Tucker Muse
Period 3
World History
Chapter 20, 21, 22 Study Guide
enclosure- enclosure is the process of taking over and fencing off land
formerly shared by peasant farmers. This was pushed ahead by rich landowners.
factories (How they worked)- Factories didn’t work
because these places would bring workers and machines to produce large
quantities of goods. This is how the peasant farmers had to earn money after
the industrial revolution.
turnpike- Thhese were
privately buile roads that charged a fee to travelers
who used them. They did this to make movement faster and to make more money.
urbanization- This was a movement of people to cities.
This was sue to the changes in farming, and soaring
population growth.
utalitarianism- This is the idea that the goal of society should be “the
greatest happiness for the greatest number.” This was proposed by Jeremy Bentham.
socialism- This is when people as a whole rather than
private individuals would own and poerate the “means
of production.” These were the farms, factories, railways, and other large buisnesses that produce and distributed goods.
communism- This is a form of socialism that sees class
struggle between employers and employees as inevitable. The creator of this
system was Karl Marx.
proletariot- The proletariot was the working
class. Marx classified them as the “have-nots.”
Michael Faraday- British physicist and chemist who discovered
electromagnetic induction (1831) and proposed the field theory later developed
by Maxwell and Einstein.
John Wesley- British religious leader who founded Methodism
(1738). His brother Charles (1707-1788) wrote thousands of hymns,
including “Hark, the Herald Angels Sing.” He lived from 1703-1791
Karl Marx- German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and
support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist
Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These
works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of
contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have
had a profound influence on the social sciences.
Thomas Malthus- an English economist who argued that
increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence He
lived from 1766-1834
John Stuart Mill- British philosopher and economist known especially for his
interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism. His many works include A
System of Logic (1843), Principles of Political Economy (1848), and The
Subjection of Women (1869).
James Watt- British engineer and inventor who made fundamental improvements in
the steam engine, resulting in the modern high-pressure steam engine (patented
1769). He lived from 1763-1819.
Abraham Darby- His family were the leaders in
developing
David Ricardo- British economist whose major work, Principles
of Political Economy and Taxation (1817), supported the laws of supply and
demand in a free market. He lived from 1772-1823.
Jeremy Bentham- British writer,
reformer, and philosopher whose systematic analysis of law and legislation laid
the foundations of utilitarianism. He lived from 1748-1832.
Robert Owen- Welsh-born British manufacturer and social reformer who attempted
to establish a cooperative community at
Importance of coal to Industrialization- It powered just about everything from
factories to transportation. Inventors improved steam engines to use coal more
effectively as energy.
Agricultural Revolution- This made the industrial revolution possible in part
by a change in the farm fields of
textile industry – The new changes in this industry
made it much more efficient and faster way of producing cloth textiles.
Factories stored new machines to spin, weave, and sew cotton together to pro
duce clothes.
laissez faire economics (Adam Smith) – know as the
prophet of laissez-faire economics. He believed that a free market and would
help everyone and not just the rich. This free market he said could produce
items for less value and makes them more affordable to everyone.
Ch. 21
ideology – this was a system of thoughts and beliefs that would slowly spread
through the world
universal manhood suffrage – this gave all men the freedom to vote; liberals
put their support behind these ideas in the late 1800s
autonomy – self-rule The Serbs acquired it from the Turks through bloody
defeats but the came out victorious in their own eyes
el Grito de Dolores – Hidalgo presided over the poor
rural parish of Dolores, el Grito was the father’s
speech on independence and liberty inspired many people
February Days – in February 1848 angry crowds took to the streets when the
government tried to silence the critics and stop public meeting; the people
became so out of control that Louis Philippe abdicated his position
Frankfurt Assembly – Germany’s state delegates met in the Frankfurt Assembly to
debate topics including to make new Germany a republic or a monarchy
Simon Bolivar- South American revolutionary leader who defeated the Spanish in
1819, was made president of Greater Colombia (now Colombia, Panama, Venezuela,
and Ecuador), and helped liberate (1823-1834) Peru and Bolivia. He lived from
1783-1830.
Miguel Hidalgo – Miguel was a creole priest in
Mexico, he made a call for an end to slavery and reform of to improve
conditions for Native Americans
Louis Kossuth – he led the nationalists for an
independent government; they also wanted an end to serfdom and a written
constitution to protect basic rights
Tupac Amaru - he demanded
that the government end the brutal system of forced Indian labor; he organized
a revolt in the 1780s, the forced labor was eventually abolished by a Spanish
king
Louis XVIII – he was the French king who inherited the thrown from his father
John Stuart Mill – he was an influential English liberal, and a notable
exception who urged equal rights for women
Toussaint L' Ouverture – he
was born to slavery and made his way up the ladder, he spoke French and
African; he freed the enslaved Haitians
Louis Napoleon – he used his power in office as president to gain more power
and become emperor in 1852, calling himself Napoleon III; he ruled at a time of
rapid economic growth
Louis Philippe – he was called the “citizen king” because he owed his throne to
the people; under Louis politicians and professionals filled his
government
Clemens Von Metternich – the ideas of the French
revolution threatened the prince’s European monarchy
Pedro – in 1822 he became emperor of an independent Brazil, he accepted a
constitution that provided for freedom of the press and religion as well as an
elected legislature
Revolts in Austrian empire – Austrian troops ousted the new governments in
northern Italy.
goals of nationalists- nationalists goals were linked to demands for liberal
reforms such as constitutional government
conservative ideology in Europe- the clash of people with opposing ideologies
plunged Europe into a period of turmoil that
Ch. 22
interchangeable parts – identical components that could be used in place of one
another; interchangeable parts simplified both assembly and repair
assembly line – a new method of production; workers add parts to a product that
moves along a belt from one work station to the next
corporation – businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of
stock; stock holders risk only the amount they invest in the company and cannot
be held personally responsible for any dept
cartel – an association to fix prices and set product quotas; a single cartel
fixed prices for 170 coal mines
women's suffrage – women got the right to vote; women had few rights until this
event in the late 1800s
racism – when a group of people from one race does not like another group of a
different race
social gospel – a movement that urged Christianity to social service; they
campaigned for reforms in housing, health care, and education
romanticism – an exaggerated feature on a painting used from 1750 to 1850;
using new verse forms, bold colors or the swelling sound of the orchestra,
sought to excite strong emotions
realism – it was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without the
sentiment associated with romanticism
impressionism – a movement that took root in Paris; a school of painting of the
late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to capture fleeting visual impressions
Social Darwinism – some people used Darwin’s ideas to further there own, those
ideas became known as Social Darwinism, applying the idea of survival of the
fittest to war and economic competition
Darwin- Charles Darwin was a college drop out who went on an exploration to the
Galapagos Islands where he discovered the evolution of species; this went
against Christian beliefs and was argued by many people
Joseph Lister – he was an English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics
prevented infection; he insisted surgeons wash their hands before operating and
sterilize their instrument
factory life ( How it changed the lives of workers) – factory life helped food
amounts grow, but more people worked in factories where they got black lung and
other sick effects of the coal mines
