1.1 
1.2 
1.3 

Aims 
Scope and contents 
A note on sources 
  
 

2.1 
2.2 
2.3 
2.4 
2.5 
2.6 
2.7 

Introduction 
Pressure differences generated by the wind 
Pressure differences generated by temperature  
Mechanical ventilation  
Ventilation due to wind, temperature and mechanical fans  
Openings in buildings  
Summary 
References 
  
 

3.1 
3.2 
3.3 
3.4 
3.5 
3.6 
3.7 
3.8 
3.9 
3.10 

Introduction 
Basic results from fluid mechanics 
Steady flow through narrow openings 
Steady flow through sharp-edged openings 
Steady flow through porous media 
External flow conditions in practice 
Steady flow assumptions 
Steady flow characteristics of ventilation openings 
Unsteady flow characteristics of ventilation openings 
Summary 
References 
  
 

4.1 
4.2 
4.3 
4.4 
4.5 
4.6 
4.7 
4.8 
4.9 
4.10 
4.11 
4.12 
4.13 
4.14 

Introduction 
Effect of mean wind speed and direction 
Effect of wind turbulence 
Effect of buoyancy alone and with wind 
Distribution of openings 
Geometry of openings and flow equation 
Mechanical fans and systems 
Flues and chimneys 
Purely empirical models 
Models for leakage 
Models of large openings 
Parametric studies and graphical methods 
Validation of models 
Summary 
  
 

5.1 
5.2 
5.3 
5.4 
5.5 
5.6 
5.7 
5.8 
5.9 

Continuum hypothesis 
Statement of the problem 
Equation of conservation of mass 
Fick's law of diffusion and molecular diffusion 
Transport with air in motion 
Turbulence 
Expression for turbulent transport 
One-dimensional dispersion 
Summary 
References 
  
 

6.1 
6.2 
6.3 
6.4 
6.5 
6.6 
6.7 
6.8 
6.9 
6.10 
6.11 
6.12 
6.13 

Introduction 
The general system with several intakes and extracts 
The turnover time 
The concept of age and residence time 
Statistical distributions 
The relations between the different populations 
Purging flow rate 
Mixing models 
Definition of air exchange efficiency 
Local ventilation index 
Recycling 
Unsteady state 
Summary 
References 
  
 

7.1 
7.2 
7.3 
7.4 
7.5 
7.6 
7.7 
7.8 
7.9 
7.10 
7.11 
7.12 

Introduction 
Force balance 
Navier-Stokes equations 
The Boussinesq approximation 
Boundary layer approximations 
Vertical boundary layer equation 
Equations for turbulent flow 
Turbulent boundary layer flow 
Integral form of boundary layer equations 
Jets 
Gravity currents 
Summary 
References 
  
 

8.1 
8.2 
8.3 
8.4 
8.5 
8.6 

8.7 
8.8 
8.9 
8.10 
8.11 
8.12 

Introduction 
Air distribution models - classification 
Simple analysis of momentum and buoyancy induced flows in a room 
Integrated continuity and momentum equations in confined spaces 
Factors which influence the air motion in rooms 
The effect of the location of the supply and extract points on the air flow pattern in a room 
Supply of isothermal air 
Non-isothermal supply 
Ventilation by displacement 
Vertical temperature difference in rooms 
Air exchange efficiency 
Summary 
References 
  
 

9.1 
9.2 
9.3 
9.4 
9.5 
9.6 
9.7 

Introduction 
Exchange due to density difference - different sources of buoyancy 
Two-layer hydraulics 
Transient flow 
Door swing pumping 
Comparison between model and experiment 
Summary 
References 
  
 

10.1 
10.2 
10.3 
10.4 
10.5 
10.6 
10.7 

Introduction 
Measurement of volume flow rate 
Measurement of pressure difference 
Measurement techniques 
Analysis of leakage data 
Other techniques 
Summary  
References 
  
 

11.1 
11.2 
11.3 
11.4 
11.5 
11.6 
11.7 
11.8 
11.9 

Introduction 
Equation of continuity for a single zone building 
The process of subdividing a building into zones 
Equation of continuity for a multizone building 
Mass balance equation 
Physical interpretation of the inverse of the flow matrix 
The physical interpretation of the elements of the t matrix 
Example 
Summary 
References 
  
 

12.1 
12.2 
12.3 
12.4 
12.5 
12.6 
12.7 
12.8 

Introduction 
Historical background 
Classification of tracer gas techniques 
Theoretical basis of techniques 
Overview of methods for measuring interzonal flow rates 
Components of a tracer gas measurement system 
Practical application of the three main methods 
Summary 
References 
  
 

Introduction 
Three main procedures for determining the local mean age 
Homogeneous emission method for determining the local mean age 
Determination of the room mean-age of air 
Calculation of the moments 
Sources of error 
Methods for measuring the contaminant removal effectiveness 
Examples from a test house 
Displacement ventilation 
Example of the use of the homogeneous emission method 
Summary 
References 
  
 

14.1 
14.2 
14.3 
14.4 
14.5 

Introduction 
Measurement of external surface pressure coefficients due to wind 
Measurement of ventilation rates 
Measurements of internal flows 
Summary 
References 
  
 

15.1 
15.2 
15.3 
15.4 
15.5 

Introduction 
Basics of CFD 
Applications 
Strengths and weaknesses 
Summary 
References