PROTO-DREM VERBS:
Proto-Drem verbs are a complex
thing, with several categories of affixes, nearly all are prefixes, with verbal
extensions being the only suffix, and the verb section of a sentence can be quite
extensive depending on the information needed. Most of the time, just as in a
noun, the information is depending on context, and is therefore usually dropped
in normal conversation. In formal settings, an exact verb with all needed and
even some unneeded affixes present itself, so that way the information is exact
and unimpeded by context. Categories, such as agreement markers, negatives,
Classifiers, Aspect, Tense and verbal extensions, all present a vast array of
choices for the speaker and the listener, as the language looks more like a
agglutinative language found in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Phonetic Structure of Proto-Drem verbs:
The chart represents the standard Proto-Drem verb
structure, as the descriptions give a basic idea on what is seen and heard in
the section. Proto-Drem had a pretty rigid word structure, unlike most
polysynthetic languages, and so acts more like an agglutinating language in
ways. Below lists the common groupings of what is inside a Proto-Drem verb. We
see that surrounding the actual verb root are the TAM markers, tense, aspect
and modals. And those become a stem and extend out the verb “root”. Note also
that causatives are also a part of the aspect stem extension and so causatives
also become part of the “macrostem” which is seen by
the parenthesis ( ). Note of the sections of the verbs that are seen in the
chart below, only the extensions and causatives are talked about in this
section, since those are usually considered part of the stem as the chart
shows.
|
NEG |
AUX |
TEN |
MOD |
(Root |
VE-C) |
Proto-Drem
Verbal extensions
Affixes
onto verbs are not just a simple thing in Proto-Drem, they can contradict one
another, or even leave ambiguous gaps, but such is the nature of language. In Proto-Drem
the section here goes over the affixes that are usually seen directly fused or
attached to the verb. Some of the affixes are for changing an active verb into
a passive, or to give an aspect or show causation. These affixes will be seen
in differing forms; some even overlap other forms for what can be done. Some
affixes are seen just without causation and so could just use a FV or not,
while others can also be used with causative forms. The groupings below will
give ample examples when possible to show the differing areas that these verbal
extensions can take.
Note
that the extension chart is divided into 3 sections. The first section just
deals with the standard extension to bring out the meaning that is needed. The
standard extension is used when no causation is assumed in the statement. The
next 2 sections deal with using the causative and to see just how something was
caused. The causation extensions are then divided into if the extension is part
of root reduplication or not. If the root requires reduplication, then the –FV
(Aspect Marker) is seen right after the reduplication.
Standard verb stem
construction
ROOT+VE
CVC+VE
*note:
the final vowel is replaced by the VE
Standard Reduplicated
Stem (only used for causative constructions-see chapter on causatives)
ROOT+REDUP+VE
CVC-VC+VE
*note:
the final vowel is replaced by the VE
|
|
Extension |
Reduplication-CAUS |
|
Stative |
-igà,
-egà |
-igâ,
-egâ |
|
Applicative |
-ià,
-eà |
-iâ,
-eâ |
|
Causative |
-ishà,
-eshà |
-ishâ,
-eshâ |
|
Static |
-igbà,
-egbà |
-igbâ,
-egbâ |
|
Augmentive |
-aŋú |
|
|
Reciprocal |
-anà |
|
|
Reversive |
-uà,
-oà |
-uâ,
-oâ |
|
Perfective |
-iŋgò,
-eŋgò |
-iŋgô,
-eŋgô |
|
Positional |
-ondà |
|
|
Contactive |
-ambá |
|
|
Passive |
-wà,
-iwà, -ewà |
|
State, condition: -iga, ega, -liga,
-lega
Showing
a stative verb – used with a past tense view, since the action is considered
completed and already completed. If the final vowel of the verb is {a, i, u} then the suffix is –iga. If
the final vowel is {o, e} then the suffix is –ega. If
the last syllable is {ga, gi,
gu} then the suffix is –liga. If the final syllable of the root is {go, ge}, then the suffix is –lega.
XXX
To
do > be done
XXX
To
make/create > be made
XXX
To
close, fasten > to close itself, be closed
XXX
Say
> be said
XXX
To be enough > to be sufficient
XXX
to burn > to be burned
XXX
To
finish > to be completed, achieved
XXX
to turn over > to overturn
XXX
To
know > To be known
XXX
Take
> be taken
XXX
Walk
> be trodden
XXX
Destroy
> be destroyed
XXX
To hit, strike > can be struck
XXX
To
break off > be broken
XXX
Sweet
> sweeten > be sweetened
XXX
To
split, cut > to split up, able to split
XXX
To see > to be seen, visible
Applicative: -ia, -ea
Action
is applied on behalf, towards or with regard to some object, motion towards,
finality or completeness. The suffix is seen in two forms. The first is seen
where the final vowel of the verb root is {a, i, u}
and will be seen as –ia. The
second form is seen with final vowels being {o, e} and will be seen as the
suffix -ea
XXX
Hold
> hold on, hold on tightly, insist
Has a causative form –
few roots
XXX
Suffice
> satisfy, be sufficient
Reversive form – few roots
XXX
Move
away, emigrate > move in, immigrate
XXX
Smell
bad > smell good
Causative: -esha, -isha, -sha,
-nja:
If
the final vowel of the verb is a back vowel {u, o, a}, then the suffix will be
–esha. If the final vowel is a front vowel {i, e, @}, then the suffix will be –isha.
