RISE OF DEMOCRATIC IDEAS/ ch. 5-6
1. Oligarchy is were the power is in the hands of small, powerful elite, usually from the business class. The oligarchy started in Greece when the merchants, farmers, and artisans started to challenge the authority of the wealthy landowners.
2. A democracy is a government for the people. Athens was probably the first city use democracy efficiently and maybe even the first to use it.
3. Greece is a mountainous terrain. With very little rivers. Greece jets out into the Mediterranean Sea. Ancient Greece was broken up into many islands. Do to the separation by water or land it was probably hard to relay messages back and forth.
4. Greek theater first started out in religious festivals. Greek plays were based on different myths and legends. Greek plays first started out as dramas but then they formed into tragedies and comedies.
5. Alexander�s greatest achievement was spreading the Greek culture. He discovered many new cities. He concurred land from Egypt all the way to India. Allot of the cities he founded were named after him.
6. Alexandria in Egypt was the center of the Hellenistic world. Do to its location on the sea lanes between Europe and Asia it was a boasting place for trade.
7. Pericles believed that all men no matter what there social stats should have a part in the government.
8. Darius
9. Alexander
10. Athens golden age started in 460 B.C. and ended in 429 B.C. During the golden age Athens was being ruled by Pericles. Pericles brought upon an age of thriving economy and government.
11. Life for Spartan children was full of hard work. Both boys and girls were expected to exercise. Boys were expected to steal for their food to help them to become cunning and to supplement their diet. Girls were encouraged to exercise to help them produce health sons for the Spartan army. Boys were also enlisted into the army at the age of
12. Persian wars
13. The Trojan War was fought in the ancient city of Troy. It was believed for many year that the war was just a myth but in the 1870�s a rich German man named Heinrich Schilemann visited the site and discovered that the city had been rebuilt many times and had ware and tare form war and fire.
14. The Peloponnesian started in 431 B.C. The war was between Athens and Sparta. The Spartans won the war and ended Athens great government and economy.
15. Paul helped spread Christianity all over the place. He taught Christianity to gentiles from Rome to Mesopotamia.
16. Hannibal was the leader of the Carthaginian army. After the battle of Italy Hannibal was allowed to live freely in Carthage, but the Roman�s believed that he was conspiring with the enemy and tracked him down. But by the time the Romans found him he had committed suicide.
17. Augusta means exalted one. The Roman senate declared him princeps or the first citizen. Augusta was Rome�s new king but he didn�t give himself the title king because of the hatred that the Roman people had towards that title.
18. Odoacer was Germanic leader that was outside the emperor of Rome. Historians call him the fall of Rome.
19. Jesus was born in 4 B.C. in Bethlehem. Jesus is considered the son of god and savior to the Christians.
20. Constantine
21. Ptolemy was an astronomer and mathematician. He also was the first to state that the earth was the center of the universe.
22. Nicolaus Copernicus suggested the fact that our universe in a heliocentric universe in his book �On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres�. Heliocentric means sun-centered.
23. Virgil was a Roman poet. He wrote Aenied a story depicting Rome during its glory days.
24. Patrician is members of the landowning upper class. Patrician made up the Senate issued decrees.
25. Martyr is people that die or suffer for their beliefs. Paul was a martyr during the reign of Nero.
26. A messiah is a savior sent by god. Many Jewish people believed that a messiah would come and lead them to freedom.
27. A mercenary is a hired solider. Many mercenaries that fought in Rome were from Germany.
28. totalitarian
29. communist
30. A republic is a thing of the people. The Roman�s thought that a republic would help keep anyone person from having all power.
31. basic unit of the Roman army
MIDDLE AGES/ Ch. 8-9
1. Most peasants were serfs on manors. Peasants worked hard for very little pay. Peasants had very little to eat but made due with what they had.
2. Knights were mounted warriors. Knights were probably some of the most respected people in the army of the medieval ages. Young boys would train for years just to become a knight.
3. A fief is an estate. A fief was given to vassals by lords. The estates ranged in size from a hundred miles to a few acres.
4. Serf-in medieval Europe, peasants bound to the lord�s land. Even though serfs weren�t slaves which mean they couldn�t be bought or sold they still weren�t free.
5. Lords were the rulers of the manor. Lords had total control over what happens in their land and they had control over the people in their land.
6. A charter is a written document that set our the rights and privileges of a town. This took place only in the Middle Ages.
7. bill of rights
8. Church reform was desired because the church started to lack discipline. The church began to become corrupt due to its growth in power and strength.
9. most important economic activity in medieval town
10. lending money at interest
11. The Battle of Tours was held in 732 and was between the Franks and the Muslims. The Frankish warriors, which were lead by Charles Martel defeated the Muslims.
