9-30-02
Period 3
Chapter 8 Outline
I. The Early Middle Ages
A. A Land of Great Potential
1. European territories created miles of roads and spread Latin language, Christianity, and classical ideas to western tribal people.
2. Europe is on the western edge of Eurasia and stretches from Portugal to China.
3. The seas created a great source for food and for trading and exploration.
B. Germanic Kingdom
1. Germanic tribes had no cities and had no written laws.
2. They lived in small communities which were governed by unwritten customs.
3. 481 Clovis becomes the King of the Franks.
C. Islam: A New Mediterranean Power
1. Muslims curved up Western Europe shortly after the Franks and Germanic people did.
2. 200 years after there movement the Islamic people created a powerful empire and civilization.
3. The Muslim armies struck fear in many of the Christian kingdoms, as the Muslim armies won battle after battle.
D. The Age of Charlemagne
1. Around 800 Europe had a time of unity with the help of the grandson of Charles Martel.
2. The empire stretched from France, Germany, and some parts of Italy.
3. The empire was founded by Charlemagne or Charles the Great.
4. After defeating the rebellious Roman nobles, Pope Leo III made Charlemagne the emperor of Rome on Christmas day 800.
5. Charlemagne tried to take control of his lands so he created a United Christian Europe.
E. A Revival of Learning
1. Charlemagne made efforts to revive Latin learning in his empire in order to make his capital Aachen a second Rome.
2. Charlemagne made efforts to find officials that could write complete and accurate records.
3. Charlemagne created a school in a palace in Aachen and had the scholar Alcuin run the school.
F. Charlemagne�s Legacy
1. Charlemagne�s empire feel shortly after his death in 814.
2. For 30 years his heirs fought for power.
3. In 843 Charlemagne�s grandson made up the Treaty of Verdun, which split the kingdom into three parts.
G. New Attacks
1. In the late 800�s the Muslims took over Sicily.
2. 896 the new nomads the Magyars started to settle in what is today Hungary.
3.The Vikings destroyed the last few threads of Charlemagne�s empire.
II. Feudalism and the Manor Economy
A. A New System of Rule
1. Feudalism evolved after the attacks from the Vikings as Muslim and Magyar leaders tried to maintain order in their kingdoms.
2. Vassals- lesser lords
3. Fief- estate
B. Lords, Vassals, and Knights
1. Monarchs had lords below them to help them run their kingdom.
2. Everyone had roles in the feudal society.
3. A vassal that pledged loyalty to many lords could have major problems if the lords fought with each other.
C. The World of Warriors
1. Knight- mounted warrior.
2. chivalry- a code of conduct
3. Troubadours- wondering poets.
D. The Manor
1. Manor- lords estate.
2. Serfs- were peasants on a manor
3. Peasants on the manors were tied to the lords of the manor by mutual rights and responsibilities.
E. Daily Life
1. Many peasant women and children worked hard from sunup to sundown.
2. Peasant family�s diet consisted of black bread and vegetables.
3. During medieval times people believed in elves, fairies, and other nature spirits.
III. The Medieval Church
A. A Spiritual and Worldly Empire
1. The Christian Church split into two churches the eastern and western church after the fall of Rome.
2. secular- worldly
3. The pope was the leader of the Roman Catholic Church and ruled vast lands in Italy.
4. Sacraments- are the sacred rituals of the church.
5. Canon law- the laws of the church.
6. Excommunication- exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church laws.
7. Interdict- in the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or kingdom.
B. The Church and Daily Life
1.Religion played a big role in the lives of peasants.
2. tithe- or tax to a tenth of their incomes.
3.
C. Monks and Nuns
1. 530 Benedict founded a monastery in Mote Cassino and set up rules that would be later used in all monasteries.
2. Covent and monasteries gave basic social services to the people living around them.
3. The preservation of writings of the ancient world was done at convents and monasteries.
D. Reform Movements
1. In the 900�s pious Abbot Berno set out to end the lack of discipline in the church and revived the Benedictine Rule.
2. The Franciscans were founded by a young Italian man named Francis of Assisi.
3. St. Dominic also found a group of friars.
E. Jews in Western Europe
1. The Sephardic or Jews flourished in Spain.
2. anti-Semitism- prejudice against Jews.
IV. Economic Expansion and Change
A. An agricultural Revolution
1. 1000 Europe�s economic recovery was underway.
2. 800 peasants were using new forms of technology to help them farm.
3. peasants also adopted a three-field system.
B. Trade Revives
1. Traders set up merchant companies that traveled in armed caravans.
2. Trade fairs occurred at navigable rivers or anywhere trade routes crossed.
3. Charter- written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town.
C. A Commercial Revolution
1. Capital- money for investment.
2. Many traders gathered together to form a partnership.
3. Merchants also created insurances to reduce risk.
4. Merchants also adopted the form of bill exchange.
D. Role of Guilds
1. Guilds- associations
2. Guilds passed laws, decided whether to spend funds, and levied taxes.
3. Guilds represented different groups of workers.
4. Apprentice- trainee.
E. City Life
1. Medieval cities were surrounded by high walls.
2. The cities were overcrowded and many new settlers had to live in the fields.
3. City merchants or hawkers filled the streets.
F. Looking Ahead
1. Trade and money became more common.
2. New political forces were created.
3. Europeans were coming in contact with more advanced civilizations.