SHUHUD, MAHIYYATT AND
`ILM: The Question of Witnessing, Quiddity and Knowledge in Mulla Sadra
and Sufism.
"There is no Divinity but He; that is the witness of
Divinity" Al-Qur`an al-Karim 3:18
INTRODUCTION:
Rumi wrote sometime ago a collection of
his lectures on Sufi sama sessions (majlis) it was entitled "Fihi ma
fihi", literally meaning "in it, what is in it". It was a
symposium on the contents of the Sufi path, literally the what is it of Sufism,
the contents. These contents are known as the quiddity (latin: quidditas;
arabic: mahiyya or 'ayn) The question of what it is of the Path is a major
question for the quiddity is the distinguishing characteristic between the
unitarian[1] schools of sufism, wahdat al-wujud and wahdat al-shuhud.
Mahiyya is defined as
"... it is that which replies to the question: what is this? It expresses the genus (jins), while the question ayu shay' huwa (what kind of thing is it?) relates to the species (naw'). ... Ibn Sina writes with regard to the 'hadd': 'it is that which indicates the quiddity of a thing, this being the perfection of its existence in essence (kamal wujud al-dhati): it is composed of the genus and of the specific difference'. This question will be encountered again with regard to the inniya." (Arnaldez, EI Vol. VI, pg. 1261, "Mahiyya")
Another
definition is given with a slight difference
"The mahiyya is that through which a thing is what it is (ma bihi al-shay' huwa huwa)....In this sense, the term is synonymous with essence (dhat) and with reality (haqiqa). This reality, like quiddity and essence is beyond the universal and the particular, the existent and the non-existent, meaning that it can express not only the genus but also the individual essence, not only that which exists in beings themselves (fi al-a'yan), but that which does not exist thus, while existing in thought (fi al-dhihni)." [2](EI Vol. VI, pg. 1261)
Whereas Mulla Sadra shows a different
understanding of the quiddity or essence giving it a subsidiary role to Absolute
Existence: ÜExistences
(al-wujudat) are genuine [determinate] realities (haqa`iq) and essences (mahiyyat) are the eternal
"thisnesses" (al-a'yan al-thabitat) which have never inhaled the
perfume of real existence at all. These existences are merely the rays and
reflected lights of the True Light and of the Eternal Existence-- Exalted Be
His Sublimity!--, however, each of them has essential predicates (nu`uta
dhatiyyat) and contains intelligible concepts (ma`ayn `aqliyyat) called
essences (al-mahiyyat)." (M 85, pg. 43) Mulla Sadra conceived of the Quiddity of having two meanings
[3] The Quiddity which is a
universal and exists in the mind. And the Essence of "mahi ash-shay, huwa
huwa" (What thing is it?). The concrete existing individual.
In the following I shall be
examining the question of the quiddity in determing the relationship of Sadrian
and Sufi doctrines in regards to existential unity. My starting point is to
look at the theory of God's Knowledge in popular Islam. We shall see that it is
the quiddity which lends itself as
definer to the definitive seperation amongst the different schools. We will see
how the answer to five questions delineates the conception of Unity-of-Being
and the Sadrian view of the quiddity. These five questions are:
1. Is Existence precedent over Essence?
2. Are Forms external to God?
3. Are Objects of Knowledge needed for
God to have Knowledge or caused by
God's Essential Knowledge?
4. Quiddities (mahiyya) are simultaneous
or originated as posteriors or
effects?
5. Is there substantial union (hulul)
with Creator and created?
Knowledge ('Ilm):
Question 1: "Is Existence precedent
over Essence?"
In Sadrian thought it is established
that Existence is precedent over Essence as shall be demonstrated in the latter
sections of this paper. Suffice it to say for now that Suhrawardi, along with
Qutb ad-Din, held that essence was precedent over existence. This idea of
existence precedent before essence was elemental in Mulla Sadras philosophical
revolution. Sadrian thought was developed out of Ibn Sina's thought.
Ibn Sina writes regarding Mahiyyat and
Wujud:
"That whose essence (mahiyya) is other than existence is not the Necessary Existent. It has become evident that existence has an accidental meaning for that whose essence is other than existence (anniyya). And it has also become evident that there is a cause for that which has an accidental idea (i.e. for that which has a contingent being). The cause of such a being is either the essence (dhat) of that entity in whic it subsists or something else." (MA, pg. 55-56)
Question 2: "Are Forms external to
God?"
