| NAME |
SQUILL |
COLCHICUM |
SARSAPARILLA |
HYDRASTIS |
CALUMBA |
JALAP |
FILIX-MAS |
RAUWOLFIA ROOT |
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| ORIGIN |
DRIED SLICES OF
TUNICATED BULBS OF Urginea maritima |
DRIED OR FRESH RHIZOMES OF C. AUTUMNALE |
DRIED ROOTS OF SMILEX ORNATA |
DRIED RHIZOME AND ROOTS OF H.CANADENSIS |
DRIED ROOTS OF JATEORHIZA PALMATA |
DRIED ROOTS OF Ipomea purga |
CAREFULLY DRIED RHIZOMA AND FROND BASES OF
Dryopetris Filix-mas |
DRIED ROOT AND RHIZOME OF Rauwolfia serpentine |
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| FAMILY |
Liliaceae |
Liliaceae |
Liliaceae |
RANUNCULACEAE |
MENISPERMACEAE |
CONVOLVULACEAE |
polypodiaceae |
apocynaceae |
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| GEOGRAPHICAL |
NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTH EUROPE (MEDITERRANEAN) |
EUROPE |
LATIN AMERICA |
NORTH AMERICA (CANADA,USA) |
EAST OF AFRICA (mozambique) |
LATIN AMERICA (MEXICAN ,JAMICA JALAP) |
ENGLAND AND INDIA |
south eastern PART OF ASIA |
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| ACT.CONSTITUENTS |
1-SCILLARENS(A&B) 2-MU.+CAOX 3-SINISTRIN
4-GLUCOSE BY ACTION OF ENZYMES ON SCILLARENS |
COLCHICINE ALKOID |
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES (SARSAPONIN, SIMILAGENIN) |
ALKLOIDS (HYDRASTINE ,CANADINE ,BERBERINE) |
ALKLOIDS (CALUMBINE,JATEORHIZINE,PALMITINE)
+BITTER RINCIPALE (CALUMBINE AND ,,) |
1-OLEORESIN (GLYCOSIDAL RESINS) JALAPINE OR
CONVOLVULIN (prep jalapine :wash,slicing of roots ,then extraction in alc.
,distillation of alc.) 2-CAOX ,F.A ,starch |
OLEORESINS(FILMARONE) |
ALKLOIDS RESERPINE AND RESCINNAMINE |
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| USES |
1-TREATMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
2-EXPECTORANT 3-CHRONIC BRONCHITIS |
1-GOUT 2-ANTIINFLAMMATORY |
TREATMENT OF SYPHILIS 2-SOURCE OF
CORTICOSTEIROID SEX HORMONES (MALE) |
1-BITTER STOMACHIC AND TONIC 2-IN NASAL
INFLAMMATION |
STOMACHIC BITTER TONIC |
1-IN SMALL DOSES :LAXATIVE IN LARGE DOSES PURGATIVE (caution:
large doses may lead to blindness) {jalap cause laxation by I intestinal
fluids and I peristality mov. Of intestine |
1-ANTHELMINTIC 2 -TAENICIDE |
1-HYPOTENSIVE DRUG 2-CNS DEPRESSENT 3-SEDATIVE
(INSOMNIA) N.B ((the drug does not initiate cancer but promote cancer)) |
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| TEST |
MUCILAGE +CORALIN SODA =RED COLOUR (ALL PARENCH
CONTAIN RED COLOUR SO IT IS INDIAN) WHITE OR RED BULB +I2 WATER =NO COLOUR
INDIAN +I2 WATER
=PURPLE RED COLOUR |
POWDER +DIL Hcl =YELOW COLOUR |
NO
TEST |
1-MICROSUBLIMATION GIVE YELLOW CRYSTALS
2-POWDER+ WATER THEN Hcl GIVE NEEDLE CRYSTALS OF HYDRASTINE AND BERBERINE
3-POWDER +CHLOROFORM EVAPORATE THE FILTERATE TO DRYNESS THEN ADD H2So4 AND AMM.MOLYBDATE R =GREEN COLOR
CHANGE INTO BLUE 4-POWDER+WATER (BOIL) THEN ADD Br2 AND H2So4=BLOOD RED
COLOUR |
powder +66% H2So4= DARK GREEN COLOUR |
T.S SECTOR + I2 GIVE CENTRAL YELLOW COLOUR DUE
TO RESINS AND AROUND IT MINUTE DROPLETS STAINED BY BLUE DUE TO STARCH |
BY EYE PIECE INTERNAL RHIZOME =GREENISH YELLOW
SHOWING SPOTS (7-9) EXPLAINED BY V.B ,,BOTH RHIZOME AND FROND BASE COVERED BY
