11-04-02
Period 3
Chapter 14 & 18 Study Guide
1. King Hennery VIII asked the pope for a annul on his marriage to Catherine. Annul means to cancel.
2. Gravity is the single force that holds all the planets in orbit around the sun. Gravity was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton. He discovered this force using mathematics.
3. A famous patron was �the magnificent �Lorenzo. A patron was financial supporter for the arts.
4. During the renaissance many artist were learning perspective. Perspective is an artistic technique in which gives paintings and drawings a three-dimensional look.
5. In 1541 John Calvin at the request of the people of the city-state Geneva in Switzerland set up a theocracy. A theocracy is a government that is run by the church.
6. Calvin believed that Fad was an all powerful being and he believed that humans were sinful by nature. Calvin also believed in predestination.
7. Hennery VIII whished to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon due to the fact that she did not give him a son. And with the church not allowing divorces and not annulling his marriage Hennery VIII decided to strip the pope and church of all its power thus separating him and his country from the church.
8. Leonardo da Vinci was a brilliant man he created many great paintings and thought up some amazing machines that were well before there time. Da Vinci was a man of many backgrounds he had interest in art, anatomy, optics, botany, architecture, engineering, and music.
9. Lorenzo de' Medici was a patron of the arts. He allowed artist to come to the Medici palace to sketch pictures of all the Roman statues that surrounded the palace grounds. Lorenzo was a poet. Some of the work he did are still in Intalian verse.
10. Nicolaus Copernicus suggested the fact that our universe in a heliocentric universe in his book �On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres�. Heliocentric means sun-centered.
11. Humanism focused on worldly things rather than on religious terms as was the focus for the medieval era.
12. The church needed funds to help re-build the cathedral of St. Peter�s so the church began sales of indulgences. Indulgences are pardons from ones sins.
13. Predestination is the idea that god had long ago determined who would gain salvation. John Calvin preached predestination.
14. Due to Luther�s negative remarks to the church, the church attempted to persuade Luther to recant. Recant means to give up ones views.
15. Due to Luther�s negative remarks to the church, the church attempted to persuade Luther to recant. Recant means to give up ones views.
16. Copernicus believed that the universe was a heliocentric one.
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18. Luther is known for his 95 theses which pointed out all the things that he felt the church was doing wrong or shouldn�t do. Luther also believed that the bible was the only source for religious truth.
19. Newton is credited for discovering gravity. His book �Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy� stated the laws of gravity and other things of the universe.
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21. The renaissance was time of great creative change in culture, economy, social and politics. The renaissance was filled with great thinkers that created great works of art, poetry, and literature.
22. The introduction of the printing press allowed poets, writers, and many other literary geniuses to publish there workings which allowed many people to view there writings.
23. The reformation resulted in a reformation of the church and the way people thought of education and the arts.
24. The renaissance was started due to a great re-interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. The renaissance was also brought back due to a great interest in ancient , architecture, art, and government.
Chapter 18
1. Hobbes was an English thinker that had ideas which would become key to the enlightenment. Hobbes book Leviathan stated that people a naturally greedy, selfish, and cruel.
2. John Locke believed that people were reasonable and moral. In Locke�s book Two Treaties of Government Locke states that people formed governments to keep what he believed to be their natural rights.
3. Joseph II was given the nickname the �peasants emperor� for his efforts to help improve the lives of the peasants in his kingdom. He also gave toleration to protestants and Jews living in his Catholic empire and he also ended censorship and tried to put the Catholic church under the control of the royal family.
4. Constitutional governments are governments whose power is defined and limited by law.
5. Enlightenment despots are rulers that use their power to bring about political and social change.
6. Natural laws are laws that govern human nature.
7. Natural right- rights that belong to all humans from birth.
8. Physiocrats- an enlightenment thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economics.
9. Bach was a very well known musical figure. Bach wrote many religious works for choirs and organs.
10. Diderot was a philosophe. Diderot also created a 28 volume Encyclopedia. His encyclopedia had articles not only on human knowledge but on government, new thinking, and religion.
11. Tom Paine�s pamphlet Common Sense explained why the colonies should declare independence from Britain.
12. Rousseau believed that humans in nature were good but that goodness would be corrupted by society. In his book The Social Contract state that governments that are freely ruled are good and not bad like non-freely ruled governments.
13. Robert Walpole is credited for forming the British Parliament into a unified body.
14. Baroque-ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600�s and 1700�s.
15. Free market- market in which goods are bought and sold without restriction.
16. laissez faire- policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.
17. Salon- informal social gathering at which writers, artist, and philosophers exchanged ideas; originated in France in the 1600�s.
18. social contract- agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos.