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Here we present short articles dealing
with problems of chlorination and drinking water quality. If you have
other articles for information or discussion with other people (not only
scientists!) - please let us
know --->
email!
Russian article (V) at the end of this page
I)
WARNING: CARCINOGENS POLLUTING WATER
from Joseph E.
Cummins, Associate Professor (Genetics) Dept. of Plant Sciences
University of Western Ontario London, Ontario N6A B7
"Feel free to reprint this article"
September 29, 1992
Most people
believe the water they drink is safe and healthy and they will be
alerted the instant hazardous pollution endangers their water supply.
However, there is clear evidence that more than 300,000 Ontario
residents drink water polluted with carcinogenic solvents. About
half that number drink water polluted to levels exceeding the guidelines
accepted by the Ontario Ministry of Environment (MoE) prior to the
emergence of evidence that numerous wells are polluted. MoE
concealed evidence of significant pollution from residents in a large
northern community for at least a year, and falsely informed residents
of Angus that their polluted drinking water was safe. The use of
designer guidelines that increase as pollution increases seems like a
dirty trick to the average person but that is what MoE is doing. My
Freedom of Information request showed that the municipalities of Barrie,
Cambridge and Delhi exceeded accepted guidelines for carcinogenic
solvents. Bracebridge, Guelpb,Waterloo, Simcoe, Marathon and
Manitowadge had trace to significant levels of solvent. In Waterloo, the
levels were 10 to 20 times lower than reported during 1990. Flamborougb,
Fergus and Erin had wells polluted beyond the accepted guideline, and
Georgetown and Cannington had polluted water. The Erin wells may have
been polluted by a highway accident involving a waste hauler. In other
municipal wells such as in Angus, levels of perchloroethylene hundreds
of times greater than guidelines allow were acknowledged months after
MoE falsely discounted a private laboratory study. People drank polluted
water in Orillia for a year before the pollution was acknowledged by
MoE. Penetanguishene residents drank polluted water for a long time, as
did the village of Manotick near Ottawa where levels were over 10,000
times higher than established guidelines. I expect that a number of
wells over and above those I listed are polluted. However, MoE demands a
huge fee from me to obtain this vital information.
How is
carcinogenic solvent bad for you? The two major solvents are
trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene). Polluted
wells usually contain both, butone is usually higher than the other.
Both solvents cause cancer in animals. Trichloroethylene was
implicated in liver, testicular and lung cancers while
tetrachloroethylene was implicated in cancer of the liver and kidneys as
well as leukaemia. People drinking water polluted to levels comparable
to that of the Ontario wells have experienced higher rates of leukaemia
in women and children of both sexes. Children born to mothers drinking
polluted water have experienced more heart malformations. Cases of the
skin disease lupus are highly elevated among women drinking
solvent-polluted water. In adults, nerve damage and heart attacks are
caused by drinking polluted water.
What can one do?
Showering in polluted water causes two to three times more solvent to be
ingested than drinking two litres of the same water. It is best to bathe
instead, and to drink bottled water. If you are sick a great deal with
rashes or insomnia, an independent laboratory can be used to study your
water. Don't let the local MoE bureaucrats bully you if the results show
significant pollution, but go directly to the Minister and demand
action. The United States Environmental Protection Agency and the
MoE Drinking Water Surveillance Program publications have used the
standard of five parts per billion for both carcinogenic solvents as the
acceptable limit. Don't let the local health unit try to palm off
a higher guideline. Students from communities mentioned in this
article should tell their families about the problem, because it has
likely been concealed from them. It is not clear the provincial
government can be trusted to inform those who may be affected.
BACK
II)
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs) IN DRINKING WATER
Prepared by: Gregory D. Jennings and Ronald E. Sneed
Extension Specialists Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Mary Beth St. Clair Extension Specialist Toxicology
Published by: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication
Number: AG 473-5
Last Electronic Revision: March 1996 (JWM)
Drinking water
containing high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be
harmful to human health. VOCs are a class of chemicals that have
important properties in common: They evaporate, or vaporize, readily
(they are volatile), and they contain carbon (and are therefore called
organic). When present in water at low concentrations, some VOCs produce
a sweet, pleasant odour. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
estimates that VOCs are present in one-fifth of the nation's water
supplies. They can enter ground water from a variety of sources.
