nCabot claims Newfoundland
and Nova Scotia for England in 1497
nGiovanni Verrazano claims
much of North America�s eastern coast for France in 1523
nSpain enjoys New World monopoly in 16th century
Europe Divided
nMartin Luther
n1517 attack on Catholic Church
nCalled to account by Charles V
nBible as only source of God�s word
nHenry VIII condemned Luther's Defense of the Seven Sacraments
nProtestantism spreads
nGerman princes seized church lands
Henry VIII
nHenry VIII wanted his
marriage to Katherine of Aragon annulled
nWanted male heir
nAnne Boleyn
nPope Clement balked
nHenry establishes Church of
England
nDissolved 400 monasteries and nunneries
nHenry as head of Church of England
A Half Century of Instability
nIn Edward VI reign, Church
of England flowers
nDies in 1553
nKatherine�s daughter, Mary,
rules 1553�1558
nMarried prince Philip of Spain
nReturns England to Catholicism
nPersecutes Protestants, �Bloody Mary�
nDies childless
Elizabethan England
nElizabeth I takes throne in
1558
nProtestant, but politician
nAppointed Archbishop of Canterbury
nRefused to persecute Catholics
nPhillip II of Spain offered marriage
nSea Dogs attack Spanish
ships
nFrancis Drake and the Golden Hind
nMartin Frobisher
nIn 1580, Elizabeth gave up
pretense of friendship with Spain
nKnighted Drake
Sir Walter Raleigh and Roanoke
nHumphrey Gilbert
nDied in storm in failed colony attempt
nSir Walter Raleigh inherited
colony license
nGained Elizabeth�s favor
nRoanoke colony established
in 1584
nMade enemies amongst Indians
nIn 1587, ninety-one men, seventeen woman,
and nine children �sent� to colony
nCroatoan message
nColonists never found
Beginnings of an Empire
nIn 1588, Spanish Armada
attacked England
nTransported 30,000 troops
nEngland easily victorious
nFree to colonize in New World
nRichard Hakluyt and Sir
Walter Raleigh promoted settlement of New World
nOffered hopes of easy riches
nJames I stripped of Raleigh
nImprisoned, eventually beheaded
Hard Economic Facts
nEngland covets Spain�s gold
nSpain had to use convoys to protest ships
nSpain�s economy has limits
nFailed to invest, economy declines
nBooming population created
social problems
nEnclosure movement
nWandering refugees
nSevere penal code
Private Enterprise
nPrivate stock-holding
companies spread the financial risk among investors
nJames I charters companies
to �plant� colonies
nJamestown
nChristopher Newport
nEasily defended peninsula on James River
nMaterial swamp poorly suited to agriculture
nIll informed and prepared for problems of living in wilderness
Survivors
nPowhatan Indians
n30 to 40 thousand in Tsenahkommaka
nDisease and starvation
brought population down to 38 in 1608
nStarving times
n500 more arrive 1608�1609
nPopulation 60 by 1610
nJohn Smith and Baron de la Warr enforced discipline on
colony
nSettlers forced to farm
nColony stabilized, population started to
grow
The �Stinking Custom�
nTobacco used by natives
nAt first not popular in Old World
nBecame popular in Europe in late 1500s
nJohn Rolfe improves tobacco
production
n3 shillings per pound
nTobacco becomes major export
in 1600s
Who Shall Plant the Fields
nAbundant land made it hard
to hire labor
nTobacco labor intensive
nAttempts to enslave Native
Americans fail
nDutch brought African slaves
in 1619
nBy 1660, 900 black Virginians
nIndentured servitude
n�Headright system�
nInstituted in Virginia in 1618
50 acres per person
The Massacre of 1622
nTroubled, but relatively
peaceful at first
nNumber of settlers too small
to be threat
nColony grows and prospers
nPowhatan attack; settlers
retaliate
nPowhatan extinct by 1685
James 1 dissolves London Company
nDeclares Jamestown a royal
colony
nHouse of Burgesses continues
Maryland: A Second Tobacco Colony
nGeorge Calvert
nTrusted advisor to James I
nIn 1632, got Charles I to issue charter for
colony north of Potomac River
nIn 1634, colony of Maryland
founded
nProspered as tobacco colony
nAct of Toleration of 1649
nRepealed by protestants in 1654
Other Beginnings
nFrance founds Quebec
nHuguenots
nSamuel de Champlain
nQuebec founded in 1608
nTraded with natives
nSpain founds St. Augustine
in 1565
nSanta Fe established in 1609
nProblems with apaches and Navajos
nSpanish driven out in 1680
nNew Netherland and New
Sweden
Discussion Questions
nWhat effect did the
Reformation have on the settlement of the New World?
nWhat was the significance of
the Spanish Armada? What was its impact on the colonization of the Americas?
nDiscuss the role of tobacco
on the development of the early colonies?
nDescribe the use of
indentured servitude and slavery in the colonies. Was it necessary and
effective?