Pharmacology Test 2 Drug-List: Alphabetical

Pharmacology Test 2 Drug List

Alphabetical

Drug Name	Category	Comments
Acebutolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta₁-Blocker (cardioselective) Anti-Arrhythmic; Class II	Given PO; Has partial beta-agonist activity. Cardioselective: safer for use with asthmatics.
Acetazolamide	Diuretic Carbonic-Anhydrase Inhibitor CNS; Anti-Convulsive; Petit-mal	Causes mild alkaline diuresis and metabolic acidosis. Diuretic: Used to increase urinary excretion of weak acids: counteract salicylate and phenobarbitol poisoning. Anti-Convulsive: In CNS, indicated for treatment of petit-mal seizures, as it increases CO₂ in brain which increases seizure threshold. Tolerance develops to its use. Also can be used to stimulate respiration in acute mountain sickness.
Acetophenazine	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Phenothiazine; piperazine	More extra-pyramidal and anti-emetic effects.
Adenosine	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic	Indicated for Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
Al(OH)₃	GI; Peptic Ulcer Antacid	Local antacid; not absorbed. Weakest antacid. Has constipation as side-effect. Give it with Magnesium (as in Mylanta) to minimize side-effect. It depletes phosphate. Indicated for hyperphosphatemia: Al⁺³ binds with excess PO₄^-3 in bowel and is excreted in feces.
Albuterol	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator; beta₂-agonist	Given inhaled or PO. Not a substrate for COMT, thus longer duration.
Alprazolam (Xanax)	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine
Alprenolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta-Blocker (non-selective)	Has partial beta-agonist activity.
Alprostadil (PGE₁)	Autocoid; PG Analog	Used to maintain patent ductus arteriosus, in certain heart defects such as Tetralogy of Fallot.
Amantadine	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Parkinsonism Anti-Viral Agent	Anti-viral agent has some efficacy with Parkinson's. Used as adjunct therapy.
Amiloride	Diuretic K⁺-sparing Diuretic	It inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase in collecting ducts.
Aminophylline	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator; methylxanthine	Theophylline conjugate, given IV. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ------> high cAMP ------> adrenergic and anti-inflammatory effects in lungs. It is usually given IV for acute attacks, and it has a narrow therapeutic range, so it must be monitored carefully.
Amiodarone	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic All classes	Used to treat life-threatening arrhythmias when other agents have failed. Given PO. Actions: (1) Prolong action potential duration, (2) prolong refractory period, (3) alpha-adrenoceptor blockade, and (4) beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Indications: Suppresses PVC's, ventricular tachycardias Adverse Effects: Pulmonary, hepatic toxicity; increases serum concentrations of other cardiac drugs.
Amirone	CV; Anti-CHF Bipyrine	Phosphodiesterase inhibitor ------> higher cAMP and Ca⁺² ------> increase inotropic state.
Amitriptyline (Elavil)	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation Tri-Cyclic	Profound Sedation: Useful in patients who may benefit from sedation, but not for treatment of insomnia per se. Cardiotoxic.
Amlodipine	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-Anginal Ca⁺²-Blocker; Dihydropyridine
Amoxapine	CNS; Anti-Depressant 2^nd Generation Miscellaneous	May have some anti-psychotic effects. Resembles loxapine, clozapine.
Amyl Nitrite	CV; Anti-Anginal Nitrates & Nitrites	Volatile liquid, given by inhalation. It is the fastest acting of preparations. Can cause methemoglobinemia in high doses.
Astemizole	Anti-Histamine (H₁) Non-sedating	Less sedating; does not cross BBB. Blood levels go up with Erythromycin and Ketoconazole (due to Cyt-P450) ------> fatal arrhythmias.
Atenolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta₁-Blocker (cardioselective)
Atracurium	Muscle-Relaxant; Competitive
Attapulgite	GI; Anti-emetic; adsorbent
Azatadine	Anti-Histamine (H₁)
Baclofen	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Spasmodic	GABA_B Agonist, a subset of GABA receptors. Inhibits spinal reflexes, raises depolarization threshold. Most affects gamma motor system. Used in spinal-cord injuries and multiple sclerosis.