Benzene, for example, may enter ground water from gasoline or oil spills
on the ground surface or from leaking underground fuel tanks. Other
examples of commonly detected VOCs are dichloromethane (methylene
chloride), an industrial solvent; trichloroethylene, used in septic
system cleaners; and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), used in
the dry-cleaning industry. Table 1 lists possible sources and potential
health effects for some VOCs commonly detected in water supplies.
Health Concerns:
Volatile organic
compounds may have a variety of harmful health effects. At high
levels of exposure, many VOCs can cause central nervous system
depression (drowsiness, stupor). All can be irritating upon
contact with the skin, or to the mucous membranes if inhaled.
Table 1 lists the eight VOCs currently regulated by EPA in public water
supplies (those which serve 25 or more people). Also listed are
other VOCs commonly found in drinking water. For each chemical,
EPA has established a maximum contaminant level (MCL). Water
containing a chemical in an amount lower than the MCL is considered safe
to drink. Drinking water containing one or more VOCs at levels
above standards should not be consumed. In addition, because
little is known about the additive effects of these chemicals, special
attention should be paid to detecting and eliminating VOC sources if two
or more chemicals are found in water. In any case, sources
of VOC contamination should be eliminated if possible.
The most effective method for preventing VOC contamination is to ensure
that these compounds are not used or disposed of near wells or surface
water supplies. Protecting your water source is the most effective
method to eliminate exposure to these chemicals. Be sure that your
well is constructed properly and is protected to prevent surface water
from moving down the well casing into your drinking water supply.
See Cooperative Extension service publication AG-469,
Your Water Supply: Well Construction and Protection, or contact your
county Cooperative Extension Centre or local health department for
information on proper well protection. Public water systems are required
to be monitored on a routine basis for contamination. For private
water supplies, however, it is the homeowner’s
responsibility to regularly have water quality evaluated. If VOCs
or other contaminants are found at levels approaching or above drinking
water standards, the source of contamination should be eliminated.
Prior to
transfer of property, the prospective owner may wish to request in
writing that well water be analyzed to determine water quality.
This testing is especially important in cases where the property is a
current or former
agricultural or industrial site, or where buried fuel tanks are located
nearby. Costs of VOC testing range from less than $100 up to $300
per sample. Cooperative Extension Offices and Health Departments
can provide
lists of certified private laboratories.
Treatment
Options
Options for
homeowners with contaminated water include preventing further
contamination, locating an alternative water supply, or treating water
to remove contaminants. Identifying and removing the contamination
source is the safest and most permanent solution. However, it is
not always possible
to identify and eliminate the source. In some cases, ground water is
contaminated to the extent that cleanup may take many years and be
extremely expensive. Alternative water supplies include new wells,
public water systems, and bottled water. If a new well is
constructed, be sure that it is not susceptible to contamination from
the same source as the polluted well. Bottled water can be used as a
short-term source of drinking water. Keep in mind, however, that
VOCs may also enter the body through skin absorption or through
inhalation of water vapor. Home filter systems may provide a
high-quality water supply if properly installed and maintained.
Filters may be purchased for point-of-use (POU) treatment at the faucet
or point-of-entry (POE) treatment where water enters the home. POE
treatment systems are recommended for VOC removal to ensure that all
water used for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and bathing is free of
contamination. There are a variety of filter systems available.
Before purchasing a filter system, it is wise to consult with several
reputable water treatment companies to ensure that the equipment
purchased will treat the specific water quality problem. Granular
activated carbon (GAC) filters are typically used to reduce VOC levels
in home drinking water. The effectiveness of carbon filters is
related to (1) the type and amount of contaminant, (2) the rate of water
usage, and (3) the type of carbon being used. Large contaminant
concentrations and high water use rates reduce the carbon life.
The manufacturer’s guidelines for replacing carbon filters should be
followed. Water entering and leaving the
filter should be tested periodically to ensure that the treatment system
is working properly.<p>
Bacteria may grow on the surface of a carbon filter. Water should
be disinfected after it passes through the filter to ensure its safety.
Many types of disinfection systems are available. Ultraviolet (UV)
radiation is one type of system shown to work effectively and
efficiently to eliminate bacteria problems in water.
