Tucker Muse

Period 2

May 16, 2004

Chapter 32 and 33 Outline

I. The Changing Political Climate

The Great Liberation
•. Postwar decants brought a major turning point in world history when the colonial empires built by western powers during the Age of Imperialism crumbled.
•. Resistance to colonial rule had begun long before. By the 1900s, nationalist movements had taken root in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
•. Altogether, nearly 100 new countries emerged during the “great liberation.”
The Cold War Goes Global
•. To avoid superpower rivalry, many new nations chose to remain nonaligned, or not allied to either side in the Cold War.
•. In Africa, Latin America, and Asia, local conflicts took on a Cold War dimension.
•. The Cold War ended suddenly in 1990 when the Soviet Union collapsed.
New Nations Seek Stability
•. While new nations had high hopes for the future, they faced immense problems; especially Africa and Nigeria where there were few ties to unite them.
•. As problems multiplied, the military leaders often took over. Many times, these were the same people who had led the fight for liberation.
•. In Africa, Asia, and Latin America, nations that had been ruled by dictators or by a single party held mutiparty elections.
The Shrinking Globe
•.Transportation and communications systems have made the world increasingly interdependent (the dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world.)
•. The United Nations was set up as a forum for settling diputes.
•. Many nations formed regional groups to promote trade or trading blocs have emerged. The GATT tried to establish fair trade policies for all nations. The IMF tried to make loans to developing nations.
Enduring Issues
•. During the Cold War, efforts to curb the arms race had only limited success.
•. Despite the end of the Cold War, military spending in many countries has continued to grow.
•. In 1948, UN members approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

II. Global Economic Trends

The Global North and South: Two Worlds of Development
•. The Cold War created an ideological split between the communist East and the capitalist West.
•. The global north refers the the industrial nations and the global South refers to the developing nations.
•. The imbalance of rich and poor created resentment and led to the migration of people from poor regions to wealthier countries.
Economic Interdependence
•. Huge multinational corporations, enterprises with branches in many countries, have invested in the developing world.
•. In an interdependent world, events in one country or region can affect people everywhere. When the Middle East halted oil exports and then raises oil prices, the world went into a crisis.
•. In return, debtor nations had to agree to adopt free-market policies. Many turned from socialism to privatization, selling off stateowned industries to private investors.
Obstacles to Development
•. While some developing nations have made progress toward modernization, others have not.
•. Reasons the countries have failed to achieve their economic golas is (1) geography, (2) population and poverty, (3) economic dependence, (4) economic policies, (5) political instability.
•. Difficult climates, uncertain rainfall, lack of good farmland, and disease have added to the poblems of some nations.
Economic Development and the Environment
•. For both rich and poor nations, economic development has been achieved at great cost to natural environment. Modern industry and agriculture have gobbled up natural resources and polluted the world’s water, air, and soil.
•. Gases from power plants and factories produced acid rain, a form of pollutions in which toxic chemicals in the air come back to the Earth as rain, snow, or hail.
•. Major accidents focused attention on threats to the environment. In response to disaster, technicians have developed measures to increase safety.

III. Changing Patterns of Life

The Village: Continuity and Change
• The village is close-set houses made of stones, clay bricks, or sticks plastered over with mud, roofed with thatch, palm leaves, tile, or tin.  It is hard-packed earthen paths crossed by bare feet, sandals, or perhaps a bicycle or two.
• It is water from a village well, vegetables from a back garden, chickens or goats in the yard.
• It is dust, heat, and insects.  It is also families, neighbors, and an enduring way of life.
Old Ways and New
• In the western world, industrialization and urbanization began more than 200 years ago during the Industrial Revolution.
• Since 1945, the rest of the world has experienced similar upheavals.
• People in the developing world have flocked to the cities to find jobs and escape rural poverty.
New Rights and Role for Women
• After 1945, women’s movements brought changes to both the western and developing worlds.
• The UN Charter included a commitment to work for “equal rights for men and women.”
• By 1950, women had won the right to vote in most European nations, as well as in Japan, China, Brazil, and other nations.
Science and Technology
• Since 1945, technology has transformed human life and thought.
• Instant communication via satellites has shrunk the globe.
• New forms of energy, especially nuclear power, have been added to the steam power, electricity, and gasoline energy of the first industrial age.
A New International Culture
• The driving force behind this new global culture had been the United States.
• Since World War II, American fads, fashions, music, and entertainment have captured the world’s imagination.
• American movies and television programs play to audiences in Moscow, Beijing, Buenos Aires, and Cairo.
Looking Ahead
• Many current trends and issues emerged long before 1945 and will continue beyond 2000.
• At the same time, new issues and conflicts will almost certainly take shape in the new millennium, or thousand-year period, that begins after the year 2000.
• The next five chapters trace how the trends discussed in this chapter have affected different regions.
 
