Pneumatic Conveying & Bulk Solids Handling Resources (PCBS)
"The art and science of moving, packaging and storing of
substances in bulk form"
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Bulk solids handling - Definitions
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Pneumatic conveying - Definitions
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Material handling is a system or combination of methods, facilities, labor, and equipment for moving, packaging and storing of materials to meet specific objectives. There are two broad categories of materials – unit and bulk.
Units are separate, discrete items, ranging in size from (1) nuts and bolts to (2) pellet loads of bags, (3) car bodies and (4) airplane wings. They are characterized by the fact that they can distinguished as separate entities.
Bulk materials, on the other hand are stored and handled in volume, often in unpackaged form. Examples include dry powders, granules, flakes, and resins. Coal, fertilizer, sulfur, and salt are other common types.
Bulk solids handling is characterized by continuous – flow operations, involving materials in an aggregate form. In many cases the bulk materials assume flow characteristics similar to those of fluids.
Elements of a typical bulk materials handling system are: (1) bins, silos, or hoppers for storing the material, (2) discharge devices or feeders, (3) conveyors, and (4) flow-aid devices when needed.
Common elements of a unit handling system include lift trucks, conveyors, storage racks, and overhead cranes and hoists.
An understanding of the material to be handled is essential in the design and selection of any bulk handling system. ANSI /CEMA (American National Standards Institute - Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association) publication, Classification and Definitions of Bulk Materials is a good reference. Bulk materials have varied and sometimes strange personalities. CEMA has specified 37 characteristics that can be identified. These can change with temperature, humidity, time, and so on.
Solids are generally the most difficult state of matter to handle. All
types of liquids and gases are readily stored in tanks or vessels and
accurately dispensed with the ease of turning a valve. Bulk solids are seldom
that easy. What is more, they present a vast range of difficulties between
types and even between grades of one. Several systems are used for classifying
materials according to the degree of difficulty in handling, or the kind of
difficulty. These are some common properties of bulk solids: Abrasion,
Adhesion, Angle of Repose, Angle of Fall, Angle of
Slide, Angle of Spatula, Cohesion, Compressibility, Corrosion, Density, Dispersibility, Friability (Degradation), Moisture Content
and Hygroscopicity, Particle Size and Shape, Static
Charges, Temperature Limits and etc.
Continuous handling equipment: Operating appliances used for moving materials, in bulk or unit form, in the same direction, either continuously or intermittently, on a predetermined track or path (This is ISO 2148 Continuous handling equipment-Nomenclature, definition).
Pneumatic conveying:
One of the most popular methods of moving solids in the chemical industry is pneumatic conveying. Pneumatic conveying refers to the moving of solids suspended in or forced by a gas stream through horizontal and/or vertical pipes. Pneumatic conveying can be used for particles ranging from fine powders to pellets and bulk densities of 16 to 3200 kg/m3 (1 to 200 lb/ft3).
Pneumatic conveying is the term used to describe the transport of particulate solids in gas, usually air, through pipes and ducts (This is a definition in BS 7871 Part 1: 1996, Pneumatic conveying – Glossary of terms).
For many years gases have been used successfully in industry to transport a wide range of particulate solids - from wheat flour to wheat grain and plastic chips to coal. Until quite recently most pneumatic transport was done in dilute suspension using large volumes of air at high velocity. Since the mid-1960s, however, there has been increasing interest in the so-called "dense phase" mode of transport in which the solid particles are not fully suspended. The attractions of dense phase transport lie in its low air requirements. Thus, in dense phase transport, a minimum amount of air is delivered to the process with the solids (a particular attraction in feeding solids into fluidized bed reactors, for example). A low air requirement also generally means a lower energy requirement (despite the higher pressures needed). The resulting low solids velocities mean that in dense phase transport product degradation by attrition and pipeline erosion are not the major problems they are in dilute phase pneumatic transport. Thus we are encountered with two main regimes: dilute phase vs. dense phase.
1.
Particulate Science and Technology
3.
International Journal of Multiphase Flow
4.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
5.
Particulate Science and Technology
6.
powder handling & processing
8.
Advanced Powder Technology
The international journal of the Society of Powder
You can find Powder/Bulk Solids Digital
Edition in : http://www.powderbulksolids.com/Scripts/digital.asp
· Universities
& Research Centers
1.