12. Charlemagne became king of western Europe in 800. Charlemagne made great strides to improve learning and his country. To improve learning Charlemagne made schools and appointed a respected scholar named Alcuin. And to improve his country he tried to unit them into one United Christian Europe.
13. The Cluniac reform was started to stop the abuse. The Cluniac reform stated that no noble could interfere with the reform.
14. The three field system is where peasants planted a field of grain, another with legumes, and a third with the left fallow. This allowed them to produce more food.
15. The clergy despised a new middle class. They also thought that towns were a disruptive influence beyond their control.
16. Merchant guilds were associations. These guilds were basically like today�s workers association. The guilds were set up to help the peasants in the worker place. The guilds protected the merchants from mistreatment and abuse.
17. Nobles were the highest on the Society chart. Nobles basically controlled everyone by using their wealth and militaristic strength
18. The Magna Carta was created to stop the Kings from abusing their power. The Magna Carta stated that the king could not raise taxes without consulting their council. They couldn�t abuse their people. And they couldn�t rule their people unfairly.
19. The Concordat of Worms stated that the Church has the sole rights to elect and invest bishops with spiritual power.
20. The Crusades were a HOLY WAR. The main conquest of the Crusades was to regain the holy land.
21. Leif Erikson set up a colony in North America but it wasn�t used for very long.
22. The Black Death devastated many countries at the time. The black plague devastated Asia, Europe, an North Africa. The plague killed 7000 people a day.
23. The Reconquista is the campaign that drove the Muslims out of Spain. It was a crusade that lasted many years and in 1300, Christians controlled the entire Iberian peninsula except Canada.
24. They strongly encouraged the growth of a money economy, they brought papal power to its greatest height, the crusades also helped to increase the power of feudal monarchs.
25. The early Jury system was setup under Henry II.
26. cause of Germany's disunity
RENAISSANCE,REFORMATION,ENLIGHTENMENT/ Ch. 14 & 18
1. The introduction of the printing press allowed poets, writers, and many other literary geniuses to publish there workings which allowed many people to view there writings.
2. Nicolaus Copernicus suggested the fact that our universe in a heliocentric universe in his book �On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres�. Heliocentric means sun-centered.
3. Newton is credited for discovering gravity. His book �Mathematical Principles of
4. Natural Philosophy� stated the laws of gravity and other things of the universe.
5. The renaissance was started due to a great re-interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. The renaissance was also brought back due to a great interest in ancient , architecture, art, and government.
6. Luther is known for his 95 theses which pointed out all the things that he felt the church was doing wrong or shouldn�t do. Luther also believed that the bible was the only source for religious truth.
7. scientific method
8. Calvin believed that Fad was an all powerful being and he believed that humans were sinful by nature. Calvin also believed in predestination.
9. Erasmus
10. Montesquieu
11. Cause of Britain's global power/ 1700s
12. Adam Smith believed in laissze Faire economics.
13. John Locke believed that people were reasonable and moral. In Locke�s book Two Treaties of Government Locke states that people formed governments to keep what he believed to be their natural rights.
14. Hobbes was an English thinker that had ideas which would become key to the enlightenment. Hobbes book Leviathan stated that people a naturally greedy, selfish, and cruel.
15. "No taxation without representation
16. Age of Reason
17. Joseph II was given the nickname the �peasants emperor� for his efforts to help improve the lives of the peasants in his kingdom. He also gave toleration to protestants and Jews living in his Catholic empire and he also ended censorship and tried to put the Catholic church under the control of the royal family.
18. absolute monarch
19. divine rule
20. cabinet
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS/ Ch. 19& 23
1. Suffrage-The right to vote. 1792 the right to vote was given to all men not only the priority land owners. The first vote was to abolish the Monarchy and change France into a Republic.
2. Abdicate � To take the thrown by choice or power. Napoleon abdicated the French thrown.
3. Robespierre � Robespierre was a lawyer and politician. Rose quickly to become leader of the Committee of Public Safety and promoted religious tolerance and sought to end slavery.
4. Prince Clemens of Austria pushed to create the Concert of Europe, which was a peacekeeping organization.
5. Nationalism � The aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to one�s country was nationalism, and it spread through France.
6. Napoleon � Napoleon dominated France and Europe from 1799 to 1815. He was on of the great militaristic leaders of all time. He became the Emperor of France and many years later was exiled to Elba.
7. Louis XVI � Left France after the Seven year war.
8. First, Second and Third Estates
9. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
10. Napoleonic Code
11. cause of Napoleon's downfall
12. Reign of Terror � The reign of terror began in July 1793 and lasted until July 1974. 40,000 people died due to hasty trials. 15% of the nobles and 15% of the middle class supported the French Revolution.
13. Otto von Bismarck � Otto became the new power in Europe, he applied the same ruthless method he used on the achieve unification as he did on the domestic front.