SCALY MEMBRANOUS RAMENTA
(RAMENRUM) |
test for alkloid |
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| COLOUR |
YELLOWISH WHITE IN COLOUR |
WHITISH GREEN IN COLOUR INSCISSION BROW DUE TO COLCHICINE
WHEN SUBJECTED TO LIGHT DESTRUCTED |
BROWNISH RED |
BROWNISH |
BROWNISH |
BROWN BUT POWDER IS BUFF (REMOVE CORK) |
GREENISH YELLOW OR PALE YELLOW (ACTIVE FORM) ,, BROWN
COLOUR WHEN IT IS INACTIVE AND MUST BE REJECTED (FILMARONE>>FILICIC
ACID (TOXIC) |
brownish in colour |
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| ODOUR |
ODOURLESS |
ODOURLESS |
ODOURLESS |
SLIGHT
ODOUR |
SLIGHT
ODOUR |
SMOKY
(due to fire drying) |
ODOURLESS |
odourless |
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| TASTE |
DISAGGEABLE ACRID TASTE |
BITTER NAUSEAS |
SWEETISH ACRID TASTE |
BITTER (alkloid) |
BITTER (alk. Bitter principale) |
sweat (sugars as mannitol then acrid bitter
sometimes nauseas) |
SWEETISH (MANNITOL) THEN ACRID BITTER |
bitter in
taste (alkloids) |
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| COLLECTION& PREP. |
COLLECTED IN SPRING OR AUTUMN WHERE NO RAINS AS
IT CAUSE ACTIVATION OF ENZYME (scillarenase) ,DUG UP BULB ,REMOVAL OF ARIAL
PART &ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS ,THEN DRY SCALY LEAVES IN SUN OR ARTIFITIAL
DRYING ADD DESSECATORS ASCaCl2 |
COLLECTED IN JUNE OR JULY AFTER FULL DOWN OF ARIAL
SHOOT THEY MAY BE USED FRESH OR
JUICE DRY TEMP NOT EXCEED 65c |
IN AUTUMN REMOVAL OF DUST ,WASHING. DRYING AT
SUN OR ARTIFICIAL ,AVOID RAIN (dissolution in water) AS IT CONTAIN SAPONIN
GLYCOSIDE ,PACKING IN BUNDLES COLLECTED INBALES |
IN AUTUMN |
IN DRY SEASON (MARCH) |
COLLECTED IN LATE AUTUMN AFTER FULL DOWN OF
ARIAL SHOOT ,ROOTS ARE COLLECTED ,WASHED ,AND FIRE DRYING (in large roots
slicing before drying),{oleoresin not affected by heat} |
CAREFULLY COLLECTED AND DRYED IN LATE AUTUMN …
DUG UP RHIZOME AND THE FRONDS
(COMP LEAF) EXCEPT THE BASES
(contain act const) THEN CAREFULLY DRY (temp not exceed 60c due to
dertruction of fimarone to filicic acid) |
DUG UP ROOT in autumn after full down of arial
shoot from 4-6 years (higher amount of act constituents) ,WASHING ,DRYING |
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| SPECIAL CHARACTERS |
SOME OF PARENCH AROUND V.B CONTAIN MINUTE
GRANULES OF STARCH |
colchicine present in 1-epi cells of rhizome 2-parench which
surround v.b |
central pith and complete ring of V.B
(xy,ph,pith) odd characters of root (as dicot stem). |
DEVOID OF ALL FORMS OF CAOX |
COMPLETE ABSENCE OF TANNIN |
TERT.CAMBIUM
WHICH GIVE TO OUTSIDE TERT.XY AND TO INSIDE TERT.PH |
1-absence of all forms of caox (as ginger and
hydrastis) 2-absence of normal vessels (very rare) |
IT IS ROOT (CONTAIN NO PITH) , ABSENCE OF
SCLEIRIDS IN ASIAN VARIETY) ,ALL TISSUES ARE LIGNIFIED {contain no living
tissues} |
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| MACRO CHARACTERS |
SLICES OF PLANOCONVEX ,SLIGHT LONG. STRIATION |
PEAR SHAPE |
VERY THIN ,VERY LONG ROOTS SYLINDRICAL BALES |
MAINLY RHIZOMES ELONGATED ELLIPTICAL, BROWN ROOTS VERY WIREY AND THIN |
ELLIPTICAL PIECES |
PEAR SHAPED (OR ELLIPTICAL OR SUBSYLINDRICAL)
