)w- [m-w < PAA *ma'- || Copt. _mow_; Akkad. _muu_]; na(a)wee
........... [n-w-y (OS: n-w-y.t) < PAA *-|naw- (palatal /n/) 'to be moist, damp'
........... (Ehret)]
wave (n) .... wa(a)'uu, -'oo [w-3-w]; nuut- (pro *nawt?) [n-w.t #3 || cf. Hebr.
........... #n-w-T 'to tremble, quiver' and #n-w-d 'to sway, totter']
wax (n) .... månu(u)Hu (or *manuHHu) [m-n-H #1 < PAA *mal-, *ma2lH- (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _mulh_ 'wax; candle']
way, road (n) .... *waa3Vt- > waa3u.t (> waa.t?) [w-3.t < PAA *-wa1a'- 'start out
........... to' (Ehret)]; maTaan-u (-tsh-) [m-T-n]
we (ind pn) .... (c.) aniin-u [j-n-n || Akkad. _niinu_]
weak; be ~ (adj/v) .... ginni/ginan(n) [g-n-n < PAA *gVlal-]
weep (v) .... rimayo, rimy- [r-m-j]
well (n) .... shaadu.t [sh-d.t < PAA *c^ad- || SCopt. _shoote_, BCopt. _shooti_]
west (n) .... yam(i)na.t (sec. Vycichl's *_yamina_) [j-m-n.t < PAA *yamin- ||
........... Copt. _emnt_ (S */amnte/, B */amenti/)]
where? (int adv) .... Tini (tshini) [T-n(-j), ME t-n-j]
which? (int adj) .... yaaT (-yaatsh) [j-T || LI 137]
wind, proper wind (n) .... maa9uu, -9oo [m-3-9-w < PAA *ma9aw-/*ma9ay-]
wine (n) .... (y)uurap, -(p)u [j-r-p || Copt. _eerp_; cf. Old Nubian _orpa-gir_ 'to
........... make wine' (Lipinski)]
wing (n) .... DanaaH-u [D-n-H < PAA *gan(V)H-, *gonVH- || SCopt. _tnh/dnh, jnah_,
........... BCopt. _chnah_ || cf. Arab. _janaaH_ 'wing, extension' || Vycichl
........... concurs vocalizationally]
wipe (away, out) (v) .... siik- [s-k < PAA *-c'uuk-/*-c'iik' 'to rub off' (Ehret)
........... || Copt. _siike_ 'to mill']
with (prp) .... Hina9, Hena9 [H-n-9]
wolf (n) .... wun(aa)sh-u (or *wånush-u) [w-n-sh || SCopt _uoonsh_]
woman, wife (n) .... (e.g. *Hiyyam-t-/*Hayiim-t- pro *Haayam-t- >) Hiima.t
........... [H-j-m.t, H-m.t || SCopt. _shi(i)me, pl. hiome_ || j = *long vowel =
........... /i:/ < Coptic (so also AL: LI 59, 77)]
wood, tree, stick (nm) .... khit, khut [x-t #3 < *gha2- 'tree' (Ehret) || voc. Allen
........... § 3.1]
word (n) .... mu(u)da.t / (speech) muduu, mudoo [m-d.t / m-d-w #2 < PAA *mud- || pl.
........... *maduww by AL, EotW 132 || also cf. Akkad. pattern 1a2uu]
work, works (n) .... kaa'uu.t [k-3-w.t; k-3.t]
wound (n) .... wabiinuu, wibnuu [w-b-n-w || orig. < PAA *bi'- 'to pierce, *wreak
........... damage']
wretched (adj) .... muRri, murri [m-3-r, ME v. m-r [*murr or *marr < *murar-r] ||
........... presuming a connection with Sem. #m-r-r 'to be bitter' (Akkad. _murru_)
........... || cf. /canal/]
write (v) .... zash- [z-sh, ME s-sh < PAA *-zo(o)£- (Ehret)]; zåh_'- [z-h_-3 ||
........... Dem. s-h_, v/n]; the Copt. equivalent of these (prob. from the latter)
........... is _s'he, s(a)hi, se, si_ ("shai, s(a)hei", etc.)
wrong, injustice (n) .... yazfa.t (or *yazVVfa.t, but cf. /west/) [j-z-f.t < PAA
........... *-9adz- (Ehret)]

year (n) .... ranpu.t [r-n-p.t || Copt. _rompe_ || STS || AL *ranpa.t, LI 59];
........... (regnal) Hasba.t (-bu.t?) [H-s-b.t, < H-s-b 'count', q.v.]
yes (adv) .... tiuu [t-j-w < PAA *tiya'-/*tiyaw- 'to be right, true']
yesterday (n/adv) .... såff-a/i, soof-a [s-f || Copt. _saf_, A/FCopt. _sef_]
you (ind pn sg) .... (m.) nita(a)k-a/u, (f.) nita(a)Ti [n-t-k; n-t-T, n-t-t ||
........... Vycichl: *ni.t-aa-ka 'that which (is) by thee'; Ehret gives PAA *ku,
........... *ka (m.); *ki (f.) - likewise Lipinski, ntT < *nt-ki]
you (ind pn pl) .... nita(a)Tun(a), nita(a)Tin(a) [n-t-T-n, ME n-t-t-n < PAA *kuuna
........... 'you' (pl. bound form) (Ehret); Lipinski has nt-Tn < *nt-kin]
young; be ~ (adj/v) .... ranpi/raanep [r-n-p]
young generation, the (n) .... diRmuu, di'muu [d-3-m-w]
youth (n) .... Hiwwan? Hiwiin-? [H-w-n < PAA *HiwVn-]

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ALSO COMPARE

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=egyptian&searchmode=nl
http://www.inksauce.com/egypt.htm
http://www.iut.univ-paris8.fr/~rosmord/Qenherkhepeshef/intro2.html

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LITERATURE CONSULTED

Allen, James P. : Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of
........... Hieroglyphs (Cambridge University Press, 2004)

Crum, Walter Ewing : A Coptic Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 1939).
........... Browsable online at http://www.metalog.org/files/crum.html

Ehret, Christopher : Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian). Vowels,
........... Tone, Consonants and Vocabulary (University of California Press, 1995).
........... Samples browsable via http://books.google.com

Lipinski, Edward : Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (Peeters,
........... 2001).

Loprieno, Antonio : Ancient Egyptian. A Linguistic Introduction (Cambridge
........... University Press, 1995). Samples browsable via http://books.google.com
........... and http://www.amazon.com

Orel, Vladimir E. & Stolbova, Olga V. : Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary.
........... Materials for reconstruction (Brill Academic Pub, 1995). Online data
........... can be found at http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/main.cgi?root=config

Taka'cs, Ga'bor (ed.) : Egyptian and Semito-Hamitic (Afro-Asiatic) Studies: In
........... Memoriam W. Vycichl (Brill Academic Pub, 2004)

Vycichl, Werner : Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Copte (Peeters, 1984)

Wilson, Penelope : Hieroglyphs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press,
........... 2004)

Zaborski, Andrzej (ed.) : New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics
........... (Harrassowitz, 2001). For precise publication data and table of
........... contents, see http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title_1839.ahtml

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VOCALIZATION MODELS NOTES

Thacker, T. W. (1954)

*_pir-ye(t)_ > Copt. prre (A prrie)
*_rish-we(t)_ > Copt. rashe (B rashi, F leshi)
*_taamVm_ > Copt. toom
(loaned) _9agaalata_ > Copt. aholte