Tucker Muse

 

Period 2

 

27 October 2003

 

World History

 

Chapter 18 outline

 

1. Philosophy in the age of reason

 

A world of Progress and reason

1. In the 1700’s scientist expanded European knowledge

2. The enlightenment grew out of the scientific revolution

3. Scientist successes created great confidence in the power of reason.

 

Two Views of the Social Contract
1. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment
2. Thomas Hobbes set forth his ideas in a work titled Leviathan
3. John Locke sait that they had natural rights, or rights that belonged to all humans from birth

Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws
1. In the 1700s, France saw a flowering of Enlightenment thought
2. In 1748, Montasquieu published The Spirit of the Laws
3. He felt that each branch of government could serve as a cheek to the other two

The World of the Philosophers
1. Thinkers were called philosophers, which means “lovers of wisdom”
2. The most famous philosopher was Francois-Marie Arouet
3. Denis Diderot labored some 25 years to produce a 28-volume Encyclopedia

Rousseau: A Controversial Figure
1. He was the most conversial philosopher
2. He believed that people in their natural state were good
3. He put his faith in general will

Limited “Natural Rights” for Women
1. The term “free and equal” did not apply to women
2. By the mid-1700s, there was a few women who wanted to protest this view
3. Wall stone craft was the best known of the British female critics

New Economic Thinking
1. Physiocrats focused on economic reforms
2. The policy of laissez faire allowed business to operate with little of no government interference
3. A free market was the natural forces of supply and demand

2. Enlightenment Ideas Spread

The Challenge of New Ideas
1. The idea of Enlightenment spread quickly through many levels of society
2. People began to challenge the old ways
3. The government and the church felt that they had to protect the old order

Salons
1. Salons were informal gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas
2. The salons originated in the 1600s
3. Some middle-class women began holding salons

The Salon in the Rue Saint Honoré
1. She led women to protest against this freedom
2. By 1750, she was leading a salon
3. Sometimes the people in these salons were not very educated

Enlightened Despots
1. The discussions of the Enlightenments enlivened the courts of Europe
2. Frederick II excreted tight control over his subject
3. The most radical despot was Joseph II

The Arts and Literature
1. In the age of Louis XIV, courtly art and architecture were in a classical style, or Greek and Roman
2. Middle-class audiences emerged with its own requirements
3. New kinds of entertainment evolved in the baroque

Lives of the Majority
1. Peasant life varied across Europe
2. Despite some important advances, serfdom was still present in some of the parts of Western Europe
3. In the 1700s, radical ideas about equality and social justice seeped into peasant villages

3. Britain at Mid-Century

Global Expansion
1. England’s location was well placed to control trade during the Renaissance
2. Britain was generally on the winning side of European conflicts
3. England grew by merging with neighboring Scotland. In 1707, the Act of Union united the two countries

Growth of Constitutional Government
1. The constitutional government was a government whose power is defined as limited by law
2. There were two parties that emerged in England, Tories and Whigs
3. The prime minister was the leader of the majority party in Parliament

Politics and Society
1. Land owning aristocrats were considered the natural ruling class
2. The lives of most people contrasted greatly with the lives of the ruling elite
3. The small and growing middle class consisted of merchants and manufacturers

George III Reasserts Royal Power
1. In 1760, George III embarked on a 60-year reign
2. Gradually he found seats in Parliament
3. Britain’s loss of its America colonies discredited the king

4. Birth of the American Republic

The 13 English Colonies
1. There was a string of 13 prosperous colonies that were across the eastern border of North America
2. These colonial cities linked North America, the West Indies, Africa, and Europe
3. By the mid-century, the colonies were home to many diverse religions and ethnic groups

Growing Discontent
1. Relations between Britain and the Colonies became strained
2. British forces opened fire on a group of people who were throwing snowballs and rocks at them
3. In April 1775, the crisis turned into war

The American Revolution
1. Because the Americans were fighting on their own territory, they had an advantage
2. The Americans gained an alliance with the French
3. They won and the Treaty of Paris was signed by both sides

A New Constitution
1. A national government was set up by a document that Americans called the Articles of Confederation
2. In 1789, the Constitution became a law
3. The Constitution of the United States created the most liberal government of its day