Tucker Muse
Period 2
Chapter 14 and 18 study Guide
Ch 14
annul- This means to cancel. Henry VIII asked the pope to do this because
Church law does nor permit divorce.
gravity- The single force that keeps the planets in their orbit. This was
discovered by
Patron- A patron is a financial supporter. Lorenzo was a clever politician who
was a generous patron.
Perspective- The artist’s technique used to give drawings three-dimensional
effect. The Renaissance artists learned this rule.
Theocracy- A government lead by the church leaders. This government was set up
by Calvin.
John Calvin- He was the most important reformer to follow Martin Luther. He had
a logical, razor-sharp mind.
Henry VIII- He was the king of
Leonardo de Vinci- He is an outstanding painter and sculpture. He had a genius
for invention.
Lorenzo de' Medici- He represented the Renaissance ideal. Under Lorenzo, poets
and philosophers often visited the
Niccolo Machiavelli- He wrote the Prince. This told kings how to run their
empire.
Heliocentric- This said that the sun was the center of the universe. This was
said but Galileo.
Humanism- Intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that
focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. It was based on
the classical cultures.
Indulgence- This was a pardon for sins. This caused many problems because only
rich people could bye there way into heaven.
Predestination- The idea that God determined who would gain salvation. This is
what John Calvin taught.
Recant- To give up ones views or believes. This is what the Church tried to
persuade Luther to do.
Copernicus- He proposed a heliocentric. This contradicted both the Church and
the teachings of Ptolemy.
Durer- Went to
Luther- He began the reformation. He attacked indulgences.
Newton- He created the three laws of motion. He did this after an apple fell on
his head
Petriarch- Highest church official in a major city. These were the people that
were selling indulgences.
Renaissance focus- It was a time of creativity and change. It changed
political, social, economic, and social aspects of
Printing of reformation- This was invented by Johan Gutenberg. This spread
ideas about religion and made people literate.
Results of Reformation- Stopped the church from selling indulgences. This made
Causes of Renaissance- To restore the liberal arts that was almost extinct.
These arts are grammar, poetry, rhetoric, painting, sculpture, architect, and
music.
Ch18
Hobbes- People are driven by selfishness and greed. To avoid chaos, they give
up their freedom.
Locke- Natural right to life, liberty, and property. He influenced the
declaration of independence.
Joseph II- The most radical enlightened despot. He tried to travel in disguise
to learn the problems of his subject.
Positional govt. - A government whose power is defined and limited by law. This
was what the U.S. Government became.
Enlightened despot- Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about
political and social change. Monarchs accepted enlightenment ideas.
Natural laws- These are rules that govern human nature. Scientific successes
created great confidence in this.
Natural rights- Rights that belonged to all humans. This was inspired by John
Locke.
Physical- They focused on economic reforms. They looked for natural laws to
define a rational economic system.
Bach- He was a German Lutheran. He wrote complex and religious works.
Diderot- Labored 25 years to make a encyclopedia. He wanted to change the way
of general thinking.
Tom Paine- He is a recent immigrant from
Rousseau- People are basically good. They are just corrupted by society.
Robert Walpole- Prime minister of
baroque- Ornate style of art and architecture. These paintings were huge,
colorful, and full of excitement.
free market- The natural forces of supply and demand. They should be allowed to
operate and regulate business.
laissez faire- This allowed businesses to operate with little or no government
interruption. Physicals rejected merchants.
salon- They were informal social gatherings. This was a place were others
exchanged ideas.
social contract- An agreement by which they gave up the state of nature for an
organized society. Hobbes entered people into this to escape a “brutish” life.