To begin it is necessary to present an
overview of the different perspectives regarding God's Knowledge in the
traditional aspects of Islam. The main question is whether God has knowledge of
things by His existence or by some outside external Existent to His existence.
Overview of Different Schools:
The Major conflict between the different
schools of thought on GodÕs Knowledge is that in regards to Forms of Knowledge
as necessity for God to have Knowledge. In this way we have:
Theologians:
"Since theologian affirmed attributes super added to His essence, they found no difficulty with respect to the connection (ta`alluq) of His knowledge with things outside His essence by means of forms (suwar) corresponding to those things and super-added to Him." (DF, pg. 44)
Philosophers:
A. Ibn Sina:
1.
"Since the first (al-Awwal) apprehends (`aqala) His essence by means of His essence and because His
essence is the cause (`illah) of multiplicity (al-kathrah), it follows that He
apprehends multiplicity because of His apprehension of His essence by means of His essence.
2.
Thus, his apprehension of multiplicity is a concomitant (lazim) effected by Him
(ma`lul lahu), and the forms of multiplicity, which are the objects of His apprehension (ma`qulat), are
also His effects (ma`lulat) and
His concomitants ranked in the order
of effects and therefore posterior to (muta`akhkhirah `an) the reality
of His essence as an effect is posterior to its causes.
3. His
essence is not constituted by them (mutaqawwimah) by them or by anything else.
It is one, and the multiplicity of concomitants (al-lawazim) and effects
(al-ma`lulat) is not inconsistent with the unity of their cause (`illah) of
which they are the concomitants,
regardless of whether these concomitants are established (mutaqarrirah) in the
cause itself or distinct (mubayinah)from it.
4. Deduction: Therefore, the establishment (taqarrur) in the essence of the Self-Subsistent One, who is prior to them with respect to causality (al-`illiyah) and existence, does not necessitate His being multiple." (DF, pg. 45) [Emphasis and Numbering Added]
B. Sadra:
Knowledge, being a perfection, cannot be
denied to God. For Sadra Knowledge is Existence.
"Knowledge is neither a privation like abstraction from matter, nor a relation but a being (wujud). (It is) not every being but that which is an actual being, not potential. (It is) not even every actual being, but a pure being, unmixed with non-being. To the extent that it becomes free from an admixture of non-being, it's intensity as knowledge increases." (Sadra quoted by Rahman, MS, pg. 213)
Sadra
also holds that the Forms are internal as the existence of knower and known is
one (cf. M113, pg. 64).
C. Sufi:
"... His attributes, does not require a form superadded to Him. neither does His knowledge of the quiddities (mahiyat) of things or their ipseities (huwiyat), for their quiddities and ipseities are nothing but His transcendent essence (al-dhat al-muta`aliyah) clothed in these aforementioned considerations whose intellections are. There is no doubt that His knowledge of His essence and these considerations (al-i'tabarat) derived one from another." (DF, pg. 49-50)
Sadra Criticism of Different Schools:
Mulla Sadra refutes certain views of the
schools of thought on the topic:
Mu`tazila: Essences subsist before their
actual existence and in this state of subsistence (thubut) are known by God.
All non-existents are, nevertheless, 'something' that can be talked about as
referent of thought and hence 'subsist'. Sadra rejects this saying essences
have no reality at all unless they are invested with real, external existence
and that the non-existent cannot 'subsist' by itself whether real or mental.
Peripatetic: Identify God's knowledge
with Platonic Forms as separate
from God's being. Sadra rejects this saying these forms are posterior to God's
existence and His knowledge of them. How could they, in that case, be God's
eternal and primordial knowledge? Sadra holds that the Forms are not separate
from God's existence. Forms are identified by Sadra with the transcendental
Intelligence's of the Peripatetics; they are not 'causes' by Him, nor 'emanate'
from Him, but are with Him. Sadra does not accept the traditional view that
God's knowledge, in it's 'simplicity' ensures knowledge of all things. He
upholds the doctrine of
simplicity-- a simple being is all things.