Summary
Effective
drinking water protection includes source protection and regular
testing to ensure that the water is safe. Source elimination and
proper well protection are the most effective methods for protecting
ground water. If you live in an area where there is potential for
organic compounds in your water, have it tested periodically for VOCs.
If testing indicates contamination, water treatment systems can be used
to remove chemicals. Be sure that systems purchased for home
treatment of VOCs are certified to remove those found in your water.
Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30,
1914. Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people
regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability.
North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating.
#############################################################
BACK
III)
Chlorinating: Linked To Increased Cancer Risk
Women exposed to
elevated levels of chlorination by-products in drinking water are at an
increased risk of developing colon cancer, according to a report in
Reuters this week.
In the July
American Journal of Public Health, Dr. Wei Zheng of the University of
Minnesota in Minneapolis explains that water supplied to community
residents by municipalities can be "...100% ground water, a mixture of
ground water and surface water, or 100% surface water." Surface water
supplies, they say "...have consistently been shown to have higher
concentrations of chlorination by-products." These by-products,
including trihalomethanes, have been linked with an elevated risk of
cancer. With that in mind, Dr. Zheng's team assessed "...the association
of drinking water source and chlorination by-product exposure with
cancer incidence," in 28,237 participants of the Iowa Women's Health
Study. Dr. Zheng reports that "...women who resided in areas supplied
with municipal surface water or water with higher levels of chloroform
were at significantly increased risk for colon cancer and total combined
cancer." After adjusting for potential confounders, there was a
dose-dependent increase in the risk of these cancers with increasing
levels of chloroform. The relative risk for colon cancer was 1.68 times
greater for the highest levels of chloroform compared with the lowest
level. Although " mechanisms of carcinogenesis caused by exposure to
chlorination by-products are not fully understood," Dr. Zheng says that
they "...are likely to be due to a tumor promotion effect on mucosal
epithelial tissue via direct contact."
Story by Romi
Bryden, Strategic Health Review, Monday, August 04, 1997
IV)
How is our drinking water?
This is usually
the first question which people ask a water expert, when they meet him.
The information level of the population is rather low. Further, in the
past, contradicting articles have been published. This is
understandable, if taken into account, that the level of analytical
techniques and results that are the basis for further evaluations, are
still insufficient in Ukraine.
This article was
written to describe some facts and consequences without going to much
into specific details. The majority of the people know that drinking
water in Kiev and in the majority of other Ukrainian cities is prepared
from river water. River water contains many organic substances. The
bigger amount of them can be classified as humic substances of natural
origin. During the summer, the concentration of organics can be
increased because of plankton (algae, bacteria), plankton excretes and
degradation products. If this type of water is mixed with chlorine for
disinfection, chlororganic compounds will be formed. This is a fact
which can not be changed even if, for some unknown reasons, the
responsible authorities or politics pretend the opposite.
The formation of
chlororganics because of disinfection by chlorine is known already more
than 20 years. Kind and quantity depend on many factors as for
example: type and concentration of organic matter, temperature,
time of contact and so on. Some compounds, as chloroform, will be formed
in higher concentration only during the vegetation period. Others can
only be found using analytical instruments that are not available to the
analytical control services. Because of the big amount of dangerous
compounds, one has to admit, that the volume of work for a permanent
control would be by far too high.
A possible solution
of this problem would be, to determine the amount of chlorine bound in
organic compounds. Such analytical results that were collected by the
author of this article within the last four years, show, that
chlororganics are present in the drinking water all over the year. Their
concentration can be evaluated as "very high". What does it mean "very
high" and for whom? The quotation marks were set to point out that this
is an evaluation, based on actual knowledge and assumptions. The
assumptions have to be made for the quantity of daily water consumption,
for the number of years of consumption and for adults and children
separately. Are other factors important for the health, as various
harmful substances in air and food products, wrong nutrition, smoking,
etc.?
These remarks show,
that a sure estimation for the Ukrainian population, is still not
possible. We can however profit from some American studies. MORRIS,
CHALMERS and some other colleagues from Harvard University (1997)
summarized the results from several studies. They conclude, that people
drinking chlorinated water more than 10 - 15 years, have a bigger risk
to get bladder cancer (21 %) and rectal cancer (38 %). Many other
publications show in the same direction. These results are important
also for Ukraine. It can be assumed that the situation here is even
worse.
