Chapter 6 Classification

I. Objective 42 Discriminating Relationships Among Organisms

B. 24 The student will discriminate relationships when using a classification model to group living things.

B. 25. The student will identify common organisms in the different kingdoms.

A. Taxonomists are scientist who group organisms.

a. Organisms are classified into 5 Kingdoms.

i. Monera

ii. Protista

iii. Fungi

iv. Plantae

v. Animalia

b. After Kingdoms come six other levels of classification

i. Phylum

ii. Class

iii. Order

iv. Family

v. Genus

vi. Species

B. Table of Kingdoms and Characteristics

KINGDOM	CHARACTERISTICS	EXAMPLES
Monera	One-celled, no nucleus or organelles, may be photosynthetic, asexual reprod.	Bacteria, viruses, blue-green algae
Protista	One-celled, have true nucleus, organelles, aquatic, asexual reproduction	Amoeba, euglena, algae, paramecium
Fungi	Eukaryotic, heterotrophs, budding, spore production, sex, and asex. reproduction	Yeast, Mushrooms, ringworms, rust
Plantae	Eukaryotic, autotrophs, sex (seed) or asex. (cuttings) reproduction, vascular system to move water and materials	Mossses, ferns,conifers, grasses, flowering plants.
Animalia	Multicelled, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, sexual reproduction, may be vertebrate or invertebrate	Worms, fish, frogs, birds, snakes, insects, spiders

II. Roles of Monerans

B. 26 The student will explain the roles of different monerans.

Kingdom Monera includes the smallest and most primitive forms fo live

Examples

i. viruses

ii. bacteria

iii. blue-green bacteria

Viruses reproduce by means of the lytic cycle, which has five stages.

i. Adsorption- the virus attaches to the host at a receptor site.

ii. Entry-the viral DNA is injected into the host cell and the protein coat is removed in a process called uncoating.

iii. Replication- viral DNA directs the construction of a new viral components.

iv. Assembly- new viruses are made from the component parts.

v. Release- the host cell splits in a process called lysis, allowing new viruses to leave and infect other cells

Common Viral diseases

i. polio

ii. chicken pox

iii. measles

iv. mumps

v. rabies

vi. herpes

vii. influenza

viii. common cold

ix. Aids

Vaccines- are injections of killed or weakened viruses

Bacteria can cause disease or be very beneficial

some form endospores a hard outer covering
some cling to surfaces by protein strands called pili
they can be

i. heterotrophic

ii. autotrophic

1. get energy from the sun (photoautotrophs)

2. chemical reactions ( chemoautotrophs)

Blue-green bacteria or cyanobacteria are photosynthetic

Blooms or overpopulations can occur in polluted water due to high nitrogen and phosphates
Heterotrophic bacteria are decomposers.

i. Saprophytes are those that feed on dead organic material

Bacteria growth can be controlled by

i. pasteurization

ii. fermentation

Antibiotics are used to kill bacterial infections
Pathogenic bacteria cause diseases such as

i. strep throat

ii. tuberculosis

iii. meninigities

iv. bubonic plague

v. diphtheria

vi. tetanus

vii. food poisoning ( salmonella)

Monerans
Type	Characteristics	Examples
Viruses	Parasitic particles, require a host cell to reproduce, make protein, cause disease	Polio, flu, AIDS, rabies
Bacteria	One-celled organisms, reproduce on their own, may be harmful or beneficial, may be heterotrophic or autotrophic	Salamonela, Clostridium, Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Cyanobacteria	One-celled autotrophs, supply food for aquatic life, supply oxygen, decompose dead organisms	Blue-green algea

III. Objective 44 ALGAE AND PROTOZOA

B. 27 The student will compare algae and protozoa and relate their importance.

Kingdom Protista- includes algae and protozoa which can be unicellular or multicellular
Autotrophic protists are algae