THE ISSUES:
Succinctly the issue at hand in the
preceding was the question of whether God's Knowledge is dependent on an
external Form for Him to Know. The Theologians say there is an external Form
the Sufis and Sadra say that there is no necessity of an External Form, God's Knowledge is
internal to Him. The next question regards the objects of Knowledge.
The Argument of God's Simple
Knowledge Question 3: "Are
Objects of Knowledge needed for God to have Knowledge or caused by God's
Essential Knowledge?"
The question at hand in this section is
that regarding does God need objects of knowledge to Know. Is God a
self-subsisting and knowing thing
without need of outside objects for knowledge. In the normal sense, the sense
we learn by, it is necessary to have objects of knowledge for knowledge. For
instance this paper presents information it is the object of our knowing. We as
subjects learn from the quiddities presented here in. The definitions provided
of varying perspectives. The is of it, the contents. The question is is God a
self-knowing knower? Thus what the distinguishing characteristic involves is
that of the quiddities of God, the
attributes or aspects. Are these attributes originated although co-extensive
with God, or our they part of His eternal existence. Hence, we get in mystical
discourse talk of things with an beginning and no end or things with no
beginning and no end. This may seem an highly esoteric distinction. However, in
more common terms the distinction is in regards to God's Essential Existence
being above composition and connection to created things. For if the attributes
are truly co-eternal with His Essence then there is connection and composition.
But if they are originated, although
they be a part of His existence they cannot be a part of His eternality (no
beginning and no end, azaliyyat). Thus it would seem we have two modes of God's
existence, the pre-cognitive and the post-cognitive.
This issue is addressed by Ibn Sina and
Mulla Sadra. Mulla Sadra agrees with Ibn Sina on the simplicity argument of
God's Knowledge although formulating a new perspective of his own. Sadra's
arguments follow.
Mulla Sadra's Argument on Simplicity:
Mulla Sadra posits that existence and
knowledge are co-extensive and to view existence as the original reality and
knowledge as an 'abstracted notion'. For it is existence alone which in its
all-comprehensiveness can contain everything in a simple manner. Once knowledge
is disengaged from existence and is viewed per se, then one must talk of so
many essences, concepts and ideas
as mutually exclusive units that it is impossible to reduce them to any simple
unity. The only principle of unity-in-diversity is the principle of existence
as it is the only veritable reality, while attributes like knowledge, power,
and will are derivative realities or notions.
This brings us back to Ibn Sina's view
on Knowledge:
"Gods knowledge cannot derive from things since this would make Him dependent upon something other than Himself, and since there is a succession in temporal things, His knowledge would change from moment to moment. God's knowledge, therefore, is not produced by things; on the contrary, things are created by His knowledge. This instantaneous knowledge, however is ordered knowledge in accordance with the order of causes and effects. Thanks to this order, God knows priorities and posteriorities-even though He does not possess sense perception..." (Rahman, MS, pg. 151)
This naturally brings in the question of
the Forms and God's Existence: If the forms are a part of His being, God is
composite and the simplicity is nullified. If these forms exist independently
they are Platonic Forms. If they are extrinsic accidents, God is not absolutely
necessary. They likewise cannot exist in other beings. Therefore, these forms
are necessary consequences or properties (lawazim) of His being.
Sadra's defense of Ibn Sina against
al-Tusi, Abu'l Barakat, and
Suhrawardi. These philosophers hold that God's knowledge is directly
related to things and not through prior cognitive forms.
a) Abu'l Barakat writes that if the
function of prior cognitive forms is to save God from being directly related to
contingents then the same difficulty arises with regard to God's power and
knowledge; some have tried to suggest that there is a differentiation between
objects of power and knowledge: power need not have an object where knowledge
does need an object; and whereas, knowledge needs a real relation to the object power does not.
Sadra's Reply: relations in both cases
are real. Therefore, the argument is not a valid analogy. It is sufficient for
God's knowledge and power to have a form through which He both knows what will
be and intends what He will do but the existential counterpart of this form is
not necessary.
b) Suhrawardi says this renders God into
a subject characterized by so many
inherent qualities and accidents that a substratum must be affected by these.