Beclomethasone	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory; Corticosteroid	The preferred steroid for Asthma treatment. It is effective in the lungs, and is not absorbed readily when inhaled. Long-term, Cortisol reduces inflammation. Short-term, it can help to increase beta₂ receptor-density in asthmatics who have beta₂ down-regulation due to excessive use of bronchodilators.
Benazepril	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-CHF ACE-Inhibitor; pro-drug
Benzocaine	Local Anesthetic; Ester	Effective as topical agent; it penetrates mucous membranes
Benzoflumethiazide	Diuretic; Anti-HTN Thiazide Diuretic	Lipid soluble, more potent and longer acting. Extensively metabolized.
Benztropine	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Parkinsonism Anti-Cholinergic	Centrally acting anti-cholinergic used as adjunct therapy in Parkinson's, to inhibit cholinergic interneurons. Can be used as adjunct therapy with anti-psychotics, to attenuate extra-pyramidal effects.
Bepridil	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-Anginal Ca⁺²-Blocker	Given parenterally.
Betamethasone	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory; Corticosteroid	Inhalant. Well-absorbed with many systemic effects.
Betaxolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta₁-Blocker (cardioselective)
Bisacodyl	GI; Laxative Contact-stimulant	Synthetic agent. Treat constipation. Evacuate colon before surgery. Frequently gives as suppository; may cause GI irritation if given PO.
Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)	GI; Peptic Ulcer Cytoprotective Agent Anti-emetic	Selectively binds to ulcer, providing coating and protection. Stimulate mucus production and PGE₁ synthesis. Has anti-microbial activity; often used in combination therapy with antibiotics, to fight *H. Pylori*
Bitolterol	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator; beta₂-agonist
Bretylium	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-III (K⁺-Blocker)	Also has anti-adrenergic properties (similar to reserpine). Toxicity ------> hypotension.
Bromocriptine	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Parkinsonism Ergoline Dopamine D₂ Agonist	Adjunct therapy to L-DOPA treatment, in patients who don't respond well to L-DOPA by itself. First-pass metabolism; adverse effects similar to L-DOPA.
Budesonide	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory; Corticosteroid
Bumetanide	Diuretic; Anti-CHF Loop Diuretic; sulfonamide	Fast, reversible diuresis. Also inhibits Na₃PO₄ cotransporter.
Bupivacaine	Local Anesthetic; Amide	Used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, epidural block.
Bupropion	CNS; Anti-Depressant 2^nd Generation Miscellaneous	Fewer anti-cholinergic side-effects than TCA's. Not used much.
Buspirone	CNS Anxiolytic	Partial agonist at Serotonin 5-HT₁ receptors. It is not a sedative and is not habit-forming. If you take too much, you actually feel worse instead of better. Must be taken for weeks before it takes effect.
CaCO₃	GI; Peptic Ulcer Antacid	Local antacid; not absorbed. Most neutralizing. Adverse effects: (1) constipation. (2) Can lead to acid-rebound when therapy is stopped, as Ca⁺² can stimulate gastric secretion. (3) Hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia can lead to renal stones with chronic use. (4) Milk-alkali syndrome.
Calcium polycarbophil	GI; Laxative Bulk-forming agent
Captopril	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-CHF ACE-Inhibitor; active drug	Orally active drug.
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)	CNS; Anti-Convulsive Grand-mal Iminostilbene	Grand-mal / partial treatment. Can also be used to treat (1) Bipolar Disorder, and (2) Trigeminal and Glossopharyngeal neuralgias. MECH = prolong inactivation of Na⁺ channels, increasing seizure threshold. Often less sedating than Phenytoin. Slow and erratic oral absorption. Side Effects = sedation, ataxia, diplopia, nausea, vomiting.
Carbenoxolone	GI; Peptic Ulcer Cytoprotective Agent	Lots of side effects; rarely used
Carbidopa	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Parkinsonism	Inhibits Aromatic Amino-acid Decarboxylase (AADC) in the periphery, preventing peripheral effects of L-DOPA.
Carboprost	Autocoid; PG Analog	Longer-acting PG analog. Induces abortion.
Carteolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta-Blocker (non-selective)	Has partial beta-agonist activity.
Cascara Sagrada (Castor oil)	GI; Laxative Contact-stimulant	From cascara plant. They stimulate GI mucosa ------> increase motility and secretions. It is not active unless hydrolyzed.
