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Manganese Dioxide
Batteries MnO2
System Description
The miniature manganese dioxide primary
battery is designed to provide an economical power source for device applications that do
not require the flat voltage discharge curve characteristic of mercuric and silver oxide
batteries. Device applications in which miniature manganese dioxide batteries can be used
as substitutes include: calculators, automatic exposure control cameras, some watches and
a variety of small toys. The substitution of miniature manganese dioxide batteries for
comparable mercuric or silver oxide batteries should only be made where recommended by the
device manufacturer.
General characteristics
Rate sensitivity comparable to silver
oxide.
Good low temperature characteristics.
Good resistance to shock, vibration, and acceleration.
Excellent service maintenance; in excess of 90% after storage at 21°C(70°F) for five
years.
Low and essentially constant internal resistance.
Lower energy density than comparable mercuric or silver oxide batteries.
Sloping discharge curve.
Slight bulge on completion discharge.
Available for voltages ranging from 1.5 to 12.0 volts, in a variety of sizes.
Battery Construction
Miniature manganese dioxide batteries are
produced with flat circular cathodes and homogeneous gelled anodes.
Cathodes are a mixture of MnO2 and conductor are a gelled mixture of amalgamated zinc
powder and electrolyte.
Separators of specially selected materials prevent migration of any solid particles in the
battery.
Insulating and sealing gaskets are molded of nylon.
Electro-Chemistry
Miniature manganese dioxide batteries
consist of a manganese dioxide cathode, a zinc anode of high surface area, and a highly
alkaline electrolyte consisting of potassium hydroxide. The open circuit voltage of
miniature manganese dioxide batteries is approximately 1.6 volts. The operating voltage at
typical current drains varies with the depth of discharge of the battery. A comparison of
manganese dioxide (MnO2) service versus silver oxide (Ag2O) is as follows: Miniature
manganese dioxide batteries typically exhibit an expansion of the cathode on discharge
which results in an overall increase in the battery’s height. This increase in height
is referred to as bulge. While miniature manganese dioxide batteries are designed to
minimize bulging, they will typically bulge to a height greater than comparable silver
oxide batteries during discharge.
Common manganese dioxide batteries conversion table
| Type |
ANSI/NEDA |
Duracell |
Gold Peak |
IEC |
Panasonic |
Ray-o-vac |
Sony |
Toshiba |
Varta |
Vinnic/Chung Pack |
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189-1 RW89 |
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