In order to demonstrate the last prehistoric existence of world-wide civilizations of our human species, it is sufficient to verify the existence of a prehistoric knowledge on science and technology with a high level of sophistication. This prehistoric knowledge is implied by the technological products discovery whose antiquity reveals that they come from a scientific knowledge previous to the developed one by our historical civilization.
In the article "An Ancient Greek Computer", appeared in the magazine Scientific American, June 1959, p. 60-67 www.giant.net.au , its author Derek J. of Solla Price, professor of history of the science of the University of Yale, presented his report on the unusual "Mechanism of Antikythera". System of bronze gears that occupy a space of 32X16X10 cm, discovered in 1900 between the rest of an old ship sunk near the coasts of Antikythera, an island between Crete and Greece, this boat was shipwrecked from year 80 before of C. according to the modern methods of dating.
With time the mechanism was covered with a hard calcareous deposit and it fragmented, the metal was corroded with hard metallic salts preserving much of its original form during almost the 2000 years that remained submerged. In the rest of their wood case several inscriptions could be deciphered, like the referred ones to the famous Calendar of Geminos de Rodas (year 77 before C.). At the moment it is exhibited in the National Museum of Archaeology of Athens.
Constituted by 32 gears, which has been able to decipher in common agreement of this mechanism is that it accurately reproduces the movements of the sun and the moon throughout the ecliptic, and contains a differential that provides the relative movement between both stars determining the cycle of the phases of the moon.
As it express Anthony Phillips, professor of mathematics in the State University of New York http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~tony , in his column of the American Mathematical Society http://www.ams.org , "It is difficult to exaggerate the singularity or importance of this device in a necessary one and completes reevaluaci�n of which one has been believed about the technology of the old world".
From his column has been taken the following graph of the diagram of the mechanism, reproduced of the Memories of the American Philosophical Society Vol 64 Not 7 (1974), in which Solla Price published another article: "Gears from the Greeks,"
The general diagram of the gear only could be drawn after 1971, in which Solla Price could observe all its components using gamma rays, being able penetrating the calcareous block in which they are immersed.
In the joint that relates the movements of the sun and the moon, the axis of the gear of the moon (of 32 teeth) goes on the inside of the axis of the gear of the sun (of 64 teeth), that connects with the double gear of 38 and 48 teeth, which connects as well with the double gear of 24 and 127 teeth, that finally connects with the gear of the moon. The relation between the angular velocities of the gears of the moon and the sun can then calculate like: (64/38)(48/24) (127/32) = 254/19 = 13.36842.. Which is an excellent observable approach astronomically (as it settled down in the Greek calendar of the Metonic cycle in which to every 19 years correspond 235 = 254 - 19 lunar cycles) to relation 13,368267.. between the duration of the routes of the moon and the sun throughout the zodiac constellations.
It can also be observed in http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/kyth2.html the animation made by Bill Casselman, of the University of British Columbia, on the simulation of the movements of the sun and the moon throughout the zodiac constellations one conforms turn its gears in the mechanism of Antikythera. Notice you that the constellations unfold in reference to the South hemisphere.
Since the connection sun-moon involves an uneven number of gears, their respective gears turn in opposed direction, which is used by the differential to determine its relative movement. Most of the differentials, like in the automobiles, they are three-dimensional, nevertheless the mechanism of Antikythera incorporates an ingenious bidimensional differential, as widely it is illustrated by the animated graphics of Bill Casselman.
The investigator Richard Sanders unfolds in the magazine 21st Century Science & Technology http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com the cross-sectional diagram of the mechanism, and also presents the conjecture of which the mechanism of Antikythera could be used to measure the terrestrial longitude, which is an open problem that he requires of one complete understanding of the mechanism, on which still are many doubts.
But if it is to relate to the mechanism of Antikythera with the measurement of geographical coordinateses, they are more obvious the discovered ones for Charles H Hapgood in old maps as that of Piri Reis, centered in the intersection of the Nile River and the Tropic of Cancer. If we identified a latitude measured throughout the meridians that leave from this pole or center, and that then would vary of 0 to 360 degrees, according to the constellations of the zodiac, whereas the length measured on the parallels would only vary of 0 to 90 degrees, towards the North or South side of the ecliptic projected on the surface of the earth going by this pole as meridian zero.