Chenodiol	GI; Gallstones	Natural bile salt reduces cholesterol secretion and increases bile salts, thereby solubilizing the bile. Administered for 9-12 months.
Chloral Hydrate	CNS; Depressant	Hypnotic; rapid onset and short duration of action. Trichloroethanol is the active metabolite. Irritates GI tract. Sometimes used with children.
Chlorcyclizine	Anti-Histamine (H₁)	Less sedating. Best for daytime use.
Chlorcyclizine	Anti-Histamine (H₁) Piperazine	A piperazine. Used in treatment of motion sickness.
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine	Has a long effective half-life, due to the presence of active metabolites.
Chloroprocaine	Local Anesthetic; Ester
Chlorothiazide	Diuretic; Anti-HTN Thiazide Diuretic
Chlorpheniramine	Anti-Histamine (H₁)	Less sedating and fewer GI effects. Best for daytime use.
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Phenothiazine; aliphatic	High sedative effects, which can be anxiolytic. Prototype and least potent of neuroleptics. Can also be used to treat endogenous depression with psychotic features.
Chlorprothixene	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Thioxanthenes	Low hypotensive effects.
Chlorthalidone	Diuretic; Anti-HTN Thiazide Diuretic	Used to treat HTN.
Cholestyramine	CV; Anti-Lipidemic Bile-acid binding resin GI; Anti-emetic; adsorbent	Lower plasma LDL. Increases excretion of bile salts ------> decreased serum cholesterol and increased LDL receptors. Indications: wherever LDL is elevated: Hypocholesterolemia (IIa), Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia (IIb).
Cimetidine (Tagamet)	GI; Peptic Ulcer H₂-Blocker	First and least potent drug. Gets into breast milk. T_1/2 = 2 hrs. Known to be effective with duodenal ulcers, less effective with gastric ulcers. Adverse Effects: (1) Inhibits Phase-I oxidation (Cyt-P450) ------> increased levels of warfarin, diazepam, phenytoin, theophylline. (2) Gynecomastia and Impotence, (3) mental confusion, (4) diarrhea
Clofibrate	CV; Anti-Lipidemic Fibric-acid derivative	Lower plasma VLDL. Increase lipoprotein lipase activity ------> promote catabolism of VLDL. Indications: wherever VLDL is elevated: Dysbetalipoproteinemia (III), Hypertriglyceridemia (IV), Chylomicronemia (V)
Clomipramine	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation Tri-Cyclic	Beneficial in treating OCD. Extra Cl^- probably confers (1) specificity for OCD, and (2) specificity for serotonin receptors, making this drug similar to an SSRI. Strongly anti-cholinergic and sedating.
Clonazepam	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine	Used in the treatment of Petit-mal seizures. Tolerance develops, so long-term therapy is contraindicated.
Clonidine	CV; Anti-HTN; Sympatholytic alpha₂-agonist	Direct alpha₂-agonist ------> decrease sympathetic tone. Withdraw drug gradually: sudden withdrawal may cause hypertensive crisis.
Clorazepate	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine	Used as adjunct therapy in complex partial seizures.
Clorgyline	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation MAO-Inhibitor
Clozapine	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Miscellaneous	Has a higher affinity for 5-HT₂ serotonin receptors than for D₂ receptors. Has no extra-pyramidal effects, and also is the only drug to help at all with the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia. Often works when the other neuroleptics fail; similar in structure to tri-cyclics. Still only used as second-line drug, because it has a high incidence (3%) of agranulocytosis. Blood-monitoring is mandatory when taking the drug.
Cocaine	Local Anesthetic; Ester	Effective as topical agent; it penetrates mucous membranes
Codeine	CNS; Opioid Analgesic Anti-Tussive	Readily crosses BBB. Used to treat mild pain.
Colestipol	CV; Anti-Lipidemic Bile-acid binding resin	Lower plasma LDL. Increases excretion of bile salts ------> decreased serum cholesterol and increased LDL receptors. Indications: wherever LDL is elevated: Hypocholesterolemia (IIa), Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia (IIb).
