His father, Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib, belonging to the highly-respected clan of Hashim, died a few months before his son's birth. His loving mother, Amina took care of her son.
575 A.D.__ Prophet Muhammad's mother died in Madina. His caring paternal grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, brought him up in Makkah.
578 A.D.__ Prophet Muhammad's grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, died. He came under the care of his kind-hearted Uncle, Abu Talib.
582 A.D.__ Uncle Abu Talib took his young and dutiful nephew on a trading mission to Syria where, at Bostra, a well known Christian Monk, Bahira, discerned in the young Muhammad the signs of God's prophethood.
595 A.D.__ Well-versed in commerce, Muhammad led a trading mission to Syria on behalf of a noble widow of Makkah, Khadijah. It was very profitable and Khadijah was highly impressed by his honesty, integrity of character and his good manners. They were married; He was 25.
605 A.D.__ Muhammad's honesty became a byword in Makkah and the Makkans honoured him with the title of "Amin" (Trustee or the Trusted One). He showed remarkable tact in amicably settling a tribal row over the installation of the celestial Black Stone in the renovated holy Kaaba in Makkah.
610 A.D.__ In the Cave of Hira near Makkah, where Prophet Muhammad often went for meditation, the Angel Gabriel visited him and told him that he was chosen to be God's Prophet and he conveyed to him the word of God. Thus began his Prophetic Mission and the revelation of the Holy Quran unto him.
613 A.D.__ In a sermon at Mount Safa, Prophet Muhammad publicly preached the Word of God, urged the Makkans to give up the worship of idols, to join the fold of Islam and to worship the one and only God. This alarmed Makkah's pagan rulers and they started persecuting Prophet Muhammad and his Muslim followers.
615 A.D.__ Due to persecution, Prophet Muhammad gave permission to a group of muslims in Makkah to emigrate to Christian-ruled Abyssinia where the noble Negus gave them asylum. In desperation, Makkah's pagan rulers issued an edict imposing social and economic boycott of the Prophet.
620 A.D.__The death of his dear Uncle Abu Talib and of his beloved wife, khadijah, in the same year was a double tragedy for the Prophet.
621 A.D.__ The Prophet's journey to the Heavens (Mairaj or Ancension) gave him fresh inspiration and the courage of heart to continue the Prophetic Mission in the service of God and Islam.
622 A.D.__ With divine consent, Prophet Muhammad, along with a band of his Muslim followers, emigrated to Madina on the invitation of its wise elders who acknowledged him as the Prophet of God. He built a Mosque in Madina. This was also the beginning of the Islamic Hijra Calendar. The first Islamic State was established by him in Madina.
623 A.D.__ Muslims were instructed by the Prophet to turn towards the Kaaba in Makkah during their Prayer instead of Jerusalem (Baitul Moqadas) as was the practice heretofore. The Prophet gave the Covenant of Madina to govern the relations between the Islamic State and its inhabitants, between the State and its non-Muslim citizens and the rights and duties of the citizens and the State.
624 A.D.__ The Battle of Badr in which the Prophet of Islam and his Muslim followers defeated the enemy forces from pagan Makkah.
625 A.D.__ The Battle of Uhud in which the Makkan troops inflicted some losses on Madina's Muslim defenders who fought back bravely and forced the enemy to retreat to Makkah.
627 A.D.__ The Battle of the Trenches, in which a line of trenches, dug by Madina's Muslim defenders under the Prophet's leadership, forced a large enemy force from Makkah to retreat.
628 A.D.__ Prophet Muhammad signed the Peace Treaty of Hudaibya with Makkah's emissaries under which Muslims were, inter alia, alowed to go to the Kaaba for the annual pilgrimage in restricted numbers. Muslims won the battle of Khaybar in the same year. Prophet Muhammad wrote to the heads of many States to enter the fold of Islam.
630 A.D.__ Conquest of pagan-ruled Makkah by the Army of Islam under Prophet Muhammad's command; amnesty and magnanimity to the defeated Makkans; smashing of the 360 idols in the Kaaba by the Prophet and his companions. Triumph of Islam: Military encounters at Mutah, Hunain, Taif and Tabuk in defence of Islam and the Islamic State of Madina.
631 A.D.__ First large Muslim group from Madina went to Makkah for Haj pilgrimage at the Kaaba.
632 A.D.__ Prophet Muhammad's last Haj pilgrimage at the Kaaba and his historic sermon on Mount Arafat on the outskirts of Makkah.
June, 632 A.D. __The passing of Prophet Muhammad at the age of 63; burial in Madina; the commencement of the Caliphate of his close companion, Abu Bakr as the spiritual and temporal head of the Islamic State.
Madinah has 95 names, including Taibah, Tabah, Qubbat Al-Islam, Al-Mu'mina, Al-Mubarakah, Dar Al-Abrar, Dar Al-Sunnah, Dar Al-Akhyar, Dar Al-Fateh, Dhat Al-Hirar, Dhat Al-Nakhi, Al-Barrah and Al-Jaberah.
Madinah is the city of the Prophet, and also his burial place. It was the first Islamic city to support the Prophet (peace be upon him), and it joined him in fighting decisive battles which were instrumental in the victory of Islam and its subsequent spread.
This is the city of the Ansar, or "Supporters' and their brothers the Muhajireen, or "Emigrants", who together formed the first Islamic army which entered Makkah in triumph eight years after the Prophet's Hijrah, or Migration. It was a city which loved the Prophet, and which he in turn loved. On its soil he built his sacred mosque, and it was here that he was buried.
Madinah was also the city of the Orthodox Caliphs of Islam, who shouldered the responsibility of Jihad, or holy struggle, fighting against renegades and propagating Islam in the countries surrounding the Arabian peninsula.
It was the seat of the first Islamic state, and witnessed the Prophet's companions administering the affairs of the Moslem community, compiling the Holy Quran, and dispatching armies to Persia, Syria and Egypt.
It is now the city of the Second Holy Mosque, and the Monarch, government and people of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia take pride in serving and developing it in keeping with its distinguished status in Islamic history.
LOCATION AND AREA:
Madinah is located in the north-western part of the Kingdom, to the east of the Red Sea, which lies only 250 km (155 miles) away from it. It is surrounded by a number of mountains: Al-Hujai, or Pilgrims' Mountain to the West, Sala' to the north-west, Al-E'er, or Caravan Mountain to the south and Ohud to the north.
Madinah is situated on a flat mountain plateau at the junction of the three valleys of Al-Agl, Al-Aqiq, and Al-Himdh. For this reason, there are large green areas amidst a dry mountainous region.
The city is 620 meters (2,046 ft.) above sea level. Its western and south-western parts have many volcanic rocks.
Madinah lies at the meeting -point of longitude 39 and 36 degree east and latitude 24 to 28 north. It covers and area of about 50 square kilometres (19 square miles). Madinah is very hot in summer, but its weather is moderate in autumn and spring and mild in winter.