Other harmful
compounds that occur in drinking water are obviously less important.
Nitrate and heavy metals, for example, can be found but only in “small”
concentrations, radioactive substances and pesticides occur at certain
times, but information about these substances is rather insufficient and
therefore not reported here.
Perspectives
The aim of a
future drinking water policy should be to give up the direct use of
surface water and chlorination. As soon as possible, water protection
zones should be selected and protected within the river valleys; they
also will serve for nature protection purposes. When ground water is
extracted here, it can be enriched with river water already filtered
through the underground or by artificial infiltration of river water.
The raw water from these places will contain less organic matter and a
much smaller quantity of bacteria than river water itself. In this case,
disinfection will be necessary only after treatment and filtration in
the water work. Expenses for technical changes are rather small, in
comparison with the economic damage caused by illness and reduced life
expectance.
V)
Эффекты хлора в
питьевой воде на здоровье человека
Общее Ведомство Учета
США сообщает, что в водозаборах в 75% государств имеются серьезные
недостатки. Больше чем 120 миллионов людей (приблизительно 50 % совокупности)
могут получать ненадежную воду согласно исследованию, проводимому
Советом Защиты Природных богатств.
Здравоохранительные
органы США оценивают, что 900,000
людей заболевают каждый год - и
возможно 900 умирает - из за болезней связанных с ненадежностью воды. Общее
Ведомство Учета оценивает, что 66 % нарушений предельнодопустимых норм питьевой воды не сообщается.
Загрязнение воды
непосредственно связано со степенью загрязнения нашей окружающей среды.
Дождевая вода промывает бортовое загрязнение атмосферы, затем промывает надземный воздушный слой и впадает в реки, водоносные горизонты, и
озера, которые обеспечивают нашу питьевую воду. Все химикалии,
сгенерированные человеческим действием могут и находят свой путь в водоснабжение.
Химический элемент
хлор - коррозионный, ядовитый, зеленовато - желтый газ, который имеет
удушливый запах и - 2 Ѕ раза более
тяжелее чем воздух. Хлор принадлежит к группе элементов называемых
галогенами. Галогены объединяются с металамы, чтобы формировать
компоненты называемые галиды. Хлор произведен исскуственным путем , проводя электрический ток
через соленую воду. Этот процесс производит свободный хлор, водород, и
гидроксид натрия. Хлор изменяется на жидкую форму сжатием газа, затем результировання жидкость становится транспортабельной. Жидкий хлор
добавляют в питьевую воду и плавательные бассейны, чтобы разрушить
бактерии
До недавнего времени,
касается относительно питьевой воды, сосредоточенной при удалении
патогенны микробы. Хлор, используемый, чтобы уменьшить
риск инфекционной болезни может объяснять реальную часть риска рака,
связанного с питьевой водой. Хлорирования питьевой воды был главный
фактор в уменьшении частье морталитеть, связанных с водо- патогенным.
Использование хлора, как полагали, было безопасным. Этот просмотр
очевиден в артикль, которое появилось на обратной странице "Нью-Йорк
Тайме". Установленный отчет, что с использованием хлора, " Любое
муниципальное водоснабжение может быть сделан также чистым как ключевой
водой горы. Хлорирования разрушает всю животную и микробную жизнь, не
оставляя никакой след себя впоследствии." Это утверждение отраженное
мнение, принятое до недавних лет, когда галоген-органические соединения,
типа хлороформ, было идентифицировано в хлорированной питьевой воде, обеспечивает. Недавнее
проявление паказивают что эти компоненты общие в водоснабжение в все Соединенные штаты.
Эти предприятия
относительно рисков рака, связанных с химическим загрязнением из
хлорирования побочных продуктов привели к многочисленным
эпидемиологическим исследованиям. Эти исследования обычно поддерживают
намерение, что побочные продукты хлорирования связаны с увеличиваемыми
рисками рака.
Хлор используется,
чтобы сразиться с микробным загрязнением, но это может реагировать с
органическим веществом в воде и формировать опасной, карциногены
тригапометаны. Согласно Доктору
Joseph М. Price,
MD, в Медицинском Словаре
Moseby’s, " Хлор самый важна зубстанц котори
визиваеть вален и умор в современных времен. Это - коварный яд. ".