Chapter 33

I. The Western World: An Overview

The Cold War in Europe
• For more than 40 years, the Cold War divided Europe into two hostile military alliances.
• The communist nations of Eastern Europe, dominated by the Soviet Union, formed the Warsaw Pact.
• The western democracies, led by the United States, formed NATO.
Recovery and Growth in Western Europe
• A major goal of leftist parties was to extend the welfare state.
• Under this system, a government keeps most features of a capitalist economy but takes greater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people.
• The welfare state had its roots in the late 1800s, when governments passed reforms to ease the hardships of the industrial age.
Toward European Unity
• In 1957, the same six nations signed a treaty to form the European Community, or Common Market to expand free trade.
• Over the next decades, the Common Market gradually ended tariffs on goods and allowed labor and capital to move freely across national borders.
• It set up the European Parliament, a multinational body elected by citizens of the Common Market countries.
Social Trends
• The pace of social change speeded up after 1945.  Class lines blurred as prosperity spread.
• For most of western history, a tiny wealthy class had dominated the majority of the people.
• By the 1950s, more and more people in the West belonged to the middle class.

II. The Western European Democracies

Britain: Government and the Economy
• World War II left Britain physically battered and economically drained.
• In 1945, voters put the Labour party in power.
• The war had helped change old attitudes toward the working class.
France: Revival and Prosperity
• Like Britain, France was greatly weakened by World War II.
• The Fourth French Republic, set up in 1946, did little to renew confidence.
• Ineffective cabinets drew criticism from both communists and conservatives.
Germany: Reunited at Last
• As the Cold War began, the United States rushed aid to its former enemy.
• It wanted to strengthen West Germany against the communist tide sweeping Eastern Europe.
• From 1949 to 1963, West Germany was guided by a strong-minded chancellor, Konrad Adenauer.
Other Democratic Nations of the West
• Postwar Italy was economically divided. In the north, industries rebuilt and prosepered, in the south, the laregely peasant population remained much pooer.
• Chaing came more slowly to three other countries of couthern Europe: Spain, Portugal, and Greece.
• The Italiam Communist party was strong, although it never won enough votes to become a majority. Corruption and finacial scandals shook the major political parties.

III. North American Prosperity

The United States and the Cold War
• In 1945, the US was the world’s greatest military power and the only country with the atomic bomb.
• Yet it felt threatened by communist expansion, especially after the Soviet Union developed its own atomic bomb.
• For this and other reasons, the US gave up its tradition of avoiding foreign alliances.
Economy and the Role of Government
• Unlike Europe, the US emerged from World War II with its cities and industries undamaged.
• In 1945, its produced 50 percent of the world’s manufactured goods.
• Factories soon shifted from tanks and bombers to peacetime production.
The Civil Rights Movement
• Although African Americans had won freedom nearly a century before, many states, especially in the Sough, denied them equality.
• Segregation was legal in education and housing.
• African Americans also faced discrimination in jobs and voting.
The United States and the Global Economy
• In the postwar decades, the US profited greatly from the growing global economy.
• But interdependence also brought problems.
• In the 1970s, OPEC price hikes fed inflation and shower how much Americans relied on imported oil.
Postwar Canada
• Like the US, Canada was a nation shaped by immigrants.
• After gaining independence, it charted its own course but still maintained links with Britain through the Commonwealth of Nations.
• Canada ranked among the major democratic, industrial power.