Centre for Industrial Bulk Solids Handling
G4 OBA,
Tel: +44 (0)141 Fax: +44 (0)141 331 3448
2.
The Wolfson Centre for Bulk
Solids Handling Technology
The
University of Greenwich
Wellington Street
Woolwich
London SE18 6PF
Tel: +44 (0)20-8331-8646 Fax: +44
(0)20-8331-8647
3. Tsuji
Laboratory
Complex Particulate Systems, Department of Mechanophysics
Engineering
http://www-mupf.mech.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/english/tsuji_home.html
4.
Centre for Bulk Solids and Particulate Technologies (CBSPT)
http://www.bulk.newcastle.edu.au
Professor
Mark Jones
PHONE: +61 (0)2 4221 3488
FAX: +61 (0)2 4221 4577
Associate
Professor Peter Wypych
1. Welcome to Ask Joe!. You can find very useful practical articles in Ask Joe! Archived Articles. If you have any trouble in access to mentioned link, do not hesitate to contact me by [email protected]. You may find archived articled titles here, too. Ask Joe!, is a monthly column by Powder and Bulk Dot Com resident materials handling guru, Joe Marinelli of Solids Handling Technologies. Joe addresses the issues that bug you the most. And Joe knows!! Formerly with Jenike & Johanson, Solids Flow and Peabody TecTank, Joe is an expert on materials handling.
2.
SOON MORE & MORE …
1.
For
search different standards visit: www.perinorm.com
Pneumatic
Conveying
Title:
Pneumatic Conveying Systems for Handling Combustible Materials / Note: revision
of ANSI/NFPA 650-1990
Publication date: 1998-00-00
Title:
Standard Test Method for Measuring Insertion Loss of Pneumatic Exhaust
Silencers / Note: 1. editorial change. Reapproved
1995
Publication date: 1990-00-00
Title:
Pneumatic conveying. Glossary of terms
Publication date: 1996-11-15
Descriptors:
PNEUMATIC CONVEYORS, PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS
HANDLING, PNEUMATICALLY-OPERATED DEVICES, CONVEYORS, VOCABULARY
Title:
Pneumatic conveying. Glossary of equipment
Publication date: 1998-01-15
Abstract: This standard
gives a glossary of commonly used pneumatic conveying equipment with an
illustration and description of their use.
Descriptors: PNEUMATIC CONVEYORS, PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS
HANDLING EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS HANDLING, PNEUMATICALLY-OPERATED DEVICES,
CONVEYORS, VOCABULARY
Title:
BS 7871-3. Pneumatic conveying. Part 3: Requirements
for the supply of information to the designer of pneumatic conveying equipment
Publication date: 2001-09-27
Title:
Air engineering. Pneumatic conveying. Common
regulations
Publication date: 1988-01-01
Title:
Continuous handling equipment and systems - Safety requirements for systems and
their components for pneumatic handling of bulk materials; German version EN
741:2000
Publication date: 2000-03-00
Abstract:
The document specifies the safety requirements for various types of fixed
pneumatic handling systems and components, which are designed for conveying
bulk materials on a continuous or an intermittent basis (batch conveying
systems) from the loading points to the unloading points. It deals with the
technical requirements to minimize the hazards which can arise during on site
assembly, commissioning, operation and maintenance of the pneumatic conveying
system. The document applies also to the design stage. It does not apply to
pneumatic conveying systems used underground for mining and in public areas.
The safety requirements for the transportation including loading and unloading
of the components are not covered.
Descriptors:
BULK MATERIALS, COMMISSIONING, CONTINUOUS CONVEYORS, CONVEYORS, HAULING PLANTS,
HAZARDS, INSTALLATIONS, LAY-OUT, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, PNEUMATIC CONVEYORS,
PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENT, PRODUCE, SAFETY, SAFETY REQUIREMENTS, BULK PRODUCTS
Title: Pneumatic handling appliances for loose bulk
materials; Piping
Publication date: 1972-06-00
Abstract: Specifies the dimensions of piping in the pneumatic
handling of loose bulk materials in three series, light, medium and strong.