If
the final syllable is –ka or –ta, then it is replaced
with –sha. If last syllable of the root is –na, then it is replaced with –nja.
Cause
to do, cause to be, various forms of causation, obligation, intensity of
action, force, permission, compulsive
XXX
Get
up > raise
XXX
To
make > To make one do
XXX
To know > To inform, to let know
XXX
To see > To warn
XXX
To
close, fasten > To make close
XXX
To
be clear for > to explain
XXX
To be welcome > to welcome someone
XXX
To
be tired > to tire someone
XXX
To
burn > to light a fire
XXX
See
> warn
XXX
Fear
> frighten
XXX
Plough
> help to plough
XXX
To borrow > To lend
XXX
To stop > To make stop
XXX
To hurt oneself > to someone
XXX
To rot > to ferment, to make rot
XXX
To love, like > to please
XXX
To
be able > to allow
XXX
to enter > to introduce, to let in
XXX
To
get lost > to lose
XXX
To
hear > to listen
XXX
To
wear > to dress
XXX
Eat
> graze
XXX
See
> show
XXX
Sleep
> cause to sleep, lay
XXX
Get
> give
XXX
pass > let pass, make way
XXX
remember > remind
XXX
wash hands > help to wash hands
XXX
be drunk > intoxicate
XXX
be full > fill
XXX
be loose > loosen
XXX
be quiet > console
XXX
pay > pay back, take revenge
XXX
cut > interrupt
XXX
keep/put > install
XXX
say > force to speak
XXX
lose ones way > to make one lose ones way, mislead
XXX
thin > make thin
XXX
suffer > make suffer, victimize
XXX
strike, rebel > cause/lead rebellion, strike
XXX
To hit, strike > to make beat(ing)
XXX
sweet > sweeten
XXX
meet > unite
XXX
To like, love > to make support
Stative form of
causative:
XXX
To
see > To show
XXX
To
like > to be pleasant
Loan words &
adjectives:
XXX
luck, chance > try ones luck, guess
XXX
ready > make ready, prepare
XXX
white, whiten > to have something whitened, polished, cleaned
double causative:
XXX
properly > put something properly > to balance,
adjust, equate
XXX
To
see > To warn > To show
Applicative form of
causative:
XXX
swim > row forward
XXX
refuse > forbid
XXX
go around > surround
XXX
walk, wander > cause, force to go, move
Inherent form of
causative in root:
To
teach, To heat
Roots that can become
verbs with causative suffix:
XXX
Luck
> to try one’s luck
XXX
a certainty > to make sure
XXX
soft, smooth > to soften
XXX
equal > to put into order
XXX
ready > to prepare
Static: -igba, egba
If
the final vowel of the verb is a back vowel {u, i,
a}, then the suffix will be –igba. If
the final vowel of the verb is a mid-vowel {o, e}, then the suffix will be –egba. This extension represents a stationary
condition of inactivity. Its usage is considered archaic
XXX
Tie,
bind, shut > be tied, bound in a fixed position
XXX
Hold
> be held tightly
XXX
Bend
> stoop, bend down, be bent
XXX
Drown
> sink, drown, be immersed
XXX
Look
> look, gaze upon, examine
Associative form of
static:
XXX
Be
in a fixed position > be allied, interlaced
XXX
Be
in a state of holding > hold together tightly
Augmentative: -aŋu
This
extension shows thoroughness, intensiveness continuousness, and persistence.
The suffix is seen in just one form, -anu. The suffix
is seen in various sways, even in a causative sense.