IV. The Soviet Union: Rise and Fall of a Superpower

Stalin’s Successors
• Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the new Soviet leader and shocked top Communist party emebers when he publicly denouced Stalin’s abuse of power.
• Leonid Brezhnev took over the Soviet Union and was very harsh. He even locked people up in insane asylums if they dissagreed w/ him.
• Dissidents are people who spoke out against the government.
The Soviet Economy
• In 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.
• The state-run economy could produce impressive results when it poured resources intomajor projects such as weapons or space race.
• Instead of supply and demand, Russia had a policy where the bureaucracy decided what to produce, how much, and for whom. This led to low output and inefficiencies in the economy.
Foreign Policy Issues
• The Soviet Union supplied nations emerging from colonial rule with military and economic aid.
• The Soviet backed up North Korea and North Vietnam during their wars and battled against American troops.
• The building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missle Crisis increased Cold War tensions.
Collapse of the Soviet Empire
• Gorbachev wanted people to be more glasnost with the countries problems.
• He also wanted to reconstruct the government and the economy or perestroika. Corrupt officials were dismissed and supply and demand waged what was to be sold.
• Because of such sudden reforms, the economy went into chaos. There were shortages in everything and factories closed because of no government help.
The Russian Republic
• Russia took over the Soviet Union because they were the largest republic in size and population.
• The entire Soviet Union broke up into one big Russia and many small countries.
• Russia still remained a world power through all of the turmoil and held their large military and nuclear weapons.
The Other Republics
• The other countries derived from the broken up Soviet Union had many border disputes.
• The republics of Ukraine, Kazakhastan, and Belarus gave up the neclear weapons left on their soil in return for trading privileges or investments from the West.
• New nations endured hard times as they switched to market economies and there wereshortages all the time.

V. A New Era in Eastern Europe

In the Soviet Orbit
• Backed by Soviet power, local Communist parties from Hungary to Bulgaria destroyed rival parties, silenced critics, censored the press and cmpigned against religion.
• Imre Nagy, a communist reformer and strong nationalist gained power in Hungary. He ended one-party rule, ejected Soviet troops, and withdrew from the Warsaw Pact.
• Jospi Tito, a guerilla leader, set up a communist government in Yugoslavia, but pursued a path independent of Moscow by not joining the Warsaw Pact and being nuetral in the Cold War.
Poland’s Struggle Toward Democracy
• Poland was dissatisfied with communism and could only get reforms out of their government in 1956 with strikes and riots.
• Lech Walesa organized an independent trade union called Solidarity. It was made up of 10 millino members who pressed for political change.
• Once Gorbachev declared he would not interfere with Eastern Europe in 1980, Poland immediately legalized Solidarity and sponsored free elections.Lech Walesa was elected president.
Revolution and Freedom
• Eastern European nations set out to build stable governments and free- market economies.
• These nations wanted aid from the West and wanted to join NATO. Russia didn like like this idea because then NATO would be inside their sphere of influence.
• Centuries of migration and conquest left most Eastern European countires with ethnically diverse populations.
War comes to Sarajevo
• Sarajevo, part of Yugolsavia, had three main ethnic groups: Croats, Serbs, and Muslims.
• Bsonian Serbs got money and arms from nearby Serbia and conquered more and more of Bosnia, neighbors and friends turned against one another.
• The Serbs practiced ethnic cleansing by removing other ethnic groups from the areas they controlled. Thousands of Bosnians were starving, killed, and/or brutalized.
Looking Ahead
• In Dayton, Ohio, the United States hammered out a serioes of agreements, called the Kayton Accords.
• This was the best plan for making the Muslims, Serbs, and Croats get along.
• Bosnia became a test case for western powers in the post-Cold War world. The United Naionts tried and railed to restore peace when Yugoslavia was in civil war.