Descriptors:
BULK MATERIALS, CONVEYORS, MATERIALS
HANDLING, MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT, PNEUMATIC CONVEYORS, TUBES, BULK
PRODUCTS
Title: Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose
bulk materials; Dimensions of bends for use in pneumatic handling
Publication date: 1974-12-00
Abstract: Specifies the dimensions of bends for use in pneumatic
handling for loose bulk materials for the three series: light, moderate and
heavy duty service.
Descriptors:
Title: Continuous mechanical handling equipment for loose
bulk materials; Couplings and hose components used in pneumatic handling;
Safety code
Publication date: 1977-05-00
Abstract: Specifies, in addition to the general safety rules set
out in ISO/T 1819, the special safety rules for couplings and hose components
used in the pneumatic handling of loose bulk materials. These safety rules
apply regardless of the use for which the equipment is intended.
Descriptors:
BULK MATERIALS, CLUTCHES, CONVEYORS,
FLEXIBLE PIPES, HOSE FITTINGS, MATERIALS HANDLING, MATERIALS HANDLING
EQUIPMENT, PIPE FITTINGS, PNEUMATIC CONVEYORS, PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENT, SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS, BULK PRODUCTS
Bulk Solids Handling
Title: Conveying equipment. Mixing worms.
Publication date: 1956-03-01
Title: Continuous mechanical handling equipment; Safety
code; General rules
Publication date: 1977-06-00
Abstract: Sets out safety rules relating to continuous
mechanical handling equipment, including its construction, installation,
utilization and maintenance, to ensure that it is used to the best advantage,
and to prevent any accidents or failures that could arise from misuse. These
rules provide precise directives necessary to comply with legal texts and
requirements decreed by governmental bodies in certain countries
Descriptors:
CONVEYORS, MATERIALS HANDLING, MATERIALS
HANDLING EQUIPMENT, SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Title: Continuous handling equipment; Nomenclature Bilingual
edition
Publication date: 1974-10-00
Abstract: Establishes a nomenclature of terms in English and
French used in continuous handling, including basic terms and names of the
principal appliances. Numbering of terms is based on the classification
established by FEM.
Descriptors:
CONVEYORS, DEFINITION, DEFINITIONS,
MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT, NOMENCLATURE, TERMINOLOGY
Title:
Publication date: 1994-07-00
Abstract: Establishes rules for determining the loads, types and
combinations of loads (main, additional and special loads) which must be taken
into account when designing steel structures for mobile continuous bulk
handling equipment. Is applicable to rail-mounted mobile
equipment, especially to stackers, shiploaders, reclaimers, combined stackers and reclaimers
and continuous ship unloaders (equipment fitted with
bucket wheels or bucket chains). For other equipment, e.g. excavators,
scrapers, reclaimers with scraper chain, mixed tyre or caterpillar-mounted stackers and reclaimers, the clauses as adapted to each type of
apparatus are applicable.
Descriptors:
BULK MATERIALS, CONTINUOUS CONVEYORS,
EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT, MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS, METHODS OF
CALCULATION, SPECIFICATIONS, STRUCTURES, TRANSPORTABLE, PORTABLE EQUIPMENT,
BULK PRODUCTS, CONVEYORS, CONVEYORS
Title: Continuous mechanical handling equipment; Safety
code; Special rules
Publication date: 1982-04-00
Abstract: Specifies, in addition to the general safety rules set
out in ISO 1819, the special safety rules to the following types of conveyors:
mobile conveyors not self-propelled, belt conveyors, throwing machines, picking
and assembly table conveyors, slat conveyors and apron conveyors, bucket
elevators, scraper and en masse conveyors, single strand floor truck conveyors,
overhead conveyors, suspended swing-tray and fixed tray and similar conveyors
or elevators, screw feeders and conveyors, live roller conveyors, vibratory
conveyors, roller and wheel conveyors, chutes, hydraulic conveyors, pneumatic
continuous handling appliances, light-weight vertical tray elevators, transfer
points, mobile supporting structures for continuous handling equipment.