Colloidal Bismuth Subcitrate (De Nol)	GI; Peptic Ulcer Cytoprotective Agent	Cytoprotective, plus antimicrobial activity against H. Pylori
Cromolyn-Sodium	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory Block Histamine Degranulation	Inhibits degranulation of Mast-Cell granules. They are thought to inhibit calcium flux in Mast cells ------> inhibit release of histamine, leukotrienes, and other mediators. Often used for prophylaxis, between asthma attacks.
Cyclizine	Anti-Histamine (H₁)	Used in treatment of motion sickness.
Cyproheptadine	Anti-Histamine (H₁) 5-HT₁ Antagonist	Used in treatment of urticaria.
Cytellin	CV; Anti-Lipidemic	Interferes with intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Indicated for Familial Hypercholesterolemia (IIa) or exogenous hypercholesterolemia. Modest effect with minimal side-effects.
Dantrolene	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Spasmodic	It decreases Ca⁺² release from the muscle SR. Adverse Effects = generalized muscle weakness, hepatotoxicity. Indications: (1) Wide variety of spastic disorders, (2) malignant hyperthermia.
Decamethonium	Muscle-Relaxant; Depolarizing
Demeclocycline	ADH Antagonist Tetracycline	Inhibit the action of ADH at some point distal to formation of cAMP. Lithium has the same property, as a side-effect of treatment. Adverse Effects: Abnormalities of bone and teeth in young children.
Demeclocycline	Diuretic ADH Antagonist	Indicated for hyper-ADH conditions, such as an ADH-secreting tumor.
Desipramine	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation Tri-Cyclic	The active metabolite of imipramine; more potent than imipramine. May be used in management of chronic pain. Preferred TCA for geriatric population, because of minimal sedation and anti-cholinergic effects.
Desmopressin (DDAVP)	ADH Analog	Indicated for Diabetes Insipidus. More stable, more frequently used ADH analog. Administered intranasally or SQ.
Dexamethasone	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory; Corticosteroid	Inhalant. Well-absorbed with many systemic effects.
Dextromethorphan	Anti-Tussive	Most popular drug, primarily used to suppress cough.
Dextrothyroxine	CV; Anti-Lipidemic	Enhances removal of LDL. Toxicity = hypermetabolism. Contraindicated in CAD, HTN.
Dezocine	CNS; Opioid Analgesic
Diazepam (Valium)	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine	Has very long half-life, due to inherently long T_1/2 plus active metabolites. Anxiolytic at low doses, sedative at higher doses. Used as (1) Anxiolytic (low dose), (2) Anti-convulsant (Status Epilepticus), (3) Pre-anesthetic medication, (4) Anti-Spasmodic Half-life prolonged by cimetidine.
Diazoxide	CV; Anti-HTN Vasodilator	Given IV, for hypertensive emergencies. Relaxes only arteriolar smooth muscle.
Digitoxin	CV; Anti-CHF Cardiac Glycoside	Only available PO. Longer-acting, and longer duration. 3-4 weeks to reach steady state.
Digoxin	CV; Anti-CHF Cardiac Glycoside Anti-Arrhythmic	Available IV, IM, or PO. Anti-CHF: More popular of the two, because (1) faster acting and shorter duration, (2) Can be given IM or PO, and (3) blood levels can be monitored. 1 week to reach steady state. Anti-Arrhythmic: It should be administered before quinidine in the treatment of atrial fibrillation -- it does not stop fibrillation, but by inducing heart-block it prevents it from progressing to ventricular fibrillation.
Dihydrocodeine	Anti-Tussive
Diltiazem (Cardizem)	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-Anginal Ca⁺²-Blocker Anti-Arrhythmic; Class-IV	Benzothiazepine compound. Anti-Arrhythmic: Treatment of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia, Atrial Fibrillation. Anti-HTN: Has well-balanced effects between vascular and cardiac effects, in-between Nifedipine and Verapamil.
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)	Anti-Histamine (H₁)	Sedating. Used in treatment of motion sickness.
Dinoprost (PGF_2alpha)	Autocoid; PG Analog	Induces abortion.
Dinoprostone (PGE₂)	Autocoid; PG Analog	Induces abortion.
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)	Anti-Histamine (H₁)	Sedating, due to CNS anti-histaminic effects. Can be beneficial to patient, to aid sleep or as anxiolytic. Sometimes used for its centrally-acting anti-cholinergic properties, as in an adjunct to anti-psychotic therapy.