14. Revolution of 1905 � Workers in cities took over local government spots. Nicholas was forced to announce reforms. He also created a Duma or Elected National Legislature.
15. William II � He became emperor in 1888. He believed that he had a divine right to rule.
16. threat to the Hapsburg Empire
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION / Ch. 20-22
1. Enclosure - the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers; this in turn made sheep and wool output increase.
2. Utilitarianism - the idea that the goal of society should be, "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of citizens; most middle-class peoples rejected John Stuart Mill's ideas of utilitarianism.
3. factory movement
4. Urbanization - a movement of people to cities; this was brought around by the
5. factories being put up and people who used to work on the farms came to get jobs in the city.
6. founder of Methodist Church
7. term for "working class"
8. James Watt - Improved on the steam engine to make it run on coal not water. This provided the steam power for the early industrial revolution.
9. which group most benefited from Ind. Rev.
10. how factory system changed workers' lives
11. laissez faire economics (Adam Smith) - know as the prophet of laissez-faire economics. He believed that a free market and would help everyone and not just the rich. This free market he said could produce items for less value and makes them more affordable to everyone.
12. ethnocentrism
13. when a group of people from one race does not like another group of a different race
14. assembly line � a new method of production; workers add parts to a product that
15. Corporation � businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock; stock holders risk only the amount they invest in the company and cannot be held personally responsible for any dept
16. survival of the fittest/ in war or industry
17. The right to vote is the right to place your choice in government or other voting processes.
18. The middle class was made up of factory works and people living in the large cities.
19. The peasants were the poor lower class that made up a great deal of the population.
20. The nobility were the rich upper class. They were the factory owners and big mine owners of the time.
21. romanticism � an exaggerated feature on a painting used from 1750 to 1850; using new verse forms, bold colors or the swelling sound of the orchestra, sought to excite strong emotions
22. Alfred Nobel
23. Joseph Lister � he was an English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection; he insisted surgeons wash their hands before operating and sterilize their instrument
24. Charles Darwin � Charles Darwin was a college drop out who went on an exploration to the Galapagos Islands where he discovered the evolution of species; this went against Christian beliefs and was argued by many people
25. Women's suffrage movement � women got the right to vote; women had few rights until this event in the late 1800s
IMPERIALISM/ Ch. 25-26
1) destruction of a religious or ethnic group (term)-
2) sphere of influence- A territorial area over which political or economic influence is wielded by one nation
3) protectorate- A relationship of protection and partial control assumed by a superior power over a dependent country or region.
4) imperialist- One who extends a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations.
5) justification for imperialism- The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations.
6) Ethiopia's resistance to Europe- They had hired Europeans to help them develop weapons so that when the British attacked, they were ready.
7) decline of the Ottoman empire- The western imperialism suceed for a number of reasons, but when newer African states were put to the test, they could not resist.
8) Sepoy rebellion- This was caused by the Indian social classes that resented British interference and domination.
9) Indian National Congress- This was a congress that was made of professionals and buisness leaders who believed in peacful protest to gain their ends.
10) How Industrial Rev. encouraged imperialism- It sparked the new machines which in turn spread the ideas.
11) Europe's main interest in China was ?- They were interested in the trade because they were heavely taxing them and they wanted in.
12) Britain and Russia's desire to control Iran- They wanted to control all of the oil in the east because if they had that than they could get free gas.
13) Monroe Doctrine- an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
14) James Monroe- The fifth President of the United States, whose administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida, the Missouri Compromise, in which Missouri was declared a slave state, and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine, declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.
15) Matthew Perry- He was an American Commodore who sailed into the tokyo bay..
16) James Cook- British navigator and explorer who commanded three major voyages of discovery, charting and naming many islands of the Pacific Ocean. He also sailed along the coast of North America as far north as the Bering Strait.
17) Benito Juarez- In 1855, he and other liberals seized power, opening La Refirna, and era of reform.
18) Japan controlled _____?- They controlled a lot. They mostly controlled a lot of the sea ports and all of the trading that had to do with the ocean.
19) Queen Liliuokalani- Queen of the Hawaiian Islands. She was the last Hawaiian ruler to govern the islands.
20) political consequences of imperialism- They suffered a lot of consequences. One was that the people were unhappy. This lead to rebellion which ended it.
21) British N. America Act- This was an act between North America and Britaian stating the mutual peace between the two countries.
22) US intervention in Latin America in early 1900s- This happened because we thought that there was gold in Latin America. We were wrong and the people rebelled.
23) Australia and New Zealand independence- They broke off from Britain. They were no longer used as a place to send refugees. They were there own country.
24) profits from global economy went where?- They made a lot of money by having all of the peace. It was moslt made by the U.N because of all of the checks that they did.
25) imperialist Cecil Rhodes- She was a person who helped to spread the imperialistic ideas throughout the world. her travels led her to 60 different countries.