Examples of algae plantlike protests containing chlorophyll

i. Chlorophyta are green algae- store food as starch with walls made of cellulose

ii. Phaeophyta are brown algae- store food as lamarin have cell walls of kelp used in ice cream and jelly

iii. Rhodophyta are read algae cell walls contain carageenan used in cosmetics

iv. Chrysophyta includes diatoms store food as oil used in scouring powders and paints

v. Phrrophyta include dinoglagellates cell walls made of cellulose cause red tides. some are bioluminescence

vi. Euglenophyta have no cell wall

Heterotrophic are protozoa

Examples of Protozoa are classified by locomotion or movement

i. Amoebae move by pseudopodia (false feet)

ii. Paramecia move by cilia ( short hair-like projections)

iii. Trypanosomes move by means of whip-like flagella: can cause sleeping sickness called Trypanosomes

iv. Plasmodia do not move cause malaria

PROTISTA
Type	Characteristics	Examples
Protozoa (animalike)	One-celled heterotrophs, classified by type of movement	Sarcodina, Paramecia, Amoebae
Algae (plantlike)	One-celled autotrophs, photosynthetic	Green algae, Diatoms, Euglena
Fungus like	Decomposers, acellular and cellular	Slime , Mold

IV. Objective 45 Fungi

B. 28 The student will explain the roles of fungi and the ways in which they affect human beings.

Kingdom Fungi includes heterptrophic organisms which eukaryotic cell structures.

bodies consist of HYPHA

i. which is made of chitin

ii. Mycelium is a mat of hyphae

Reproduction

i. sexually- thru fussion of the cytoplasm

ii. asexual occurs thru budding_

Types of Fungi

i. Bread mold- a division of Zygomycota

ii. Club fungi-

1. Basidiomycota- mushrooms, toadstools, and puffballs

2. the club shaped structure is called a basidiocarp

iii. Ascomycota, sac fungi

1. yeast, morels, and powdery mildews

2. breakdown carbohydrates

iv. Deutermycota-causes ringworms and athlete’s foot.

Can live symbiotically-

i. is a mutualistic relationship because

1. the fungus benefits from the plant photosynthesis

2. the plant gets greater support and water absorbtion

3. ex: lichen

characteristics

Kingdom	Characteristics	Examples
Fungi	Single-celled/ multicelled heterotrophs, parasitic or saprophytic, sexual and asexual reproduction, may be symbiotic	Bread mold, mushrooms, mildew

V. Objective 46 SEED PLANTS

B. 30 The student will relate the characteristics and functions of seed plants

The Plant kindom ( PLANTEA)

undergo photosynthesis
uses of plants

i. food

ii. spices

iii. textiles

iv. paper

v. medicines

vi. habitats

Growth is dependent on

i. chlorophyll- makes photosynthesis work

ii. air for cellular respiration

iii. Minerals-

1. nitrogen

2. potassium

3. phosphorus

iv. Temperature

Classification

i. seed plants are vascular

1. angiosperms- seeds inside a fruit

a. flowering plants

b. two classes

i. Monocotyledons- grasses, lilies, irises, and corn

1. one seed leaf

2. parallel veins

3. flower parts in threes

4. vascular bundles scattered

ii. Dicotyledons

1. dicots- beans, peanuts, roses, oaks, and elms

2. two seed leaves,

3. flowers in fours or fives

4. vascular bundles arranged in a circular pattern

2. gymnosperms-naked seeds

a. conifers- seeds in a cone

Plant organs

i. Seed plants

Roots	Anchor plant, absorb water and nutrients, storage nutrients
Stems	Support plant, pathway for water and nutrient transport
Leaves	Site of photosynthesis, shape helps absorption of sunlight
Flower/ Cones	Reproductive system: Two categories
	Gymnosperms	Naked seeds, cones, evergreens
	Angiosperms	Speeds surrounded by fruit, flowers beans roses, oak trees
	Monocots	One seed leaf parallel viens, flower parts in 3’s, vascular bundles scattered
	Dicots	Two seed leaves, net-like veins, flower parts in 4s or 5s, circular vascular bundles