В 1992 исследовании,
которое сделало главные трансмиссионные валы, титульного листа, и были
сообщены относительно в июле Американского Журнала Общих
исследователей Здоровья в Медицинском Колледже
Wisconsin в
Milwaukee, нашел, что люди, кто
регулярно пьют воду крана, содержащую высокие уровни побочных продуктов
хлора, имеют больший риск развивающегося баллона и ректап раковых
образований чем люди, кто пьют нехлорированние воду. Исследование
оценивает, что приблизительно 9 процентов от всего рака баллона и 18
процентов от всех ректап случаев рака связан с долговременным ‘потреблением этих побочных продуктов.
Это составляет свыше 20,000 новых случаев каждый год.
Morris, с эпидемиологам
Thomas С.
Chalmers и его коллегами при
Harvard, используемом новая
методика называемая мета анализом, чтобы объединить результаты из 10
лучше всего исследований, давая новые результаты. Они сообщают, что люди
котори пьют хлорирование вода над длинными периодами имеют увеличение 21
% риска заключающего рака баллона и увеличения 38 % риска ректал рака. " Я совершенно убежден,
оснуются на этом исследовании, это имеется ассоциация между раком и
хлорирование водой. ", говорит
Robert
D.
Morris Медицинского Колледжа
Wisconsin в
Milwaukee, кто направил новое
исследование.
Приблизительно 90 %
совокупности пьют питьевая вода, которая может
содержать сотни этих Побочных продуктов Дезинфекции (DBPs), также известный как
тригапометаны.
Управление по
охране окружающей среды (ЕРА) понизило Максимальный Уровень Примеси для
Побочных продуктов Дезинфекции, но это будет годы прежде, чем новый
стандарт входит в силу.
В его книге,
Coronaries/Cholesterol/Chlorine,
Joseph М.
Price,
MD презентировает поражающие
очевидность, что тригалометаны, являются "заправляют причинных агентов
артеросклерозис и неизбежного жледужвие , сердечный припадок или инфаркт." Эти тригапометаны
созданы, когда хлор, который добавляется к муниципальному водоснабжению,
реагирует с органическим веществом типа листьев, прутов, или химикалий
из сельскохозяйственного побега.
Имеется То, что
Эксперты- Говорить:
" Питье хлорирование
воды в заключение официально компоновалось с увеличиваемым падением рака
двоеточия. Эпидемиолог при
OAK Ридж Связанные Университеты
завершили исследование жертв рака двоеточия и пациентов не-рака и
заключили, что питье хлорирование воды в течение 15 лет или больше было
визивала визоки часть рака двоеточия. " Свободы Новости Здоровья, Январь
/ Февраль 1987
" Долговременное
питье хлорирование воды, появляется, увеличивает риск человека
развивающегося рака баллона столько же сколько 80 %," согласно исследованию, изданному в
Журнале Национального Института Рака. Приблизительно 45,000 Американцев
диагностированы каждый год с раком баллона.
St.
Paul Посылает и ПионирПресса,
17 декабря, 1987
" Хотя концентрации
этих канцерогенных веществ - низкий ..., это - точно эти низкие уровни,
которые ученые - как верят научный работники рака, ответственен за большинство
человеческих раковых образований в Соединенных штатах. " Отчет, выданный
Относящимся к окружению Фондом Защиты
" Хлор
непосредственно, как полагают, не является проблемой. Ученые
предполагают, что фактическая причина раковых образований баллона -
группа химикалий, которые формируются как результат из реакций между
хлором и естественными веществами и загрязняющими веществами в воде. "
(Органическое вещество типа листьев и прутов.)
St.
Paul Посылает и Пионир Пресса,
17 декабря, 1987
Отчеты Гринписа
нашли, что хлор-основанные составы будут наиболее общими ядовитыми и
постоянными загрязняющими веществами в Великих Озерах
fore more information see also:
http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/mdbp/chapter3.html (link
closed)
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ottaway/dw_home1.htm
(link closed)
and Literature:
Office of Drinking Water, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (19990): Risk Assessment, Management and Communication of
Drinking Water Contamination. - Seminar Publication EPA/625-4-89/024

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