Diphenoxylate	GI; Anti-diarrheal	Related to opiates; suppress diarrhea in a manner similar to meperidine.
Diphenoxylate	GI; Anti-Diarrheal	Opioid derivative that is specific to GI-tract, used to treat diarrhea.
Disopyramide	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-I (Na⁺-Blocker)	Indicated for ventricular arrhythmias. Has prominent anti-cholinergic properties, and it may aggravate heart failure. It does not effect digoxin levels. Indications: PVC's, ventricular tachycardia
Disulfiram (Antabuse)	Abuse	Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing build up of acetaldehyde and thus toxicities when taken with alcohol. Warn patients not to take cough syrup or other alcohol-containing consumer products.
Dobutamine	CV; Anti-CHF beta-Agonist
Docusate Sodium Docusate Potassium Docusate Magnesium	GI; Laxative Fecal softener	Ca⁺² is thought to be the superior product. Administered at bedtime, and it takes 1-2 days for the softened feces to pass through. They have no cathartic effect (don't add bulk or water). They only soften the feces and are used for constipation.
Doxacurium	Muscle-Relaxant; Competitive
Doxazosin (Cardura)	CV; Anti-HTN alpha₁-Antagonist	Similar to Prazosin but with longer half-life.
Doxepin	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation Tri-Cyclic	Cardiotoxic.
Droperidol	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Butyrophenone	Also can be used as a fixed IV anesthetic.
Enalapril	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-CHF ACE-Inhibitor; pro-drug
Encainide	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-I (Na⁺-Blocker) Local Anesthetic	Reduce conduction velocity and increase refractory period. Only should be used as last-ditch effort, high number of deaths found with this drug.
Enflurane	CNS; General Anesthetic Inhalational Anesthetic	Sensitizes the heart to catecholamines; hepatotoxic.
Epinephrine	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator; alpha,beta-agonist	Substrate for COMT in the bronchioles, thus relatively short-acting. Only given IV, used primarily in acute attacks; can be administered SQ in status asthmaticus.
Ergonovine	Autocoid; Ergot Alkaloid	Used to reduce post-partum hemorrhage, make uterus contract.
Ergotamine	Autocoid; Ergot Alkaloid	Acute treatment of migraine headaches.
Erythrityl Tetranitrate	CV; Anti-Anginal Nitrates & Nitrites	Longer-acting; oral or sublingual
Esmolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta₁-Blocker (cardioselective) Anti-Arrhythmic; Class II	Only given IV because of its short-half life.
Ethacrynic Acid	Diuretic; Anti-CHF Loop Diuretic; phenoxyacetic acid	Slow-onset, partially irreversible inhibition of channels.
Ethosuximide	CNS; Anti-Convulsive Petit-mal Succinimide	Petit-mal treatment. First choice for petit mal. MECH = Inhibit T-Type Ca⁺² channels, normalizing firing. Is not highly bound to plasma proteins. Adverse Effects = sedation, Parkinsonian symptoms. May precipitate grand-mal, so give with primidone or phenytoin.
Ethyl Alcohol	Abuse	Metabolism: Alcohol ------> Aldehyde ------> Acetyl-CoA Liver: Inhibits Cyt-P450 enzymes acutely, and increases (up-regulates) it chronically. Organ Effects: Vasodilation, hypothermia, GI irritation, diuresis
Famotidine (Pepcid)	GI; Peptic Ulcer H₂-Blocker	Most potent, newest of H₂-blockers. 20-50X more potent then cimetidine. Adverse Effects: Muscle cramps, headache, constipation
Felodipine	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-Anginal Ca⁺²-Blocker; Dihydropyridine	Given parenterally.
Fentanyl	CNS; Opioid Analgesic Fixed IV Anesthetic	Only administered IV. Used as analgesic or fixed IV anesthetic. Highly lipophilic and accumulates in fat.
Fexofenadine (Allegra)	Anti-Histamine (H₁) Non-sedating	The active metabolite of terfenadine. It is safer and does not have the same cardiotoxicity when administered with erythromycin and ketoconazole.
Flecainide	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-I (Na⁺-Blocker) Local Anesthetic	Reduce conduction velocity and increase refractory period. Only should be used as last-ditch effort, high number of deaths found with this drug.