The conclusions of Solla Price at the end of the mentioned article of Scientific American reproduce next:
"It is to the prehistory of the mechanical I clock that we must look for important analogies the Antikythera mechanism and for an assessment of its significance. Unlike other mechanical devices, the clock did not evolve from the simple to the complex. The oldest clocks of which we are well informed were the most complicated. All the evidence points to the fact that the clock started as an astronomical showpiece that happened also to indicate the time."
"Gradually the timekeeping functions became more important and the device that showed the marvelous clockwork of the heavens became subsidiary. Behind the astronomical clocks of the 14th century there stretches an unbroken sequence of mechanical models of astronomical theory. At the head of this sequence is the Antikythera mechanism. Following it are instruments and clocklike computers known from Islam, from China and India and from the European Middle Ages."
"The importance of this line is very great, because it was the tradition of clock- making that preserved most of man's skill in scientific fine mechanics. During the Renaissance the scientific instrument-makers evolved from the clockmakers. Thus the Antikythera mechanism is, in a way, the venerable progenitor of all our present plethora of scientific hardware."
"A significant passage in this story has to do with the astronomical computers of Islam. Preserved complete at the Museum of History of Science at Oxford is a 13th-century Islamic geared calendar-computer that has various periods built into it, so that it shows on dials the various cycles of the sun and moon. This design can be traced back, with slightly different periods but a similar arrangement of gears, to a manuscript written by the astronomer al-Biruni about 1000 A.D. Such instruments am much simpler than the Antikythera mechanism, but they show so many points of agreement in technical detail that it seems clear they came from a common tradition. The same 60-degree gear teeth are used; wheels are mounted on square-shanked axles; the geometrical layout of the gear assembly appears comparable."
"It was just at this time that Islam was drawing on Greek knowledge and rediscovering ancient Greek texts. It seems likely that the Antikythera tradition was part of a large corpus of knowledge that has since been lost to us but was known to the Arabs. It was developed and transmitted by them to medieval Europe, where it became the foundation for the whole range of subsequent invention in the field of clockwork."
"On the one hand the Islamic devices knit the whole story together, and demonstrate that it is through ancestry and not mere coincidence that the Antikythera mechanism resembles a modern clock. On the other hand they show that the Antikythera mechanism was no flash in the pan but was a part of an important current in Hellenistic civilization. History has contrived to keep that current dark to us, and only the accidental underwater preservation of fragments that would otherwise have crumbled to dust has now brought it to light. It is a bit frightening to know that just before the fall of their great civilization the ancient Greeks had come so close to our age, not only in their thought, but also in their scientific technology."
With the present scientific prejudice to assign the mini possible antiquity to any development of the past, indeed the first option is to think that the Greeks were the creators of the technology of the mechanism of Antikythera, but not necessarily is the correct one, as well as the Arabs simply seem to have been deposit takers of her, the same could have happened with the Greeks.
The only verified reference which we have of technological development is the one of our present civilization, and from her we could question itself, while if the Greek civilization had the impulse to create this technology, did not have it to expand it? It would seem to us natural that all technological creation goes surrounded by a development inertia. If as well as the Arabs taught it to the European of Middle Age, while the Greeks did not teach it to the Romans?
Whereas we see usually to old Greece like an ancestor of the western civilization, no to the Arab civilization. In case like a a teacher, since she taught to Europe all type of knowledge, including the seacraft, providing her with the old maps known like portulanos or navigation charts, that according to the investigator Charles H. Hapgood, (sixty years), in spite of being taken like empiricists or until invented, they were very exact and they managed a system cartographic that used a spherical grill with center in the city of Siene today Asw�n, in the riverbanks of the High Nile.