Descriptors: APRON CONVEYORS,
BELT CONVEYORS, BUCKET ELEVATORS, CHUTES, CONTINUOUS CONVEYORS, CONVEYORS,
ELEVATORS (CONVEYORS), HYDRAULIC CONVEYORS, MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT,
OVERHEAD CONVEYORS, PNEUMATIC CONVEYORS, SAFETY REQUIREMENTS, SCRAPER
CONVEYORS, SCREW CONVEYORS, SLAT CONVEYORS, TOWING CONVEYORS, TRAY CONVEYORS,
ELEVATORS
1.
PCBS Link No. 1 - (NOT AVAIALABLE NOW)
2.
PCBS Link No. 2 - (This page includes few links
about: University Groups, Governmental Labs, Professional Organizations, Journals,
Companies)
3.
Bulk-online. The
powder/bulk portal. http://www.bulk-online.com
4.
Powder and Bulk Dot Com. http://www.powderandbulk.com
5.
Educational Resources for Particle Technology. http://www.erpt.org
6.
The
7.
Powder Bulk Solids. The
source for dry processing and bulk handling technology. http://www.powderbulksolids.com
8.
Particulate Science and Technology Network. The
9.
http://www.pneumaticconveyors.net
A pneumatic conveyors
manufacturers directory including air conveyors, pneumatic conveying, vacuum
conveyors, conveyor systems & …
10.
SOON MORE & MORE …
Every
article relating to pneumatic conveying published from 1987 through 1991. Case
histories, technical articles, test centers and more. A total of 42 articles in
all -- more than 144 pages.
Based
on recent research, this book gives the essential scientific background needed
to judge the electrostatic hazards associated with powder handling, processing,
and storage and to devise appropriate safety measures. The presentation, with
minimum mathematical treatment, is such that the book can be used as a guide
for practice as well as a text for study. Includes safety
measures in practice, types of discharges, measurement techniques, and ignition
of powders. 171 pp.
This
book is a comprehensive, practical guide to today's mechanical conveyor
systems. It covers all types of mechanical conveyors, providing in-depth
information on their design, function, and applications. More than 180
photographs and schematics illustrate details of design and system layout. An
introductory chapter provides an understanding of the characteristics of
various types of bulk solids, including their convey ability and the types of
conveying systems most effective for each. 504 pp.
Spotlighting
modern ash handling systems, this book explores basic concepts, equipment
selection, conveying rates, and velocities--all easily adaptable to any system
conveying abrasives or nonabrasive. This invaluable book provides a quick grasp
of necessary concepts through examinations of various layouts and basic
controls ... and offers a complete single source of information on system
design, data, design equations, and design examples -- measured in both English
and SI units. 319 pp.
This
book covers both theoretical and practical aspects of pneumatic conveying. It
is unique in its blending of academic material and good industrial design
techniques. Each topic is covered in depth, with emphasis placed on the latest
technology, hardware systems, and design and research methodology. 575 pp.
Describing
physical and chemical principles in clear, simple language, this book provides
substantial background material that lists related industrial fields and the
physical representation of powder properties ... focuses on instrumentation,
reviews variables in powder processes, and presents incisive information on
various methods and instruments used for on-line measurement of powder flow
rate, particle concentration in suspension, levels in storage vessels, and
more. 281 pp.
'Particle
Technology' is a new subject facing new challenges. Chemical and process
engineering is becoming less concerned with the design of plans to produce
generic simple chemicals (which are often single phase fluids) and is now more
concerned with specialty 'effect' chemicals which may often be in particulate
form. Chemical and process engineers are also being recruited in increasing
numbers into areas outside their traditional fields, such as the food industry,
pharmaceuticals and the manufacture of a wide variety of consumer products.
This book has been written to meet their needs. 372 pp.
"Everything
you ever wanted to know" about screw conveyors. Written in an easy to
understand style, with line drawings covering every aspect of this subject.
Advantages and limitations of each component are included. 251
pp.
This book discusses the quantitative description of irregular, two-dimensional shapes of powders. It compares and contrasts the development in shape description, and examines the strengths and weaknesses of the available methods. The attention paid to sampling makes the book of particular relevance to the powder technologist. 150 pp.
Design,
Selection, Operation and Troubleshooting With Particular Reference to
Pulverized Fuel Ash. 350 pp, Year: 2001.
Website: www.geocities.com/ehsan_ghafoorian
Email: [email protected]
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Last updated: Dec. 2004