Flumazenil	CNS Benzodiazepine Antagonist	Competitive antagonist at benzodiazepine receptor, used to treat benzodiazepine overdose or toxicity.
Flunisolide	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory; Corticosteroid
Fluoxetine (Prozac)	CNS; Anti-Depressant 3^rd Generation SSRI's	Often first-line treatment now. SSRI's are recommended for elderly. Long half-life -- discontinue use within 5 weeks of using any MAOI.
Fluphenazine	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Phenothiazine; piperazine	Potent; high extra-pyramidal effects.
Flurazepam (Dalmane)	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine	Longer acting. Can be tolerance-forming.
Fluvoxamine	CNS; Anti-Depressant 3^rd Generation SSRI's	Very low incidence of anxiety as a side-effect.
Formoterol	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator; beta₂-agonist	Newer drug; longer action of 10-12 hrs.
Fosinopril	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-CHF ACE-Inhibitor; pro-drug
Furosemide (Lasix)	Diuretic; Anti-CHF Loop Diuretic; sulfonamide	Fast, reversible diuresis. Also has a carbonic anhydrase inhibitory effect.
GABApentin	CNS; Anti-Convulsive Partial	Partial seizure treatment, or as adjunct to grand-mal treatment. MECH = Enhances depolarization-induced release of GABA. Effective in refractory patients, used in combination with phenytoin or carbamazepine. Well tolerated.
Gallamine	Muscle-Relaxant; Competitive
Gemfibrozil	CV; Anti-Lipidemic Fibric-acid derivative	Lower plasma VLDL. Increase lipoprotein lipase activity ------> promote catabolism of VLDL. Indications: wherever VLDL is elevated: Dysbetalipoproteinemia (III), Hypertriglyceridemia (IV), Chylomicronemia (V)
Glutethimide	CNS; Depressant Piperidinedione	Intermediate-acting.
Glycerine Suppositories	GI; Laxative Miscellaneous	Promote peristalsis by locally irritating mucous membranes of the rectum.
Glycerine	Diuretic Osmotic Diuretic
Glycopyrrolate	CNS; General Anesthetic Pre-Anesthetic Anti-Cholinergic; 4 compound	Given as pre-anesthetic medication, to counteract bradycardia. It is not centrally acting so it doesn't counteract vomiting.
Guanabenz	CV; Anti-HTN; Sympatholytic alpha₂-agonist	Direct alpha₂-agonist ------> decrease sympathetic tone.
Guanadrel	CV; Anti-HTN; Sympatholytic NE-Depleting agent	Given PO.
Guanethidine	CV; Anti-HTN; Sympatholytic NE-Depleting agent	Given PO or IV. IV release may cause sudden release of endogenous norepinephrine. Adverse Effects: orthostatic hypotension, fluid retention, diarrhea (due to reflex parasympatehtic overactivation), retrograde ejaculation.
Guanfacine	CV; Anti-HTN; Sympatholytic alpha₂-agonist	Direct alpha₂-agonist ------> decrease sympathetic tone.
Haloperidol (Haldol)	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Butyrophenone	Has the worst of all extra-pyramidal effects, and minimal anti-cholinergic effects. Very low hypotensive effects.
Halothane	CNS; General Anesthetic Inhalational Anesthetic	Sensitizes the heart to catecholamines; hepatotoxic.
Hydralazine	CV; Anti-HTN Vasodilator Anti-CHF	Indicated for CHF with renal dysfunction. It maintains renal blood flow despite vasodilation. Given PO, for chronic anti-HTN treatment. Relaxes only arteriolar smooth muscle. May induce anginal attack or myocardial ischemia in patients with CAD, due to increased blood volume. Adverse effect: SLE-like syndrome.
Hydrochlorothiazide	Diuretic; Anti-HTN Thiazide Diuretic	Water-soluble. Most popular thiazide diuretic for treating HTN. Cheap.
Hydrocortisone	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory; Corticosteroid	Inhalant. Poorly absorbed, more restricted to local effects.
Hydroflumethiazide	Diuretic; Anti-HTN Thiazide Diuretic
Hydromorphone	CNS; Opioid Analgesic
Hydroxyzine	Anti-Histamine (H₁) Piperazine Anti-Emetic Anti-Anxiety	A piperazine. Used in treatment of motion sickness, nausea, and as anti-anxiety. Has several sub-cortical CNS effects, of which anti-emesis is the most prominent.