VI. Objective 47 INVERTEBRATES

B. 31 The student will relate the common characteristics and functions of invertebrates

Animal Kingdom (Animalia)

over one million species
over 950,000 are invertebrates
Characteristics of invertebrates

Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, usually mobile, well-developed nervous systems
Phylum	Organism	Characteristics
Porifera	Sponge	Porous, two layers of cells, reproduces by budding, hermaphroditic, body support by sponging or spicules.
Coelenterata	Jellyfish	Hollow body cavity with two layers of cells, tentacles, nematocysts, release poison into prey.
Platyhelminthes	Tapeworm	Flat body with three layers of cells, regeneration, light sensitive
Nematoda	Hookworm	Round body with mouth and anus, parasitic
Annelida	Earthworm	Segmented body, digestive system with crop and gizzard, closed circulatory system, excretion by nephridia, ganglia controls movement and response, hermaphroditic, but require a mate to exchange sperm
Mollusca	Snail	Soft body, usually have shell secreted by mantle, movement by muscular foot or ejection of water, respiration by gills, digestive system with mouth, radula, stomach, instine, nervouse system, well-developed eye
Arthropoda		Segmented body with heat, chitinous exoskeleton, jointed legs, ventral nervouse sytem, digestive system with specialized mouth, open circulatory sysem, sexual reproduction
Class
Crustacca	Crab	Gills, antennae, compound eyes, claws, eggs carried by swimmerets
Chilopoda/ Diplopoda	Centipede/ Millipede	Long body with head and many segments, each segment has legs
Arachnida	Spider	Two body segments, four pairs of legs, eight simple eyes
Insecta	Grasshopper	Three body segments, onepair of antennae, two pairs of wings, respiration through tracheae, excretion through Malphigian tubules to anus, tympanum detects sound undergo metmorphosis.
Echindodermata	Starfish	Endoskelton, rays, sucker tube feet.

VII. Objective 48 Vertebrates

B.32 The student will relate the common characteristics and functions of vertebrates.

A. Vertebrates are a subphylum is a phylum chordate

i. Vertebrate Organ Systems

System	Function
Skeletal	Support, protections, blood cell production, site for muscle attachment
Muscular	Movement
Integrumentary	Protection against dehydration and germs
Nervous	Coordination of movement, regulation of metabolism, response to environment stimuli
Endocrine	Metabolism, homestasis
Circulatory	Transport of gases, nutrients and wastes
Respiratory	Gas exchange (O₂and CO₂ )
Digestive	Breakdown of food
Excretory	Elimination of waste
Immune	Protection against disease
Reproductive	Continuation of the species

ii. Types of Vertebrates

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, gill slits present during development, backbone, ventral digestive and circulatory systems, closed circulatory system, endoskeleton, most are cold-blooded, well developed organ systems
Class	Examples	Characteristics
Agnatha	Lamprey	Round mouth, jawless, parasitic, two-chambered heart
Chondrichthyes	Sharks	Preditors, well developed snese of smell, paired fins, endoskeleton of cartilage, two-chambered heart.
Osteichthyes	Trout	Bony fish, swim bladder, paired fins, two-chambered heart webbed toes, four legs
Amphibia	Frog	Respiration by gills, lungs and moist skin, eggs fertilized externally in pond, metamorphosis, two-three chambered heart, webbed toes, four legs
Reptilia	Lizard	Respiration by lungs, chitinous, amniote eggs laid on land after internal fertilization, no metamorphosis, three-four chambered heart, usually four legs, scaly skin prevents dehydration
Aves	Owl	Warm-blooded, winged, feathered, porous bones, respiration by lungs, four-chambered heart, well-developed nervouse system, crop and gizzard for storing and grinding food, hard amniote eggs fertilized internally.
Mammalia		Warm-blooded, hair, lungs, mammary glands, four-chambered heart, four appendages, well-developed nervous system, internal fertilization
Order
Monotremes	Platypus	Egg-laying mammal
Marsupials	Kangaroo	Pouched Mammel
Placentals	Human	Young carred internally in a placenta until birth.