| Indonesia | |
| Total area: 1,919,440
sq km Land area: 1,826,440 sq km Comparative area: Slightly less than three times the size of Texas |
Total 2,602 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km |
| International Disputes | Sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia |
| Climate | Tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands |
| Terrain | Mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains |
Natural Resources |
Petroleum Tin Natural gas Nickel Timber Bauxite Copper Fertile soils Coal Gold Silver |
| Environment | Current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; noise pollution; traffic congestion, resultant increase in pollution levels. |
| Natural hazards: | Occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis |
| International agreements: party to - | Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands;
signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Marine Life Conservation, Tropical Timber 94 |
| PEOPLE | |
| Population | 205,000,000+ (July 1995 est.) |
| Nationality | Noun: Indonesian(s) Adjective: Indonesian |
| Ethnic Divisions | Javanese 45% Sudanese 14% Madurese 7.5% Coastal Malays 7.5% Chinese 4% Others 22% |
Religions |
Muslim 87% Protestant 6% Roman Catholic 3% Hindu 2% Buddhist 1% Other 1% (1985) |
| Languages | Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese |
| Literacy |
Age 15 and over can read
and write (1990) Total population: 82% Male: 88% Female: 75% |
| Labor Force | 67 million |
| By occupation: | Agriculture 55% Manufacturing 10% Construction 4% Transport and communications 3% (1985 est.) |
| GOVERNMENT |
� |
| Government Structure | Republic |
| Names | Conventional long form:
Republic of Indonesia Conventional short form: Indonesia Local long form: Republik Indonesia Local short form: Indonesia Former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies |
| Capital | Jakarta |
| Administrative Divisions | 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi,
singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*(daerah-daerah istimewa, singular
- daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus
ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa
Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta* |
| Independence | 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands) |
| National Holiday | Independence Day, 17 August (1945) |
| Constitution | August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 |
| Legal System |
Based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Voting Age | 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age |
| Executive Branch | � |
| Chief of state and head of government: | President BJ Habibie(as
of May 1998)
Ex-President Gen. (Ret.)SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Ex-Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993) |
| Cabinet: | Cabinet |
| Legislative Branch | � |
| Unicameral | House of Representatives
(Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) Elections last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 military representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56 Note: The People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy. |
| Judicial Branch | � |
| Supreme Court (Mahkamah
Agung) |
� |
| Political Parties and
Leaders |
GOLKAR (quasi-official
party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) HARMOKO, general chairman;
Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), Megawati SUKARNOPUTRI, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman |
| Member of | APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC,
CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIH, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic Representation in U.S. | Chief of mission: Ambassador
Arifin Mohamad SIREGAR Chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 Telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 Consulate(s) General: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco |
| ECONOMY | In deep, deep trouble |
| Economic Crisis | See Above |
| Overview | Indonesia
is a mixed economy with some socialist institutions and central planning
but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a rather poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-94 averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector, accounting for 21% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Foreign investment has also boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years. Indeed, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of non-oil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992-94 has matched the government target of 6%-7% annual growth. |
| National Product | GDP - purchasing power
parity - $619.4 billion (1994 est.) National Product Real Growth Rate 6.7% (1994 est.) National Product Per Capita $3,090 (1994 est.) |
| Inflation Rate (consumer Prices) | 9.3% (1994 est.) |
| Unemployment Rate | 3% official rate; underemployment 40% (1994 est.) |
| Budget | Revenues: $32.8 billion
Expenditures: $32.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.9 billion (FY94/95) |
| Exports | $41.3 billion (f.o.b, 1994 est.) |
| Commodities: | Manufactures 56.7% Fuels 24.8% Foodstuffs 11.1% Raw materials 7.4% (1994 est.) |
| Partners: | Japan 30% U.S. 14% Singapore 9% South Korea 6% Taiwan 4% (1993) |
| Imports | $31.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) |
| Commodities: | Capital equipment 44.2%
Intermed and raw materials 37.0% Consumer goods 11.5% Fuels 7.2% (1994 est.) |
| Partners: | Japan 22% U.S. 11% South Korea 7% Germany 7% Singapore 6% Australia 5% Taiwan 5% (1993) |
| External Debt | $87 billion (1994) |
| Industrial Production | Growth rate 8.4% (1993 est.); accounts for 40% of GDP |
| Electricity | Capacity: 12,100,000
kW Production: 44 billion kWh Consumption per capita: 207 kWh (1993) |
| Industries | Petroleum and natural
gas Textiles Mining Cement Chemical fertilizers Plywood Food Rubber |
| Agriculture | Accounts for 21% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder and plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, beef, pork, eggs |
| Illicit Drugs | Illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers; growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin; increasing indigenous methamphetamine abuse. Increasing use of psychotropic ecstacy. |
| Economic Aid | Recipient:
U.S. commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89),$25.9 billion; OPEC bilateral
aid (1979-89), $213 million; |
| Currency | 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) |
| Exchange Rates | Indonesian rupiahs (Rp)
per US$1 - 10,500 (February 1998),2,203.6 (January 1995), 2,160.7 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990) |
| Fiscal Year | 1 April - 31 March |
| TRANSPORTATION | � |
| Railroads | Total: 6,964 km Narrow gauge: 6,389 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge; 78 km 0.600-m gauge |
| Highways | Total: 119,500 km Paved: NA Unpaved: NA Undifferentiated: provincial 34,180 km; district 73,508 km; state 11,812 km |
| Inland Waterways | 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km |
| Pipelines | Crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989) |
| Ports | Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya,Ujungpandang |
| Merchant Marine | Total: 438 ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 1,942,527 GRT/2,818,296 DWT Ships by type: bulk 26, cargo 259, chemical tanker 7, container 11, liquefied gas tanker 6, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 85, passenger 6, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 4 |
| Airports | Total: 450 With paved runways over 3,047 m: 3 With paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 With paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 35 With paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 42 With paved runways under 914 m: 324 With unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4 With unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 32 |
| COMMUNICATIONS | � |
| Telephone System | 763,000 telephones (1986);
domestic service fair, international service good Local: NA Intercity: interisland microwave system and HF police net; 1 earth station for a domestic satellite International: 2 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) earth stations |
Radio Broadcast stations: |
AM 618, FM 38, shortwave
0 Radios: NA Note: Radio broadcast coverage good |
| Television | Broadcast stations: 9
Televisions: NA |
| DEFENSE FORCES | � |
| Branches | Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police |
| Manpower Availability | Males age 15-49 55,883,688; males fit for military service 32,952,204; males reach military age (18) annually 2,247,586 (1995 est.) |
| Defense Expenditures | Exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, 1.5% of GNP (FY94/95) |
| World Atlas | � |
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