AND IT IS VERY HARD (scleirids) AND VERY COMPACT ,outer surface(wrinkles and
furrows due to drying) and transverse lines {lenticels} |
ELLIPTICAL IN SHAPE (INACT PIECES ARE BROWN) |
SYLINDRICAL ROOTS, CURVED PIESES COVERED BY WRINKLES AND SHOWING
GROWTH RINGS |
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| MICRO CHARACTERS |
UPPER AND LOWER EPI. AND UNDEFFIRENCIATED
MESOPHYLL CONTAIN RAPHITES OF CAOX AND MUCILAGE + V.B SURROUNDED BY PARENCH
WITH STARCH GRANULES |
V.B scattered in ground tissue surrounded by parench contain
colchicine and contain starch gr. Nearly comp with stellate hilum ,V.B
contain xy fibers and vessels (ignified) |
1-epi: thick walled , lig. ,showing root hairs
2-hypodermis: thick walled , lig
And striated 3-cortex :parench filled with starch gr. (some contain
raphites of caox but less than in squill) 4-endodermis 1 raw cells:very thick walls ,lig (triangular), head of triangle
towards cortex 5-complete ring of ph,xy elements(vessel fiber,parench)
,central pith (stach,parench),,,,n.b lignified elements are 1-epi 2-hypo
3-endo 4-elements of xy. |
V.B COMPLETE RING OR SCATTERED (SEPARATED BY WIDE MED. RAYS) IN CENTER WIDE PITH (PARENCH) STARCH
IS SIMPLE OR COMP PITH IS PARENCH WITH STARCH GR. |
XY. AND PH. SEPARATED BY WIDE MED. RAYS , AND
CONTAIN XY.TRACHEIDS BEADED LIG. . XY. VESSELS SURROUNDED BY GROUP OF FIBERS
IN CENTER |
T.S AS CALUMBA ROOT EXCEPT TERT. CAMBIUM
,,XY.VESSELS RETICULATE & SPIRAL ,,COMPLETE GELATINIZATION OF STARCH
(normal camb. Formed from parench of innermost layer of cortex {parench of
pericycle} but tert.camb. Originate from xy. Parench and
so it present around xy vessels) SO IT CONTAINS 2 TYPES OF XY AND SO OF PH |
t.s
diagram is irregular in shape 1-EPI 2-HYP 3-G.T parench filled with oleoresin
(filmarone) and starch.g : this
parench show very wide intercellular spaces to this spaces project
gl.trichome {internal g.trichome}respons. for secretion of oleoresin ,, v.b is scattered
each consists of xy,ph and
surrounded by starchy endo. No of v.B
in rhizome is the same in all species but differ in frond bases ,,xy
{parench &tracheids and very rare vessels} ramenta 1 celled thickness very smooth show 2 teeth |
cortex: very compact , phelloge gives to ou.
Cork to in. phelloderm cambium gives to ou. 2ry ph and to in. 2ry xy {no
living tissues} xy, med rays and phelloderm are thickwalled lig, show boarded
pits and filled with starch g. (there are no scleirds) pericyclic region:
contain peri. Fiber ch. to fam apo. fusiform, thick wall non
lig with terminal ovoid enlargment but xy fiber is
lig without ter. enlarg. cork cells are of 2 types 1-thin walled suberized non lig 2-jiant thickwall
stratified lig ,, ph region contain ideoblast contain glanular alkloids |
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| POWDER |
1-PARENCH OF MESOPHYLL SHOW RAPHITES OF CAOX
SURROUNDED BY MU. 2-EPI. CELLS SHOWING STOMATA ON LOWER EPI. ONLY CHARACT. BY
COMPLETE ABSENCE OF SUBSEDRY CELL AND RONDED |
FRAGMENTS OF EACH LAYER |
1-FRAG. OF EPIDERMAL CELLS SHOWING ROOT HAIRS
2-HYPODERMAL CELLS THICK WALLED AND STRIATER ,LIG. 3-PARENCH. OF CORTEX OR
PITH CONTAIN SOME STARCH, AND CONTAIN RAPHITES OG CAOX 4-ENDODERMAL CELLS
