| alk.name | structure | extraction | comment | evaluation | uses |
| ephedrine (ephedra herb) | pw>ca(oH)2 >ext e ether/cHcl3 (3:1) leave at 50c > filter >evp ext >residue +dil Hcl (base > salt) >take aq layer w contain alk salt > add Na2Co3 >ext e ether >evp >ether (e alk base) (eph ,ps ) >add 1-ether 2-NaCl 3-Cool >ps.eph crystallize first leave eph | *ps.eph Hcl is sol in water (exception) *solubility of oxalate of ephedrine (insol ) while ps.eph is sol (method of separation)*ephedrine (levo) is more sol in water than pseudo (dextro) *physical characters :natural eph is levorot ,2-aq soln of eph is dextro 3-free eph base is steam volatile 4-not give positive e Mayer's | 1-eph >H2O2 >red colour >spectrophotometrically 2-eph >CS2 ,amm Cu(No3)2 >brown colour 3-eph >CHCl3 /12h >eph.HCl crystals >phosgen crystals | **Pharmacological action : 1-excitation of nervous system & sk muscles ,2-in asthma ,bronchodilator and nasal decongestant and cough mixtures *ephedrine is active orally while adrenaline is not | |
| Cathine (Khat) in leaves of catha edulis Fam celastraceae | *fresh plant is very expensive contain amphetamine like cpd (Cathinone) in fresh leavesconverted after drying to cathine (cathinole) which has no pharmacological effect and it has CNS activity | khat (fresh ext) >add 1-amm Cu(No3)2 2-Neocarpoline reag 3-Acoh buffer 4-cool >give yellow colour | CNS stimulent usu goes habitual addiction | ||
| Capsaicine (capcicum alkloid) | *it is example of liquid phenolic prototype alkloid .*in diff species of capsicum fam solanaceae *it is sublimable (as caffeine) *it contains pungent principals >which is volatile solid | 1-with Fecl3 >bluish green colour 2-Capsaicine + H2So4 +small amount of sugar >violet col after period of 1hrs | counter irritant (rubefacient) =vasodilation of bolld vessels > improve circulation | ||
| Tropolone alk colchicine & colchiceine | *present in corm and seed of colchicum autumnale f.liliaceae * sep by shake e NaoH give salt e colchiceine not colchicine | acid hyd of colchicine >colcheicine >olive green col (phenolic) >measured colourimetry 2-by gravimetric method | 1-gout 2-lliver diseases (anticancer effect | ||
| steroidal alk: Holaphylline , Conessine | *sep by NaoH + HCL >oily nitroso derivative (2ry Holaphylline only react) | antiviral activity | |||
| Aminoglycosides (penicillin & streptomycin) | *combined e glucose *streptomyces griseus *penicillin contain S atom and N-peptide linkage *strep contain imidino gp difficult to syn it + glucosamine + sugar ald | antibiotic | |||
| modified diterpene pseudo alk (Taxanes) | *taxus brevifolia Taxaceae (bark) *T. baccata give 10-deacetyl baccatin III from w form baccatin (better than taxol in water sol) | it has anti tumour activity (ovarian cancer) and metastatic breast | |||
| alk of pyridine gp | |||||
| 1-pyridine alone (Trigonelline) | *seed of trigonella foenumgrecieum f. legumonosae >crystalline cpd dissolve / water give neutral soln *quat base so dissolve in water and have bitter taste *it is nicotinic a derivative e internal cyclization | 1-lactagogue 2-demulsent 3-nutritive | |||
| 2-pyridine & other N bases (Tobacco alk) | aq ext + NaoH >steam dist >part liq vol >neut e Hcl ,conc ,ext e ether >evp > ether resid >add HCL +NaNo2 >if oily nitroso (2ry amine) >nicot ,anab ,anatab ,and in aq layer add NaoH ,ether >nicotine (3ry) other part :liq resid + solid >ext e benz ,evp >dissolve in ether ,conc >crystals (nicotellin or liq non vol (nicoteine + Nicotyrine >sep by chromat) ****methods of assay 1-gravimetria 2-volumetric (acid base) by addn of xxs acid then back tit use M.O | *from leaves of Nicotiana tobaccum F. Solanaceae *nicotine & nor nicotine ,anabasine and anatabine > vol,liq *nicoteine & nicotyrine are non vol *Nicotelline is solid *alk formed in root and stored in leaves | very toxic *not used medically it has unique action on onomic ganglia ?>ist stimulation then depression 1-it is insecticide (nicotine sulfate ) e no commulative as halogenated cpds | ||
| 3-Tetra hydro pyridine alk (Areca alk) | *from Areca catechu and areca nut fam .plamae *test for identity :aq soln arecoline + K3Fe(cN)6 > blue colour *sep by Nano2 + HCl >oily droplets of nor-arecoline (2ry) ,*Na2Co3 dissolves Arecoidine and not Arecoline | anthelmintic | |||
| 4-Piperidine alk | |||||
| 1-pepper alk | piperine | *piper nigram F.piperaceae (fruits) *test for identity :soln + ptcl6 >red needles ,soln + H2so4 >red col | |||
| 2-conium alk | pw+ KoH steam dist >neut e Hcl > alkalin KOH >ext e ether (resid +H2o + KOH) >evp ether ext >fract distil resid >172c >conine+ g -coniceine + HCL >(HCL + acetone ) > insol coniine-HCL ,coniceine-HCL (sol | *fruits of Conium maculatum fam umbelliferae *very toxic *adulteration of anise *coniine e NaoH gives:mouse like odour * Conhydrine is crystalline solid other are liq | test for identity :soln + Na2Fe(CN)6NO >red >blue | used externally in ointments to relief hemorroids and anal fissures due to its sedative ,narcotic and analgesic effect | |
| Lobelia alk | pw + H2O + HAC >ext + NaHCO3 & shake e ether >shak ether e H2o + H2so4 >aq layer + NaHCO3 & shak e ether >evp >dissolv resid in H2O + HCL >ext e CHCl3 >CHCl3 layer >evp >brown residue of lobeline ,,,aq (other alk) | *lobelia inflata F Campanulaceae *3 alk Lobeline ,Lobelanine ,Lobelanidine ,+ nor lobelanine and nor lobenidine and lobenine *lobeline is levorotatory | lobeline + formaline >red 2-lobeline + Froeds >rose red 3-soln + Erdman's >green | ashma and bronchitis 2-expectorant ,3-break smoking habit | |