Tucker Muse
December 10, 2003
Period 2

                                                        Chapter 21 Outline

I. An Age of Ideologies

A. Preserving the Old Order
1. The Congress of Vienna was a clear victory for conservative forces because they were supposed to be for natural rights and a constitutional government.
2. Conservatives talked about natural rights and constitutional government could lead only to chaos
3. The conservatives in 1815 had very different goals from conservative in the United States today. Conservatives believed that talk about natural rights and constitutional government could lead only to chaos

B. The Liberal Challenge
1. The liberals of the early 1800s say the role of government as limited to protecting basic rights such as freedom of thought, speech, and religion.
2. Universal manhood suffrage, giving all adult men the right o vote
3. Challenging the conservatives at every turn were the liberals

C. Nationalist Stirrings
1. Autonomy or self-rule within the Ottoman empire
2. Unifying and gaining independence for people with a common national heritage became a major goal of nationalist in the 1800s
3. Another challenge to Metternichs conservative order came from nationalists

D. Challenges to the Old Order
1. Troops dampened the fires of liberalism and nationalism in western and southern areas of Europe
2. Metternich urged conservative rulers to crush the uprisings
3. Several other challenges to the Vienna settlement erupted in the 1820s 

II. To the Barricades

A. Europe’s age of revolutions.
1. With the King gone, radicals wanted to set up a republic
2. The ultras face bitter opposition from other factors.
3. When the congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne, he prudently issued a constitution, the charter of French Liberties

B. The French Revolution of 1848
1. As the turmoil spread, Louis Philippe abdicated
2. Toward the end of the decade, an economic slump shut down factories
3. In the 1840s discontent grew.

C. “Europe Catches Cold”
1. Nationalists in Poland also staged an uprising in 1830
2. The Belgians resented the new arrangement with the Dutch.
3. In both 1830 and 1848, the revolts in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere in Europe

D. The springtime of the Peoples
1. Revolution quickly spread to other parts of the empire
2. Revolution in France was the spark that touched off the revolts
3. In 1848, revolts in Paris again unleashed a tidal wave of revolution across Europe

E. Looking Ahead
1. Ambitious political leaders would unify Germany and Italy
2. By mid - century, metternich was gone from the European scene
3. By 1850, the flickering light of rebellion faded, ending the age of liberal revolutions

III. Latin America wars of Independence

A. Climate of Discontent
1. The spark that finally ignited widespread revolt in Latin America was Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808
2. In the 1700s educated carols read the works of enlightenment thinkers
3. By the late 1700s the revolutionary fever that gripped Western Europe had spread to Latin America

B. Haiti’s Struggle
1. In the 1790s revolutionaries in France were debating ways to abolish slavery in the West Indies
2. In Haiti, French planters owned great sugar plantations worked by nearly a half million enslaved Africans
3. Even before Spanish colonists hoisted the flag of freedom, revolution had erupted else where in Latin America

C. Toussaint L’Ouverture 
1. Shortly after, a trusted French friend lured Toussaint to his house, where he betrayed him
2. In France, meantime, Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power
3. Toussaint learned to speak both French and The African Language of his ancestors

D. A Call to Freedom in Mexico
1. Poor Mexicans failed to Father Hidalgo
2. Father Hidalgo presided over the poor rural parish of Dolores
3. The slave revolt in Haiti frightened Creoles in Spanish America

E. New republics in Central America
1. After his overthrow, local leaders set up a republic called the United Province of Central America
2. The union was short lived
3. Spanish ruled lands in Central America declared independence in the early 1820s

F. Revolutions in South America
1. In the early 1800s widespread discontent began to surface among other South Americans
2. The strongest challenged by native Americans was led by Tupac Amaru
3. In South America, Native Americans had rebelled against Spanish rele as early as the 1700s

G. Independence for Brazil
1. No revolution or military campaigns were needed to win independence
2. Father Hidalgo presided over the poor rural parish of Dolores
3. The slave revolt in Haiti frightened Creoles in Spanish America