| Trichomonas vaginalis | Giardia lamblia | Trypanosoma.bruci (african) ,Rhodesiense ,Gambiense | trypanosoma.cruzi (American) | Leishmania donavani | Leishmania tropica | |||||||||||||||||
| morphology | shape | pear shape | oval or pear shaped ,bilateral symmetric | spindle e terminal flagellum ,undulating memb ** 2 nuclei (centric large one ,, eccentric smaller one >shown by stain ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| size | 14-16um | 10-18um | ||||||||||||||||||||
| nucleus | one nucleus | 2nuclei with karyosomes +2 large sucking discs on one surface | ||||||||||||||||||||
| locomotion | by 4 falgella | 4 pairs of falgella (8) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| undulating membrane | present | absent | ||||||||||||||||||||
| axostyle (stiffining rod) | present | present | ||||||||||||||||||||
| cyst | no cyst (only trophozoites) | present ,oval e 4 nuclei and axostyles {infective stage} | no | no | no | no | ||||||||||||||||
| vector | none | none | Tse Tse fly | Triatomid bug | sand fly (Phlebotomus insect) | |||||||||||||||||
| infection | sexually | by contaminated water | by sucking blood by insect (biting) | by deposition of excn of the bug on wounds | insect bite | insect bite | ||||||||||||||||
| disease | Trichomoniasis **symptoms 1-in female :chronic vaginitis include profuse foaming discharge ,colic ,irritation 2-Acute urethritis in male or chronic | Giardiasis ** symptoms : 1-steatorrhea (diarrhea + bulky offensive fatty stool + colic pain occur in upper part of intestine | African trypanosomiasis "Sleeping sickness" **mechanism : infective stage invade the base of the brain >multiply >block b.v >drowsiness > uncontrolled sleep *it may cause fatal inflammation to lymphatic system | American trypanosomiasis Chagas disease ** affect heart & brain | visceral leishmaniasis "kala-azar fever" ,enlargement of spleen and liver ,weakness | cutaneous leishmaniasis *nodular and ulcerating lesions in skin "Aleppo sore" ,"oriental sore" ,"Baghdad button" | ||||||||||||||||
| diagnosis | a)fresh urine sample >centrifuge *fresh 1-to avoid death of parasite 2-avoid interference as it can considered as pus cells b)exam vaginal swap | stool sample >observation vegetative or cyst or both | blood sample with Leishman stain | take smear of liver or spleen >leishman stain >examine leishman denovan bodies (intracellular ,non flagellate organism with eccentric nucleus ,short dor or red and vavulated cytoplasm | ||||||||||||||||||
| treatment | metronidazole orally for both male & female to prevent cross infection | metronidazole and fasygyn | sodium suramin. IM injection of suramin or pentamidine protect at least 2 months ,Melarsoprol > in late cerebral stage | antimony prep :stibogluconate sodium | ||||||||||||||||||
| prevention & control | personal hygiene ,disinfection of W.C | high level of sanitation | ttt of cases & control Tse Tse fly | |||||||||||||||||||
| life cycle | water contam e sewag w >ingest cyst >trophozoites in S.I >grow across intestinal wall by ventral suckers >diarrhea | human bl >Tse Tse bite >mid gut >10day multiplication >fore gut >salivery glands >multiply to give small forms lack free flagellum (metacyclic trypomastigotes = infective stage) >bite human >bl + lumph then cns | human (through wounds or bite >bile >Triatomid bug >mid gut >Hind gut >rectum >feaces (infective stage) >human | sandflies bite man >promastigotes in blood >convert to amastigote >invade macrophage >multiply >brust >other sand fly bite man >parasite transform to promastigote | ||||||||||||||||||