The present cultural characteristics of the Arab peoples, of discrimination and marginalization to the woman, reveal that they were designed to limit the development of their civilization, which is part of the prehistoric world-wide civilization that autoinmol� to take step to the development of "its dear daughter", the western civilization, as it already has been indicated in Chapter II of this test. Indeed since the city of Siena is on the Tropic of Cancer, he was already well-known that during the summer solstice the rays of the sun arrive at noon perpendicularly at the terrestrial surface in this city, which used the Greek Erathostenes (240 years before of C.) in order at the same time from the angle of impact of solar rays in the city of Alexandria and of the distance between both cities to measure the terrestrial circumference.
Since the ecliptic (or apparent trajectory of the sun around the Earth during the year) can project on the terrestrial surface passing through Siena, the resulting circumference could be used like meridian zero of the coordinated system referred by Hapgood, and then with the aid of an apparatus with the same technology of the mechanism of Anthykitera and an astrolabe, could have drawn up this coordinate system, in which the constellations of the Zodiac served as reference to measure a latitude (in this case of 0 to 360 degrees) and the angle with respect to the plane of the ecliptic a length (in this case of 0 to 90 degrees, towards the north or to the south).
In his book "Maps of the ancient sea kings" (1966), Charles H. Hapgood concludes that an advanced world-wide civilization existed in the Age of Ice, that is to say, more than ten thousand years ago, when Europe and the north of Asia and America were still covered for the ice. . The more known map than used to formulate this conclusion, was elaborated by admiral of Ottoman Navy Piri Reis in 1513, whom shows the Eastern coast of South America together with the Antarctica free of ice.
The map of Piri Reis was found in 1929 in the Topkapi Palace of Istambul, that was the official residence of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire between centuries XV and XIX, at the moment turned Museum in one of whose rooms the map is exhibited.
The retired Captain of American Navy Arlington H. Mallery, had dedicated itself to investigate the variation of the marine coasts in the past, when in 1954 a copy of the Map of Piri Reis fell in his hands. Besides to observe the coasts of South America and Africa with the correct lengths, for whose measurement our civilization did not tell on a technique but until 1770, he could recognize the Earth coast of Reina Maud of the Antarctica but without ice, which allowed him to conjecture that the earth prolongation towards the Antarctica could well have existed on the level of the sea and free of ice, and then to be mapped.
The conjecture of Mallery Captain motivated to the Professor of History of Science in the Keene State College of the University of New Hampshire, Charles H. Hapgood, to direct an investigation equipment on the old maps that the European navigators of the Middle Age used. His results have been rejected by the lack of a satisfactory explanation of the disappearance of an advanced world-wide civilization.
But now it is presented here an explanation of the disappearance of that prehistoric civilization that Hapgood Professor discovered: immolated itself by means of the practice of the religions of human sacrifices. As it suggests, for example, the mysterious people of the Phoenicians, that sailed by all Mediterranean and it was entered to the Atlantic, very being given to the ritual practice of human offerings.
According to the measurements at the moment more authorized, the Antarctica has been covering by the ice for fourteen million years, which has been taken like an argument to discredit the map of Piri Reis. But it is necessary to take into account that indeed the division in both last geologic subperiods, the Pleistocene and the Holocene, must to the climatic changes that they initiated about fourteen thousand years ago and implied the gradual deiceness of glaciers, which had to give rise to sudden climatic cataclysms like great continental floods and the later reduction of waters, contributing to the disappearance of the great mammals like the mammoth and the tiger saber teeth.
In individual these climatic changes could have caused a momentary deiceness of Antarctica, which would take in returning to its normal state around a thousand years, sufficient time so that the world-wide civilization that suffered the corresponding climatic cataclysms, it has been reconstructed transferring its capital to the region of the High Egypt and made the original maps of South America and Antarctica without ice. As such time interval were very short geologically, it could not be perceived by the measurements of dating of sediments of the marine bottoms of the Antarctica that give those fourteen million years.
In fact from the present global heating, we know that is happening a deiceness of the poles, which must solely have happened with the South Pole when Europe and the north of Asia and America was covered by the glaciers, framed in a global heating that confirm the paleoclimatic registries and in which we are verifying that also it had to do, like today, the presence of a world-wide civilization.
So the mechanism of Antikythera and the map of Piri Reis make clear the existence of a prehistoric knowledge that already was in process of extinction in antique Greece, between its deposit takers we can mention Erathostenes, who got to be Director of the ancient Library of Alexandria and measured the size of the terrestrial circumference millenium and half before Cristopher Columbus began to speak of the Earth roundness.