Whether or not the first form contemplated by God precedes or follows or is
simultaneous with the first external effect, God, in His own being, will not be
complete cause since He needs a form to cause the first external effect; and
finally, that the first form will have a dual role in giving a form to God's
being and helping cause the external effect and in it's former role, at least,
will be an agent of God's perfection. (cf. Rahman, MS, pg. 153)
Sadra's Reply: Qualities or attributes
change or affect a subject only when the former are extrinsic to the latter,
not when they necessarily arise from it as in the case of the necessary
attributes of a simple essence. And the first form necessarily precedes the
first external effect, otherwise God's providence ('inaya) will be as nothing,
these forms being related to different contingents have to be different.
Lastly, there is nothing wrong in the dual nature of the first form, since
necessary consequences (lawazim)
of God's knowledge do not constitute His perfection's which is rather
the principle and source of these forms, which is God's being. (cf. Rahman, MS,
pg. 152)
In Summation:
Summarily the arguments can be thought
in the following way. Al-Tusi and Suhrawardi, who hold the same belief, say
that God's knowledge of things are the things themselves. They say this direct knowledge is of universals and
particulars. Sadra criticizes this view on the grounds that at the level of
pure unity (ahadiyya) according to them God is denied all knowledge-since they
do not recognize prior cognitive forms- and that His knowledge is derived from
things. By this they are denying God Providence ('inaya)[4], prior knowledge,
thus denying order or purpose in creation, thus everything is up to luck. It is
additionally important to understand that the cognitive forms are posterior in
existence to God's Absolute Unity,
although latent within It as undifferentiated existence.
Finally one last point in this
connection is that of the defining of the three stages of God's knowledge by
Sadra. He states that God's knowledge exists on three levels as well there are
three levels of existence (cf. M 97, pg. 51-52):
a) Absolute Unity (ahadiyya)
b) Godhead (uluhiya) where distinct
attributes appear in the stage of unity, usually known as wahidiya. Cognitive
forms belong to the level of Divinity (uluhiya), where God's Attributes appear.
They are latent in the level of Absolute Unity or absolute unseen (ghaib
al-ghaib).
c) Form Ideas, every form exists by
itself and which he calls the stage of distinction. (i.e. the locus of
manifestiation, 'jamiyah' in the
station of Jabarut)
The Shuhudi Perspective on Union
(ittihad) with God
Shuhudi Sufism has it's origin in the
early Sufi Mansur al-Hallaj the martyr of Baghdad. In it's first manifestation
it was severely persecuted by the 'uluma of the times. Later it was the
orthodox 'uluma that revived this
doctrine among the Sufis of Persia (i.e. Kubrawiyya, Nurbakhshiyya, Dhahabiyya,
Naqshbandiyya-Mujaddidiyya. The Wujudi sufis take their precedence from Ibn
'Arabi, although it is clearly not a doctrine he personally supported. The
Wujudi stream was an interpretation of the Great Shaykhs writings. The main
issue at hand between the two interpretations of fana wa'l-baqa' is in regards
to the station of passing away: is it within the existence of God or within a
lesser mode? This is answered in wujudism by an affirmation and by shuhudism by
an negation-our passing away and subsisting is on this side of the absolute reality paradigm. Mulla
Sadra a student of mystics and Ibn 'Arabi combined intuitive knowledge of
Sufism with the dialectical wisdom of the Philosophers. Thus he produced his Shuhudi
doctrine in the following.
Mulla Sadra on Existential Monism:
The question of existential unity, which
Mulla Sadra affirms, is not equal to that of substantial unity which is known
as "hulul". The
qualification of existential unity in this way is what has become to be
known as "wahdat ash-shuhud-- a created entity may realize it's absorption
in the One and the One's encompassment by the One, however, the created entity
is not substantially united wiht the One, union is a matter of conception not
actual. The defining seperation
between the unity-of-being in terms of a substantial unity and that of a
conceptual unity is attributed to the role of the quiddity. There are four
perspectives on the quiddity:
1.
Quiddity is dual with existence
2.
Quiddity is prior to existence
3.
Quiddity is posterior or an effect (ma'lul) from the Necessary Existent (wajib
al-wujud)
Mulla Sadra affirms the third view,
although differing from at-Tusi on the terminology where Tusi says
"posterior", Sadra says "effect" (cf. M100, pg. 53; M 55, pg. 28-29)).
