Chapters 20, 21, and 22
Chapter 20
1. Enclosure - the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers; this in turn made sheep and wool output increase.
2. Factories (How they worked) - These factories were used to house the newer pieces of equipment to manufacture goods were to large to put in a home, so they built long sheds to house them and people called them factories. These factories work by bringing in raw materials and producing them into clothes or other manufactured goods.
3. Turnpike - is a privately built road that charged a fee to travelers who used them. These were built in larger numbers during this time for easier ways to transport goods to different areas.
4. Urbanization - a movement of people to cities; this was brought around by the factories being put up and people who used to work on the farms came to get jobs in the city.
5. Utilitarianism - the idea that the goal of society should be, "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of citizens; most middle-class peoples rejected John Stuart Mill's ideas of utilitarianism.
6. Socialism - is the idea that under socialism, the people rather than private individuals would own and operate the "means of production"- the farms, factories, railways, and other large business that produced and distrusted goods.
7. Communism - is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable. This idea came from a man by the name of Karl Marx, a German Philosopher, who did not like the ideas of the Utopians.
8. Proletariat - the working class in Europe, Karl Marx was look after as their savior because of the communist ideas he created.
9. Michael Faraday - Invented the first electric generator ever made. This helped minimize the use of coal that was damaging to the environment. This first electric generator was called the Dynamo.
10. John Wesley - Started the first Methodist Church in England in about the mid-1700s. This church and preacher stressed a personal sense of faith and also to improve their lives by adopting sober, moral ways.
11. Karl Marx - brought socialism to the minds of the people in the 1840s. He was a German Philosopher that condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic idealism.
12. Thomas Malthus - He published an �Essay on the Principle of Population� after he traveled England seeing the crowded slums, hungry families, and widespread misery.
13. John Stuart Mill - he followed Jeremy Bentham. He wanted the government to take action with the poor and underprivileged citizens it had. Most middle-class citizens did not accept his ideas and views. Only in the later 1800s did his ideas slowly start to take notice.
14. James Watt - Improved on the steam engine to make it run on coal not water. This provided the steam power for the early industrial revolution.
15. Abraham Darby - Was one of the first to change from wood to coal to smelt iron. He learned this ruined the iron but figured out how to erase it from the iron to purify it. His son and grandson improved on his ideas to created more pure, stronger and more affordable iron.
16. David Ricardo - An influential British economist that when wages were high, families had more children. This in theory created lower wages as time and more children went on.
17. Jeremy Bentham - In the 1800s he was starting to preach utilitarianism, a revised laissez-faire doctrine to justify some government intervention. One of his follows was John Stuart Mill.
18. Robert Owen - he was poor welsh boy that became a successful mill owner. He did not use child labor and campaigned for child labor laws and encouraged labor unions.
19. Britain's population growth (why did it happen?) - it�s boom came about because of a number of things, first the agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth in society; second, better crops were being used and eaten that didn�t cause famine to rise, and third in the 1800s, they had better hygiene and sanitation along with improved medical practices.
20. Importance of coal to Industrialization - It powered just about everything from factories to transportation. Inventors improved steam engines to use coal more effectively as energy.
21. Agricultural Revolution - This made the industrial revolution possible in part by a change in the farm fields of Western Europe. They could now mass produce crops and transport them faster than ever because of the industrial revolution. This meant no more famine and better crops.
22. textile industry - The new changes in this industry made it much more efficient and faster way of producing cloth textiles. Factories stored new machines to spin, weave, and sew cotton together to pro duce clothes.
23. laissez faire economics (Adam Smith) - know as the prophet of laissez-faire economics. He believed that a free market and would help everyone and not just the rich. This free market he said could produce items for less value and makes them more affordable to everyone.
Chapter 21
1. Ideology - this was a system of thoughts and beliefs that would slowly spread through the world
2. Universal manhood suffrage - this gave all men the freedom to vote; liberals put their support behind these ideas in the late 1800s
3. Autonomy � self-rule The Serbs acquired it from the Turks through bloody defeats but the came out victorious in their own eyes
4. el Grito de Dolores � Hidalgo presided over the poor rural parish of Dolores, el Grito was the father�s speech on independence and liberty inspired many people
5. February Days � in February 1848 angry crowds took to the streets when the government tried to silence the critics and stop public meeting; the people became so out of control that Louis Philippe abdicated his position
6. Frankfurt Assembly � Germany�s state delegates met in the Frankfurt Assembly to debate topics including to make new Germany a republic or a monarchy
7. Simon Bolivar � Simon was a Latin American who was sent to Europe to complete his schooling, he their became a strong admirer of the ideals of the French Revolution
8. Miguel Hidalgo � Miguel was a creole priest in Mexico, he made a call for an end to slavery and reform of to improve conditions for Native Americans
9. Louis Kossuth � he led the nationalists for an independent government; they also wanted an end to serfdom and a written constitution to protect basic rights
10. Tupac Amaru - he demanded that the government end the brutal system of forced Indian labor; he organized a revolt in the 1780s, the forced labor was eventually abolished by a Spanish king
11. Louis XVIII � he was the French king who inherited the thrown from his father
12. John Stuart Mill � he was an influential English liberal, and a notable exception who urged equal rights for women
13. Toussaint L' Ouverture � he was born to slavery and made his way up the ladder, he spoke French and African; he freed the enslaved Haitians
14. Louis Napoleon � he used his power in office as president to gain more power and become emperor in 1852, calling himself Napoleon III; he ruled at a time of rapid economic growth
15. Louis Philippe � he was called the �citizen king� because he owed his throne to the people; under Louis politicians and professionals filled his government
16. Clemens Von Metternich � the ideas of the French revolution threatened the prince�s European monarchy
17. Pedro � in 1822 he became emperor of an independent Brazil, he accepted a constitution that provided for freedom of the press and religion as well as an elected legislature
18. Revolts in Austrian empire � Austrian troops ousted the new governments in northern Italy.
19. goals of nationalists - nationalists goals were linked to demands for liberal reforms such as constitutional government
20. conservative ideology in Europe - the clash of people with opposing ideologies plunged Europe into a period of turmoil that lasted more then 30 years
Chapter 22
1. interchangeable parts � identical components that could be used in place of one another; interchangeable parts simplified both assembly and repair
2. assembly line � a new method of production; workers add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next
3. corporation � businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock; stock holders risk only the amount they invest in the company and cannot be held personally responsible for any dept
4. cartel � an association to fix prices and set product quotas; a single cartel fixed prices for 170 coal mines
5. women's suffrage � women got the right to vote; women had few rights until this event in the late 1800s
6. racism � when a group of people from one race does not like another group of a different race
7. social gospel � a movement that urged Christianity to social service; they campaigned for reforms in housing, health care, and education
8. romanticism � an exaggerated feature on a painting used from 1750 to 1850; using new verse forms, bold colors or the swelling sound of the orchestra, sought to excite strong emotions
9. realism � it was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without the sentiment associated with romanticism
10. impressionism � a movement that took root in Paris; a school of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to capture fleeting visual impressions
11. Social Darwinism � some people used Darwin�s ideas to further there own, those ideas became known as Social Darwinism, applying the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition
12. Darwin- Charles Darwin was a college drop out who went on an exploration to the Galapagos Islands where he discovered the evolution of species; this went against Christian beliefs and was argued by many people
13. Joseph Lister � he was an English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection; he insisted surgeons wash their hands before operating and sterilize their instrument
14. factory life ( How it changed the lives of workers) � factory life helped food amounts grow, but more people worked in factories where they got black lung and other sick effects of the coal mines