Active Material   -- Specific chemically reactive material at the positive or negative electrode that takes part in the charge and discharge reactions. 
Air Cell Battery --  System which utilizes oxygen in combination with catalyzed carbon as the cathode and zinc as the anode to produce electricity.
Alkaline Battery --  Primary battery which uses alkaline aqueous solution for its electrolyte.
Ampere-Hours -- Product of current [amperes], multiplied by time [in hours] the circuit is closed [current flowing]. 
Anode --  The negative electrode. The electrode at which an oxidation reaction [loss of electrons] occurs. 
ANSI  -- American National Standards Institute sponsored by NEMA, National Electric Manufacturers Association and cover cell sizes, terminals and testing procedures.
Average Drain  -- The average current withdrawn from a cell or battery during discharge; usually approximated by calculating the current at 50% depth of discharge.
Battery -- Technically, a battery consists of two or more series or parallel connected galvanic cells. Commonly, however, a single cell is called a battery. 
BR-- (CF)n/Li Prefix for  poly-carbon monoflouride/lithium batteries.
Button Cell --  See miniature battery.
Capacity  -- Output capability over a period of time; expressed in ampere-hours. 
Carbon Zinc -- A generic term for primary dry batteries of the LeClanche or Zinc Chloride systems. 
Cathode -- The positive electrode. The electrode at which a reduction reaction [gain of electrons] occurs. 
Cell ---  A primary galvanic unit which converts chemical energy directly into electric energy. Typically consists of two electrodes of dissimilar material isolated from one another electronically in a common ironically conductive electrolyte. 
Cell Reversal -- Reversing polarity of terminals of a cell or battery due to overdischarge. 
Charge -- State of condition in terms of the rated capacity remaining at a given point in time. 
Charging -- Process of supplying electrical energy for conversion to stored chemical energy. 
Closed-circuit voltage (CCV)  -- Voltage as measured of a cell or battery under a specific discharge load and time interval. 
Coin Cell -- See miniature battery.
Collector -- Electronic connection between the battery electrode and the external circuit. 
Constant Current -- Charging or discharging method in which current does not change appreciably in magnitude regardless of battery voltage or temperature. 
Constant Power --  Power remains stable regardless of battery voltage. As battery voltage changes, the current is adjusted to maintain targeted power value. [See below for power definition.] 
Constant Resistance -- Commonly found in devices which maintain a constant resistance throughout the battery discharge. As the battery is drained, both voltage and current decline.  
Continuous Test -- Regimen Charge and/or discharge profile that is defined without rest periods.
CR -- MnO2/Li   Prefix for managnese dioxide/lithium batteries. 
Cutoff Voltage -- Voltage at the end of useful discharge. Battery voltage below which the connected equipment will not operate or below which operation is not recommended. 
Cycle -- One sequence of activity. This can be a pulse or continuous drain. 
Cylindrical Battery -- A battery whose height is greater than its diameter. The term cylindrical is also used to describe batteries made up of cylindrical cells. 
Deep Discharge -- Discharge of the battery to below the specified voltage cutoff before the battery is replaced or recharged. 
Depth of Discharge (DOD)  -- The percent of rated capacity to which a cell or battery is discharged. 
Discharge -- Withdrawal of electrical energy from a cell or battery, usually to operate connected equipment.
Discharge Rate -- The current at which a cell or battery is discharged.
Drain -- Withdrawal of current from a cell or battery. Drain, Heavy Generally, current that would discharge a battery within one day at room temperature. Drain, Light Generally, current that would discharge a battery after one month at room temperature. Drain, Moderate Current that would discharge a battery in approximately one week at room temperature. 
Dry Battery -- A battery in which the electrolyte is immobilized, being either in the form of a paste or gel or absorbed into the separator material. 
Duty Cycle  -- The time duration and use frequency during which a battery is drained [i.e.5 hours/day].
Electrode -- Conducting body at which the electrochemical reaction occurs. 
Electrolyte -- May be solid or liquid. Usually an aqueous salt solution that permits ionic conduction between the positive and negative electrodes 
Energy -- Output capability; ampere-hour capacity times average closed-circuit discharge voltage, expressed as watt-hours.
Energy Density -- Ratio of battery energy to weight or volume [watt-hours per kilogram or watt-hours per cubic centimeter]. 
Functional End Point (FEP) -- Voltage below which battery-operated equipment will not function properly.
IEC -- International ElectroChemical Commission. A worldwide organization for standardization in the electrical and electronic fields.
Impedance (Z) -- The total opposition that a battery offers to the flow of alternating current. Impedance is a combination of resistance and reactance. 
Initial Drain -- Current that a cell or battery supplies when first placed on load. Also referred to as starting drain. 
Internal Resistance Ri  -- Opposition to direct current flow within a battery, with the battery as source, causing a drop in closed-circuit voltage proportional to the current drain from the battery.
Intermittent Test Regimen -- Charge and/or discharge profile that is defined with specified rest periods. 
LeClanche -- A Carbon Zinc battery with slightly acidic electrolyte consisting of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride in water. 
Miniature Battery -- A button or coin shaped battery whose diameter is greater than its height. The term "Miniature" is also used to describe batteries made up of miniature cells. 
Open-Circuit Voltage (OCV) -- The no load voltage of a cell or battery measured with a high resistance voltmeter. 
Polarization -- Electrical potential reduction of electrodes typically arising from prolonged or rapid discharge of the battery. 
Primary -- A cell or battery designed to deliver its rated capacity once and be discarded; not designed to be recharged. 
Rated Capacity -- The average capacity delivered by a cell or battery on a specified load and temperature to a voltage cutoff point, as designated by the manufacturer; usually an accelerated test approximating the cell or battery's capacity in typical use. 
Rate Sensitivity -- Refers to battery performance under various discharge loads with operating voltage being the defining characteristic 
Rating Drain -- The specified current withdrawn form a cell or battery to determine its rating capacity. 
Rechargeable -- Capable of being recharged; refers to secondary cells or batteries. 
Secondary -- A cell or battery designed to be recharged. 
Self Discharge Rate -- The rate at which a cell or battery loses its capacity when standing idle. 
Service Maintenance  -- The percent of fresh rated capacity remaining after a specified period of time. 
Shelf-Life -- The amount of time a cell or battery will retain a specified percent of its rated capacity, typically under ambient storage conditions. 
Silver Oxide Battery -- Containing cathode of silver oxide, anode of zinc and highly alkaline electrolyte consisting of NaOH or KOH. 
Trickle Charge -- A method of recharging in which a secondary battery is either continuously or intermittently connected to a constant current supply that maintains the battery in a fully or near full charged condition. 
Zinc Air -- Battery system which utilizes oxygen in combination with catalyzed carbon as the cathode and zinc as the anode to produce electricity. Also called Air Cell.
Zinc Chloride -- A Carbon Zinc battery with a slightly acidic electrolyte consisting mainly of zinc chloride in water.

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