Additionally, Sadra holds that what is originated is in actuality existence not
essence/quiddity. The Quiddity is united with this existence (cf. M 89, pg. 46)
The Necessary Existent is prior to all existents (cf. M 42, pg. 24).
The Cause is Allah's Oneness--
Ahadiyyat. The effect is Allahs singularitiness-- wahidiyyat. It is Allahs's
self knowledge of "Be" which begets the unfoldment or
"tashkik" (systematic ambiguity) of existence. Mulla Sadra's thought might correctly be termed
"wahdat-i tashkik al-wujud"
Thus, the substantialist wahdat al-wujudis have argued that if God is in
need of an external form for knowledge then the quiddities must be unoriginated.
They do not recognize forms (aswar), potentialities (qabilliyat), realities
(haqa`iq), and quiddities (mahiyya) as being created (hadithah). Their argument
has been stated colloquially: "Originated things come into being, the
quiddities have always existed since knowledge ('ilm) needs an object of knwledge
(ma'lum) ia an essential attrribute (sifat al-dhatiyya). Therefore, if
potentialities have a beginning then we would be asserting ignorance or need
within God's essence (dhat)."
As Jami has made reference to this
conception in non-absolute terms, using a subjective context between two modes:
"The gist of this is that He knows things in two ways. One of these is through the chain of succession [of causes and effects] (silsilat al-tartib) in a manner close to that of the philosophers. The other is through his oneness (ahadiyah), which encompasses all things. It is obvious, of course, that His knowledge of them by the first way, for the first is absentational knowledge ('ilm ghaybi) of them prior to their existence, and the second is presentational knowledge ('ilm shuhudi) of them during their existence. In reality, however, there are not two knowledges, but rather there attaches to the first knowledge through (bi-wasitah) the existence of its connection (muta'alliq), that is, the thing known (al-ma'lum), a relation (nisbah) in consideration of which we call that knowledge presence (shuhud) and attendance (hudur). It is not that another knowledge has originated. Should you say that this implies that His knowledge by the second way is limited to presently existing things(al-mawjudat al-haliyah), I should answer yes, but all existents in relation to Him are present, since [all] times are the same in relation to Him as well as present (hadirah) with Him, as has just been mentioned in the quotation from one of the verifiers (ba'd al-muhaqqiqin)." (DF 44, pg. 52-53)
The issue encountered here for Wahdat
al-Wujud is that objects of knowledge in time are participating in the
formation of God's Knowledge. This is how Shuhuidis have interpreted such
passages, whether rightly or wrongly it is the issue taken up in this
discourse. Al-Jami takes up the issue of temporality here as means to disuade
criticism of the doctrine. He suggest that due to God's being above temporality
He encompasses all time and therefore is not dependent on the created things.
However, this would make God posterior to the objects of knowledge even if God
where above the level of temporality since that which is in time is forming the
Knowledge, Knowledge would be an eternal attribute yet conditioned by
temporalilty, this is a contradiction. The argument of non-substantial
unitarians[5] is that God is the source of the objects of knowledge within
Himself and not dependent on Objects for Knowledge, He is Nafs al-Amr the thing
itself which gives it's own
objects of knowledge. The Created objects of knowledge are in fact,
effects from the One's Cause.
Here
we encounter the string of question which leads us to the understanding of the
difference between simple witnessing of Oneness and Union with Oneness. Again
the questions are:
1. Is Existence precedent over Essence?
2. Are
Forms external to God?
3. Are
Objects of Knowledge needed for God to have Knowledge or caused by God's Essential Knowledge?
4.
Quiddities (mahiyya) are simultaneous or originated as posteriors or effects?
5. Is
there substantial union (hulul) with Creator and created?
Wujudis
and Shuhudis aggree on Question #1 Question #2, when they say existence is
precedent over essence and that the forms of Allahs Knowledge are internal not
external. However, they diverge
from this point. On Question #3 the wujudis answer Yes, when the
Shuhudis answer No: "Are Objects of Knowledge needed for God to have
Knowledge or caused by God's Essential Knowledge? The Wujudis say "there must
be objects". The Shuhudis say "objects of knowledge are derived from
God's Knowledge as effects." This brings us to Question #4, "are
quiddities originated?". Wujudis say no, Shuhidis say Yes. And Question #5
"is there substantial union (see below)?". The wujudis answer Yes and
Shuhudis answer "no".