SURROUNDED BU XY.,PH. 5-FRAG. OF XY. ELEMENTS (FIBERS &VESSELS) |
1-PARENCH CONTAIN STARCH GR. 2-VASCULAR TISSUE
WITH VESSLES ,TRACHEIDS ,LIG FIBERS 3-STARCH GR. SIMPLE OR COMP |
STARCH IN ROUNDED ECCENTRIC HILUM (CLEFT SHAPED)
XY.TRACHEIDS IS FUSIFORM AND THICK WALLED LIG,PITTED
SCELERIDS OF PHELLODERM SHOW SMALL CLUSTERS OF CAOX WITH UNEVEN THICLINING |
1-OLEORESIN CELLS 2-STARCH GRANULES
(GELATINIZED) 3-SOME FEW SCLEIRIDS WITH UNEVEN THICK. AND
LIG. (BUT NOT CONTAIN CAOX CLUSTERS OR PRISMS) 4-NEARLY
DEVOID OF STARCH 5-FRAG. OF PARENCH OF CORTEX OR XY. CONTAIN CLUSTER CRYSTAL
OF CAOX |
COLOUR
OF POWDER IS BUFF OR GREENISH YELLOW 1-FRAG. OF G.T SHOW VERY WIDE
INTERCELLULAR SPACES AND GL. TRICHOME (FILMARONE) 2-FRAG OF XY TRACHEIDS :
FUSIFORM IN SHAPE AND RETICULATE FOR TRANSPORTATION |
brown 1-frag os stratified cork cells and thin
walled 2-frag of peri. Fiber (thick walled ,lig ,with terminal ovoid head)
3-growth rings 4-elements of xy 5-elements of ph. Contain ideoblast
6-cells of phelloderm ,med rays |
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| SUBSTITUTION& ADULTERATION |
RED SQUILL: DRIED SLICES OF T.B OF E.MARITIMA
RED COLOUR DUE TO ANTHOCYANINS AND CONTAIN ALSO SCILLAROSIDE WHICH IS
RATPOISON INDIAN SQUILL
SLICES OF T.B OF EUGINEA INDICA FAM Liliaceae *ALL CELLS OF MESOPHYLL ARE
FILLED WITH MU. |
SUBST. OF COLCHICUM: INDIAN COLCHICUM:FAM LILIACEAE
(C.Luteum) MORE COLCHICINE AND PRESENCE OF GELATINIZED STARCH POWDER OF
INDIAN IS MORE BROWN |
1-LIMA 2-HONDURAS 3-MEXICAN 4-JAMICA DIFFERENCIATION BET. SUBST. BY:a\
COLOUR OF ROOTS b\ LENGTH OF ROOTS c\ HAEMOLYTIC POWER OF 1g OF EACH VARIETY
(HOW?) |
NO ADULTERANTS |
1-COSCENIA
FANESTRATUM 2-CALUMBA RHIZOMES (LESS ACT.CONST) 3-FRASERA CAROLENSIS
"AMERICAN CALUMBA"(FAM.GENTIANACEAE) FREE FROM STARCH AND MORE
THICKER |
to diff bet. Genuine and other varieties by a:/
sol. Of resins in ether b:/ shape of roots ,,, genuine resins sol in ether
(and so poder and t.cut )give florscence of pink violet tint with uv 1-MIRABILIS JALAPA 2-TAMPICO JALAP :irregular in shape and
contain tempicine completely sol in ether 3-BRAZILIAN JALAP :resins
completely insol in ether and give violet colour under uv 4-INDIAN JALAP
5-MEXICAN JALAP : solubility as convulvulin but chemical composition differ . |
1-lady fern (German) :irregular in shape ,2 v.b
in frond base (while England 7-9) ,no intercellular gl.trichone 2-Shield
fern: identical to male fern but it is more active as it contain more
filmarone 3-Dryopteris montane (Aspidium Montana) : 2 V.B , gl tric. on
surface of the margin & the margin is dentate 4-indian (Aspidium lobatum)
: 4-6 V.B &margin of ramentum
is dentate |
1-R.densiflora and R.perakensis do not contain totally reserpine. 2-AFRICAN VAREITY
(R.vomitoria) *contain double amount of reserpine *used only for production
of reserpine (not used directly) * phelloderm of R.serpentina wider than
R.vomitoria also contain patches of scelirids{stone cells} as calumba root R.canescens abscence og jiant cells but contain stone cells R.micrantha contain reserpine and
st.cork cells(jiant) and stone cells |
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