| cestoda | Taenia saginata | taenia solium | Hymenolepis nana | Echinococcus granulosus | |
| distribution | cattle ,cows small intestine) | pigs small intestine) | small intestine | worldwide ,in sheep & cattle raising countries | |
| size | 4-6 m | 2-4 m | 0.5cm to 5 cm | 3-6 mm | |
| scolex | no rostellum or hooks , 4 suckers | rostellum and hooks , 2 suckers | 4 suckers and rostellum with hook | 4 suckers ,rostellum with hooks | |
| strobila | 1000-2000 | 800-900 | ,strobila 200 segments (immature ,mature ,gravid) cysticercoid :oval cyst 0.5-1mm length | 3 segments :immature ,mature and one gravid segment | |
| mature segment | testes (400) ,ovary :bilobbed | testes (200) ovary trilobed | 3 testes ,one ovary | Hydatid cyst (3 types)unilocular type common : >spherical may reach 20 cm in diameter (draw) ,, it is diagnostic stage | |
| gravid segment | uterus (18 branches) ,segments detach singly (longer than broader) | uterus (9) ,segments detach in gps (longer than broader) | broader than long ,uterus composed of sac full of eggs | ||
| egg | similar not infective to man (should converted to bovis) {diagnostic stage} | similar ,,infective to man | spherical 32-50um ,shell 2 covergings outer thin shell & inner embryophore e 2 polar thickinig from each develop 4-8 filaments | as taenia egg | |
| definitive host | man | man | man | dog | |
| intermediate host | cattle (not man) | pig (and man) | man | sheep ,cattles ,man | |
| larval stage (infective stage) | cysticerous bovis (scolex eout hooks) | cysticerous celluloses (scolex e hooks) | egg | ||
| human infection | ingestion of undercooked beef | undercooked pork 2-ingestion of eggs (cysticercosis) | 1-direct (autoinfection by contaminated hanr as it cause irritation of anus in children) 2-indirect :by eggs ingested with food) | (eggs e food or water or handling dog whose hair contam e eggs) | |
| disease | Taeniasis saginata | Taeniasis solium | intestinal diseases | Hydatid disease ,echinococcosis | |
| pathogenisis | intestinal disturbance ,diarrhea ,constipation ,abdominal discomfort 2-loss of weight (more in T solium) 3-intestinal obstruction | 1-intestinal & anal irritation 2-abdominal pain ,vomiting ,diarrhea 3-may lead to convulsions (hooks) | 1-local effects : *lung >dyspnea ,cough ,pain *brain >epilepsy *bone >erosion ,fructure 2-general due to rupture of cyst or 2ry infection >anaphylactic reactions | ||
| life cycle | adult worm (upper part of S.I) of man >mature eggs and gravid segments to feces >ingested by cattles (IH) >onchosphere >penetrate intestinal wall >circulation >heart ,lung ,then brain ,bone >develop C.bovis (12 weeks)>remain in muscles become surrounded by fibrous capsule >> to man by undercooked meat | eggs in intestine >penetrate intestinal villi (where it develop to cysticercoid) >leave to lumen (where it develop adult stage) so man is considered as DH & IH | adult worm in S.I of dog (not in man) >egg in feces> swallowed by cattle ,sheep ,man (eggs e food or water or handling dog whose hair contam e eggs) >in intestine >orchosphere >mucosa >different organs >Hydated cyst >liver 70% ,lung 20% ,brain ,bone eye) *when hydated cyst ingested by dog >develop adult | ||
| diagnosis | 1-egg in feces 2-gravid segments (difficult to diff e undigested food) | 1-egg in stool (layers) draw | 1-direct method :X ray (on chest to observe lung) 2-indirect :casoni test (intradermal allergic test) : sterile hydated fluid injcted intradermally in one arm >+ve case > local wheal of oedema and erythema ein 20 m) ** serological tests eg ELISA | ||
| treatment | 1-Niclosamide (Yomesan) 4 tb (2 gm as single dose chewed 2-Dichlorophen (Tinacide) 70mg/kg 3 doses in 24h 3-Atebrine :4 doses of 200 (2 tbs) 10 min apart followed by saline purge 4-praziquantel :10mg/kg as single oral dose | all infected members or family should be ttt at the same time 1-Niclosamide (Yomesan) 4 tb (2 gm)/day for 5-7 days repeated after 3 weeks to remove newly developed worms(form larve) 2-praziquantel 15-20mg/kg as single oral dose | 1-surgical removal 2-sterilization >hydated fluid replaced by 10% formalin for 5 min >?cyst collapse 3-Mebendazole (vermox) when surgery not possible >40mg/kg/day for several mounths ** control : 1-dogs 2-food contaminated e feces of dogs | ||