But at the same time that that prehistoric knowledge got lost, it would give birth to the current science, between whose great founders we can mention to Aristotle with his classification of the sciences and to Claudio Ptolomeo with the geocentric system. The new knowledge was adopted naturally by the Catholic Church and later on overcome by Copernicus' and Galilean revolutionary visions.
It has become classic already the topic of the enigmas of the lost civilizations, it has been looked for Atlantis and it has been found around all the world, but it is necessary to repair in that the supposition of the last existence of a such civilization, implies the existence of other so many metropolises, contemporary or later, several of which have been discovered looking for Atlantis.
An argument that has been used for "denying" Plato of the last existence of Atlantis, is that from the theory of the Pangaea there has been no place in the Atlantic Ocean where before has been able to exist another continent. Nevertheless it is left the logical possibility that Atlantis could have been own America, and then would not be incoherence with the Pangaea theory. According to which, all the continents that today we know were united does more than 100 million years ago in a single continental mass, that fragmented with the fall of a meteorite in which today it is the Yucatan Peninsula, causing the birth of the Atlantic Ocean and the later extinction of the dinosaurios.
In such a way that today's continents are the parts of a puzzle that satisfactorily sheathe according to their costs and their orography to reconstruct the Pangaea. For what is not possible that some thousands of years ago it has been able to exist another continent amid the Atlantic. So the Atlantis could only have been the same America.
Ever since began to become aware of which America was a new continent, and not the Oriental Indies as Columbus had supposed it, it was gotten to think that it could be the Atlantis mentioned in Plato's Dialogues, but by the retarded and wild appearance of its native cultures, practitioners of religions of human sacrifices, as well as by not to have found clear evidence of ruins or vestiges of a civilization so developed as the alluded one by Plato, this idea giveave to become to retake until last dates.
The ruins of Atlantis could be consumed by those cultures of human offerings, among other reasons to make their own constructions:
T. C. Overstreet and other investigators of history indicated that enormous and heavy leaves of mica were found by archaeologists in the fifth level of the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan. Later, to 400 meters downwards of the Pyramid of the Sun, it was informed by the Viking Foundation, of another piece of mica that was of considerable size: about 27,5 square meters near the Avenue of Deads. To the astonishment of all the archaeologists, it was identified like a type of mica that is in South America, and no other part. Similar findings of South American mica have been discovered in Olmecas sites.
This generated the question of How this particular type of mica had been transported about 3218,6 kilometers and incorporated to Teotihuacan? How could something so great be transported in a period of the Age of Stone? The answer is that these micas were transported at a previous time, by a technified civilization that disappeared because of the climatic cataclysms of the end of the Pleistocene, and from between his ruins the mesoamericanas cultures took these micas to make his own constructions.
America was flooded by marine waters at the end of the Pleistocene, does about fourteen thousand years. Which is coherent in time and space with the collapse of the legendary Atlantis. According to the chapter of Critias, of the Dialogues of Plato, Sol�n listened the story of Egyptian priests does about 2600 years, and they said to him that had happened more than 9000 years from the collapse.
Speak of an Island greater than Libya and Asia reunited, which means that the term Island did not allude to a small portion of earth, but to a continent that was isolated of the "old world" by means of the Atlantic Ocean, since was "more here" of the Columns of Hercules or Straits of Gibraltar, where finishes the Mediterranean Sea.
On the other hand, the page of the Mendocino Codex that speaks on the theocracy of Tenoch as first form of government of just founded city of Mexico Tenochtltlan, conserves some cultural characteristics of Atlantis: The five pairs of priests replace the five pairs of sons of Cleito and Poseidon; and the small barren island to the interior of the lagoon of An�huac crossed by two water obstacles, clear and a other bloody one, during the foundation of Mexico Tenochtitlan, replaces the small island of Cleito within a lagoon with earth ring and crossed by two water obstacles, one cold and other hot one.