Wujudis
|
Shuhudis
Q1 Yes
|
Yes
Q2 No
|
No
Q3 Yes
|
No
Q4 No
|
Yes
Q5 Yes
|
No
Mulla Sadra notes that eventhough
everything is existence that we cannot delineate from this that hulul
(substantial union) is attributed to his vision of Unity-of-Being he writes:
"Beware that you may be swept out from your listening to these phrases, and imagine that the relation among contingencies and Him-The Exalted- is incarnation (hulul) and union (ittihad), and relates to these two [modes]! Lest [this notion is seriously entertained, for] this would necessitate the duality in the foundation of existence. When the true sun has arisen and its light shines on the contingencies which are spread in the forms of essences (mahiyya), it becomes clear and evident that whatever has the name of existence is nothing but a form of [ever] persisting unity and a radiance of the Light of Lights." (M 117, pg. 67)
The conception of an ordered level of
existence is maintained by Mulla Sadra which draws out the idea of the
differentiation between creation and Creator:
"That which is of simple nature is everything (basit al-haqiqa kulli al-ashya'). Existence, then inherently manifest itself in existents ordered according to existential priority and posteriority and in terms of intensity and diminution of existence. Since these manifestations are a consequence of the very nature of existence itself and are not due to any extrinsic factor, each and ever existent is unique and irreducible. It is, therefore, impossible that a contingent be analyzable into two constituents: an essence and an existence, and the latter be simply 'given back' to God, the Primordial and Original Existence." (Rahman, MS, pg. 39)
Fadl ar-Rahman explains the difference
most eloquently as:
"In this simple, primordial sense, then, everything
witnesses God and proclaims the existence of its Maker. The question is, if
existence is known directly and if God is nothing but existence, why not admit
a full and total knowledge of God on the part of His witness and a complete
union of the latter with the
former? This is because everything else besides God is finite, determined, and
determinate and, no matter how much it develops, it cannot transcend this
finitude. It is true that in mystic experience the experient can lose sight of
his finite self and fix his gaze entirely upon God and 'be lost' in Him, but
losing sight of his finitude is not the same as losing his finitude. A drop, as
part of the ocean, may enjoy the ocean, but cannot cease to be a drop as the
Persian verses quoted by al-Sabzawari on the point have it. It was this
finitude and its inalienable otherness (or, was it, rather, its consciousness?)
with which al-Hallaj was so impatient when he exclaimed: 'Between You and me 'I
am' is in constant struggle with me; Lift this 'I am' from the middle by Your
Grace!'
On
this interpretation of the mystic experience, Sadra view is close to that of
al-Ghazali and identical with that of his Indian contemporary Shaikh Ahmad
Sirhindi who declared the unity experienced by the mystic to be a unity of
perception (wahdat al-shuhud) rather than unity of being (wahdat al-wujud).
Yet, this immediate knowledge of God vouchsafed to everything is the universe
and immune from error is not the basis of religious and moral obligation, says
Sadra. For that, a more conscious knowledge is required, which is, by its
nature, liable to error, is capable of degree and qualitative differences, and
becomes immune from error only in rare and exceptional cases which constitute
the logical limit of the form of knowledge and where the truth is 'revealed' to
the human agent." (Rahman, MS, pg. 131-132)
What can be seen is that there is a
difference of opinion regarding the idea of Existence as Prime Reality and the
idea that the Existence is only one entity without mode or differentiation.