Hydroxyzine	GI; Anti-Emetic	Has several sub-cortical CNS effects, of which anti-emesis is the most prominent. Also anxiolytic, analgesic.
Imipramine (Tofranil)	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation Tri-Cyclic	Sedating, which can be anxiolytic. Has prominent anti-cholinergic effects: urinary retention, blurred vision, dry mouth. Cardiotoxic. Desipramine is an active metabolite, which is more potent than imipramine itself.
Indapamide	Diuretic; Anti-HTN Thiazide Diuretic	Used to treat HTN. Both a thiazide diuretic and a direct vasodilator.
Innovar (Droperidol + Fentanyl)	CNS; General Anesthetic Fixed IV Anesthetic	Combination of (1) Droperidol (anti-psychotic) and (2) Fentanyl (opiate). It causes neuroleptanalgesia, a state of indifference, but not sleep. Useful in procedures where patient must cooperate.
Ipratropium Bromide	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator Anti-Muscarinic	Inhalant. 4 anti-muscarinic does not cross BBB. Indicated for the treatment of exercise-induced asthma. Not useful for other forms of asthma. As an anti-muscarinic, it inhibits bronchoconstriction and reduces bronchial secretions.
Isocarboxazid	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation MAO-Inhibitor	Hepatotoxicity, idiosyncratic, may occur.
Isoflurane	CNS; General Anesthetic Inhalational Anesthetic	Preferred General anesthetic in most cases. MAC = 1.40%. It has the least hepatotoxicity and does not appreciably decrease cardiac output.
Isoproterenol	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator; beta_1,2-agonist	Only given IV. Substrate for COMT in the bronchioles, thus relatively short-acting. Induces both bronchodilation and cardiac stimulation.
Isosorbide Dinitrite	CV; Anti-Anginal Nitrates & Nitrites	Solid; fast-acting.
Isradipine	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-Anginal Ca⁺²-Blocker; Dihydropyridine
Kaolin & Pectin	GI; Anti-emetic; adsorbent
Ketamine	CNS; General Anesthetic Fixed IV Anesthetic	Blocks glutamate receptors. Related to PCP and is hallucinogenic. Produces dissociative anesthesia. No muscle relaxation, excellent amnesia. Breakthrough hallucinations = those which occur several weeks later. Most often used in kids.
Labetalol	CV; Anti-HTN beta-Blocker (non-selective) alpha₁-Blocker	Causes hypotension, and is accompanied by less tachycardia than other alpha-antagonists, because it also has beta-antagonizing activity. Can be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. Adverse Effects: orthostatic hypotension, bronchospasm, hepatotoxicity
Lactulose Syrup	GI; Laxative Miscellaneous	It acidifies the colon, pulling NH₃ into the bowel. Thus it is used to increase excretion of NH₃ in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
Levobunolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta-Blocker (non-selective)
Levodopa (L-DOPA)	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Parkinsonism	Dopamine precursor, converted by a decarboxylase to active form in the CNS. Numerous central adverse effects with long-term use.
Levorphanol	CNS; Opioid Analgesic
Lidocaine (Local Anesthetic: brand-name Xylocaine)	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-I (Na⁺-Blocker) Local Anesthetic; Amide	Anti-Arrhythmic: Administered IV to avoid first-pass effect. Indications: Ventricular Arrhythmias. (1) reentry dysrhythmias. Reduces action potential duration and shortens refractory period in purkinje fibers ------> improve slow conduction. (2) Suppress ectopic pacemakers. (3) Early onset arrhythmias post-MI. Local Anesthetic: Xylocaine is close to ideal as a local anesthetic. Used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, epidural block.
Lisinopril	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-CHF ACE-Inhibitor; active drug	Orally active drug.
Lithium	CNS Anti-Bipolar Disorder	Only works long-term -- two weeks latency period. Prescribe anti-psychotics for acute manic episodes, or anti-depressants for acute depressive episodes. Narrow therapeutic index. Toxicity ------> hypothyroidism (nodular goiter), leukocytosis, acne, tremor, Diabetes Insipidus, alterations in the ECG.