So the founders of Mexico Tenochtitlan conserved the memory, by means of its religious traditions, of the last existence of Atlantis, and they identified the ancestral site of its capital with the place where they founded the new city. After to have made a millenarian peregrination that left from Teotihuacan, city that reached to being surrounded by then the more extensive lake of An�huac (first Aztl�n), this peregrination arrived until the Great Lakes of the present North American state of Utah, to return finally to the lake of An�huac, already reduced to the form in which it appears in the following chapter.
America (= Atlantis) must have flooded momentarily at the beginning of the great cataclysms that marked the end of the Pleistocene, or previous geologic subperiod, because the world-wide climatic imbalance that finished with the defrosting of the glaciation of W�rm in Europe some millennia later. America would practically have been depopulated, but it immediately became to populate by the Asian man through the Straits of Bering.
The tradition n�huatl seems to speak to us from the return to America of the descendants of the survivors of the flood, nevertheless its main leaders returned to go away crossing the Atlantic: (the words in n�huatl are pronounced in the penultimate syllable, ll = long l)
There am here the relation that used to pronounce the old ones:
Izca in tlatolli in quitotiui in uehuetque:
In a certain time that already nobody can count,
in iquin in cani, aocac uel compoa,
which already nobody now it can remember,
in aocac uel conilnamqui,
who came here to seed
in aquique nican quinchaiaoaco
to the grandparents, the grandmothers, these, is said,
in coltin, zitin, aquique, in mitoa
arrived, came, followed the way,
in acique, ecoque, ochpanaco
those that came to sweep it, came to finish it,
in tlatzonilpico, tlatepachoco
came to govern here in this earth,
in nican tlalpan,
that with a single name was mentioned,
in zac ic mocenteneoa
as if this had become a small world.
in iuhquima centetl cemanaoatontli mochiuhticatca.
By the water in his boats they came, in many groups,
Atlan, acaltica, in oallaque, miec tlamanti
and there they arrived at the border of the water, to the coast of the north,
auh uncan atenquizaco, in mictlampa atenco,
and there where they were being left his boats, it is called Panutla,
auh in uncan cacanaco imacal, motocaioti Panutla,
means, through where one goes upon the water,
quitoznequi, panuoaia,
now is said Pantla (P�nuco).
axcan mitoa Pantla.
Immediately they followed the border of the water,
Niman IC atentli quitocatiaque,
were looking for mounts, some the white mounts
quitzitiui in tepetl, oc cenca iehoan in iztac tetepe,
the mounts that smoke . . .
ioan in popocatetepe . . .
In addition they did not go by its own taste,
Auh inin amo zan moiocoia in ui,
that their priests guided them, its God was speaking them.
ca quiniacana in intlamacazcaoan, auh quinotztiui in inteouh.
Later they came, they arrived, to the place that is called Tamoanchan,
Niman ic oallaque, uncan azico, in intocaiocan Tamooanchan,
that it means, "we looked for our house".
quitoznequi, Temooa tocha.
And there they remained some time.
Auh uncan uecaoaque.
And those that were there were the wise people,
Auh inique and uncatca in tlamatinime,
the calls possessors of codices.
In mitoa amoxoaque.
But they did not remain long time, the wise people soon went away,
Auh amo cenca uecaoaque, in tlamatinime niman iaque,
They returned to enter his boats and they took the black and red ink
Oc ceppa macalaquique, auh quitquique in tlilli, in tlapalli,
the codexes and the paintings, all the arts, the music of flutes.
In amoxtli, tlacuilolli, quitquique in ixquich tultecaiotl, tlapitzalli.
When they were going to start off they summoned to which was going to leave, said to them:
Auh in iquac unpeuhque, quinnonotztiaque, quimilhuique:
"Our Gentleman says, Tloque Nahuaque, that is Night and Wind,
Quimitalhuia in Totecuio, Tloque, Naoaque, in iooalli, in ehecatl,
you will have to live here, we have come to seed you here,
nican anmonemitizque, they nican tamechtocauilico,
this earth has given you our Sir, it is your merit and gift.
inin tlalli amechmomaquilia in Totecuio, amomaceoalti, amolhuilti.
Now slowly our Gentleman goes away further on, Tloque Nahuaque.