XXX
Dodge
> remove
XXX
Press
> press out, wring
XXX
Rain
> fall in torrents
XXX
Be
quiet > be very quiet, shut up
XXX
Kill
> kill off, exterminate
XXX
Be
lost > be lost forever
Intensive form:
XXX
Hear
> listen > listen attentively
XXX
Dig
> dig deep > dig deep down, investigate thoroughly
Causative
form:
XXX
Bind > bind tightly
XXX
Break
> break into pieces
XXX
Hammer
> hammer, hammer in hard
XXX
Sew
> sew up/on/together
XXX
To
wander > to wander about
XXX
To
wander > to loiter
Habitual aspect form:
XXX
Go
> often go, usually go
Reciprocal: -ana
Action
is done ‘to one another’
Divide
into two parts: XXX
Divide
into many parts: XXX
Simple form:
XXX
Hit
> fight
Applicative form:
XXX
Sing
> sing to one another
Causative form:
XXX
Please
> please one another
XXX
To
know > To know one another
Static form:
XXX
Be
in a state of holding > being in a state of holding one another
XXX
To
open, fasten > to bind together
Contactive form:
XXX
Adhere
to > adhere/stick together
Associative form:
XXX
Cheat
> cheat one another
XXX
Thank
> thank one another
XXX
Hate
> hate one another
XXX
Love,
like > love, like one another
XXX
Help
> to help one another
XXX
To see > to see one another
XXX
T
wait > to wait for one anothert
Reversive: -ua, -oa
The Reversive affix deals with the entire reversal of the
action. It shows up in simple indicative, stative and causative forms. The two
ways a reversive verb shows up is slightly different
and shows almost like a diphthong. The first is for final vowels of {a, u, i} and the suffix is –ua (with it
also being seen as –wa. The
second form is for final vowels of {o, e} where the suffix is –oa.
XXX
Fasten/shut
> unfasten/fray, open
XXX
To rise (sun) > to set (sun)
XXX
To trap
> to deliver from a trap
XXX
To close,
fasten > To untie, open
XXX
Sow > resow
XXX
Tangle,
complicate > untangle, unwind
XXX
Close, lock
> open, unlock
XXX
Stop up,
cork > uncork
XXX
Snare,
entrap, catch > remove a snare, sprain
XXX
Pierce,
prick > extract, draw out
XXX
Spread out
> become gathered up
XXX
Be suspended
from/above/on a wall > fall down from a wall
XXX
Having
something suspended up > fell down, let fall, thrown down
XXX
Bind
together, imprison > unbind, make free
XXX
Plant >
uproot, draw up
XXX
Build,
construct > pull down, demolish
XXX
Go out >
go in, enter
XXX
Bear, keep
with oneself > give back, retell a story
Perfective: -iŋgo,
-eŋgo,
If the
final vowel of the verb is a back vowel {u, i, a},
then the suffix will be –iŋga. If the final vowel of the verb is a mid-vowel {o, e}, then the
suffix will be –iŋga. If the final
syllable is –ga or –da, then it is replaced with –ŋgo.
If last syllable of the root is –na,
then it is replaced with –ŋa. Usually thought of
as an aspect, like the Aorist Past which denotes the action has just finished,
and so implies the immediate-past tense.
XXX
Die > be
annihilated, die out, become extinct
Positional:
-onda
Indicates
position or posture:
XXX
Hide >
be hiding
XXX
Bend >
be bending, bent
Contactive: -ambà
Expresses contact
with the person or a part of the body, usually hands and arms. The contactive is somewhat like no other extension in that the
action focuses on a physical manipulation of an object or task. The dialect
spoken in the deep forests of the east uses a slight intensive feel in use of
this extension making it somewhat like a causative-augmentive
extension. Note that this ability is used (so far) only in local poetry and
story-telling.
XXX
Squeeze
> take hold of, arrest
XXX
Shut, close
(a door) > enclose with hands/arms
XXX
Pull
towards oneself > embrace
XXX
Stretch,
straighten > smoothen with a press
Eastern
dialect – used in poetry
XXX -
Noting happy, well (intensive)
XXX
Happy >
very happy
XXX
Enjoying
> enjoying very much
Passive:
-wa, -iwa, -ewa, -liwa, -lewa
The Passive
extension is rarely used since it is built into nearly all verb roots in
Proto-Drem, This extension occurs very rarely, in only a few words. The
extension here is for the words that are still a passive, yet tweak their
obvious meaning to what normally would be deduced. The extension is found with
several forms. If the final vowel of the root is {a} then the suffix is –wa. If the final vowel of the root
is {i, u} then the suffix is –iwa.
If the final vowel of the root is {e, o} then the suffix becomes –ewa. If the final vowel is (oa)
due to the reversive extension above, then the suffix
becomes –lewa. If the final vowels are {ua} due to the reversive
extension above, then the suffix becomes –liwa.
XXX
Fat > to
become fat
XXX
To agree
> To be permitted
XXX
Eat > be
gluttonous
XXX
To be clear
> to grasp, understand
XXX
Fierce >
become angry, be angry at
XXX
Cowardice
> fear
XXX
Small >
be too small
XXX
Shame >
pay respect
XXX
Big > be
stout
Stative+Benefactive:
XXX
To make, do > to be made for