Al-Lari a wujudi commentator on al-Jami writes: "...in the opinion of the unveiled (al-makshufin) who
say:
'There is nothing in existence except a single individual (`ayn wahidah). These are the verifying Sufis (al-sufiyah al-muhaqqiqun), who assert the unity of existence (wahdat al-wujud), may God sanctify their souls." "...Subsistence (hulul) is not impossible is that in reality there is no real quality of being subsistent (halliyah) or being a substratum (mahalliyah), but rather, a single really existent reality....In reality, no multiplicity or change hovers around its real and essential unity. It is now as it was. Neither adoration nor really being adored...nor are real, and actual proximity, distance, union and seperation, as you see and observe with all their chracteristics (al-khususiyat) occuring in the universe (al-`alamin), incompatible [with it]." (DF Sh 37, pg. 135)
In contradistincition to this assertion
of one existence where "hulul"
is not an impossiblity there is Sadra's doctrine which details:
"Existence has three ranks (miratib). The first of these is Existence which does not depend on other things and is not confined to any species, and this is the most deserving to be the source (mubda) of everything. The second is: existnece which depends on other things, such as intelligences (al-`aqul), souls (al-nafus), natures (al-taba'i), celestial bodies (al-akram), and [sublunary] matter (al-muwad). The third is: the prevailing existents whose comprehensiveness and extension on [formal] structures and extension on [formal] structures [of] individuals and essences is not like that of universal natures and the intelligible essences, but rather is like that [known] by gnosis to the mystics and called the merciful soul, derived from His-The Exalted- Saying "but My Mercy extendeth to all things." [7:156] This is the first being among the contingents issued from the First Cause [Which is] the True [Reality], and which is called the Truth which [fashions] the creation." (M 97, pg. 51)
Clearly in Sadra's doctrine there is an
intermediary between existences. In each rank of existence existence itself is
the primordial thing and essence is a subsidiary and abstracted thing. Due to
the Rahmani Spirit, which would seem to equivocate to Substantial Form there is
no "hulul" of the Absolute Reality. Thus Ittihad (union) with it is
an existential impossiblity. The Union is a perceived union and thus shuhudi.
It is interesting to see the perspective manifested in the Kubrawiyya Sufi
master, al-Simnani.
CONCLUSION:
As it can be seen the difference between
Wujudi and Shuhudi Sufism are:
1. According to the Sadrian Shuhudi
tradition of `Irfan and Tasawwuf. God is not in need of objects of knowledge.
2. God is the source of all knowledge. 3. Although there is existential unity
in the Godhead (uluhiya), the quiddities are originated as effects by the
Absolute Existent (ahadiya). 4. Contingents cannot subsist (baqa') in Allah.
FOOTNOTES:
[
1] I consider both the Shuhudi and Wujudi unitarians in the sense of testifying
to God's unity and maintaining the same symbolic cosmologies with the only
difference the question of the origination of the quiddity.
[2]That through which it s by it's own
power is 'truth-in-itself' (nafs
al-amr) this pertains to God's Divinity. According to al-Qaysari,
repeated by Mulla Sadra, "the thing itself (nafs al-amr) is an expression
for God's essential knowledge, which contains the forms of all things whether
universal or particular, large or small, in general or in detail, cognitive or
concrete" (Qaysari quoted in DF, pg. 82, Para. 51, note 1)
[3] See pg. 180-181, Mehdi Dehbashi's
"Mulla Sadra Theory of Transubstantial Motion: a Translation and Critical
Exposition", University Microfilms: Ann Arbor (1984)
[4] "Providence is therefore the
full comprehension which the First[God] has, in his science, of all and of the
necessity for all to rest on Him so as to be according to the best order. [He
fully understands also] that this comes necessarily from Him and from the total
grasp which He has of it". (Ibn Sina quoted in "'Inaya", EI Vol.
V, pg. 1203)
[5] Sadra notes in M 138, pg. 81 that
the Substantial Form is the veil between Creator and Creation.
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WORKS CITED:
DF Nur al-Din Rahman al-Jami, Trans. By
Nicholas Heer "Durrah al-Fakhirah (The Precious Pearl)" SUNY Press
Albany 1979
EI E. van Donzel, "Encyclopedia of
Islam" E.J. Brill Leiden 1993
M Mulla Sadra (Translated by Morewedge),
"The Metaphysics of Mulla Sadra: Kitab al-Masha`ir", The Society for
the Study of Islamic Philosophy and Science: New York (1992)
MS Fazlur Rahman "The Philosophy of
Mulla Sadra (Sadr al-Din al-Shirazi)" SUNY Press Albany 1975
MI Morewedge, "The Metaphysic of
Avicenna", Columbia Univesity Press,
New York 1973