Oc nachca in motlamachititiuh in Totecuio, Tloque Naoaque.
Now also we go away, because we accompanied him,
Auh in ica oc ietiui, ca tictouiquilitiui, in canin motlamachichitiuh,
Gentleman, Night, Wind, Gentleman ours, Tloque Nahuaque, who goes away,
Tlacatl, iooalli, in ehecatl, in Totecuio, Tloque Naoaque ca mouica,
will have to return, will return to appear, will have visit to you,
ca mocueptzinoa, tel uitz moquixtiquiuh,
when the Earth is for finishing its way,
amechmatiquiuh, in oiziuh tlalli,
when it is already the Earth aim, he will leave to put aim it.
in ie tlalzompa, in ie itlamian, iehoatl tlatzonquixtiquiuh.
You will have here to live, you will keep your gift and favor here,
Auh amechoan annemizque, antlapiazque amolhuil, amonemac,
which is here, which appears here, which is in the Earth,
y in nican onoc, in ixoatoc, auh in tlallan onoc,
which made merit your that one that you have followed.
amechmomaceoaltilia, iehoatl in anquioaltocaque.
And now already we go away, we followed to him, where it goes."
Auh in Inca oc ie toniatiui, tictouiquilitiui, in canin motlamachititiuh.
Immediately went the carriers of the Gods,
Niman ic iaque in teumamaque,
those that took to hills the wrappers,
in quimilli, in tlaquimilolli quitqui,
say that it was speaking their God to them.
quil quinnotzitiuh in inteouh.
And when they went away, they went towards the course of the face of the sun,
Auh inic iaque, ie tonatiuh yixcopa itztiaque,
took red the black red and, the codexes and the paintings,
quitquique in tlilli, tlapalli, amoxtli, in tlacuilolli,
the wisdom, everything took it, the books of songs and flutes.
quitquique in tlamatiliztli, mochi quitquique, cuicaamatl, tlapitzalli.
But four old wise people remained, the one was Oxomoco,
Auh mocauhtiaque ueuetque tlamatinime nauintin ec itoca Oxomoco
the one of another Cipact�nal, the other Tlaltetecuin and Xochicahuaca.
ec itoca Cipactonal, ec itoca Tlaltetecui, ec itoca Xuchicaoaca.
And when the wise people had left, the four old ones were called and reunited and said:
Auh in iquac oiaque y tlamatinime, niman mononotzque, mocentlalique, and in nauintin ueuetque quitoque:
It will shine the Sun, will it dawn?
Tonaz, tlatuiz?
How they will live, how will settle down the macehuales (the people)?
�quen nemiz, quen onoz in maceoalli?
Because he has gone away, because they have taken to the black and red ink
Ca oia, oquitquique in tlilli in tlapalli.
How will exist the macehuales? How it will remain the city?
Auh quet onoz in maceoalli? quen maniz in tlalli, tepetl?
How there will be stability? What is what is going to govern to us?
�quen onoaz? �tle tlatquiz, tle tlamamaz?
What guided to us? What is what it will show us the way?
�tleh tlauicaz? �tle tlaotlatoctiz?
Which will be our norm? Which will be our measurement?
�tle machiotl? �tle octacatl iez?
Which will be the model? From where it will have to start off?
�tle neixcuitilli iez? �tle itech peoaloz?
What will be able to get to be the tea and the light?
�tle ocutl, tle tlauilli mochioaz?
Then they invented the account of the destinies and of the years,
Niman ic quiiocuxque in tonalpoalli, xioamatl, in xippoalli,
the book of the dreams, ordered it like has kept,
in temic amatl, quitecpanque in iuh omopix,
and like the time has been followed that lasted reign of the Toltecas,
auh ic otlaotlatoctiloc in ixquich cauitl omanca Tolteca tlatocaiotl,
of the Tepanecas, the Mexicas and all the chichimecas reigns.
Tepaneca tlatocaiotl, Mexica ioan in ixquich chichimeca tlatocaiotl.
Informants of Sahag�n, Matritense Codex of the Real Academia.1 (the superscripts talk about the listed bibliography in the end).