Loperamide	GI; Anti-Diarrheal	Opioid derivative that is specific to GI-tract, used to treat diarrhea.
Loperamide	GI; Anti-diarrheal	Related to opiates; suppress diarrhea in a manner similar to meperidine.
Loratadine (Claritin)	Anti-Histamine (H₁) Non-sedating	Less sedating; does not cross BBB.
Lorazepam	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine	Short-acting; not metabolized by the P450 system. Used as Anti-Convulsant (Status Epilepticus)
Losartan	CV; Anti-HTN Angiotensin AT₁ Antagonist	Non-peptide, orally administered pro-drug. Good for longer-term angiotensin-antagonist treatment.
Lovastatin (Mevacor)	CV; Anti-Lipidemic HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor	Reduce LDL and triglycerides, and increase HDL. Indications: wherever LDL is elevated: Hypocholesterolemia (IIa), Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia (IIb).
Loxapine	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Miscellaneous
LSD	Autocoid; Ergot Alkaloid
Magnesium Citrate Magnesium Sulfate Sodium Phosphate Sodium Tartrate	GI; Laxative Osmotic / Saline Agents	Fast and powerful cathartics, act in 2-6 hrs. Indicated for (1) before diagnostic tests, (2) flushing entire GI tract of poisons or parasites.
Mannitol	Diuretic Osmotic Diuretic	Indications: (1) Prophylaxis of acute renal failure, (2) cerebral edema, and (3) used with furosemide to prevent cisplatin toxicity.
Maprotiline	CNS; Anti-Depressant 2^nd Generation Miscellaneous Tetracyclic	Almost no serotonergic effects. Particularly high incidence of seizures with this drug.
Meclizine	Anti-Histamine (H₁)	Used in treatment of motion sickness.
Meperidine (Demerol)	CNS; Opioid Analgesic	Less potent, shorter-acting than morphine. Anti-cholinergic. Should be used with caution in presence of tachycardia, and should not be used for cancer pain.
Mepivacaine	Local Anesthetic; Amide	Used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, epidural block.
Meprobamate	CNS; Depressant Carbamate	Intermediate-acting. Muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, hypnotic, for the elderly.
Mesalamine	GI; Inflammatory bowel disease	Used in Ulcerative Colitis. Mechanism unknown; thought to locally inhibit cyclooxygenase in bowel mucosa. Adverse Effects = mild ones, except occasional hypersensitivity
Methadone	CNS; Opioid Analgesic	Long half-life, less efficacious drug. Used for maintenance therapy in heroin dependancy. Withdrawal is milder than morphine withdrawal.
Methaqualone	CNS; Depressant Quinazolone	Short-acting.
Methazolamide	Diuretic Carbonic-Anhydrase Inhibitor	Causes mild alkaline diuresis and metabolic acidosis. More lipid soluble, longer T_1/2, less plasma-protein binding all favor entry into aqueous humor and CSF. Therefore used in prophylaxis of Glaucoma.
Methocarbamol	CNS; Depressant Carbamate
Methoxyflurane	CNS; General Anesthetic Inhalational Anesthetic	Most potent (most lipophilic; highest Ostwald Coefficient) coefficient. MAC = 0.16%. Excellent muscle relaxant. Sensitizes the heart to catecholamines; hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.
Methylcellulose	GI; Laxative Bulk-forming agent
Methyldopa	CV; Anti-HTN; Sympatholytic alpha₂-agonist	Pro-drug is converted to active form in NE neurons. alpha-methyl-NE is the active form, which then indirectly decreases sympathetic tone by replacing NE in post-synaptic neurons. Adverse Effects: hemolytic anemia, hepatotoxicity, increased prolactin secretion.
Methylergonovine	Autocoid; Ergot Alkaloid	Used to reduce post-partum hemorrhage, make uterus contract.
Methysergide	Autocoid; Ergot Alkaloid	Treatment of migraines. Blocks action of serotonin on cerebral blood vessels. Side-effect = retroperitoneal fibrosis.
Metoclopramide	GI; Anti-emetic; central Pro-kinetic	MECH: Blocks dopamine in brain (anti-emetic) and in GI tract (pro-kinetic). Indications: (1) Diabetic gastroparesis, (2) nausea and vomiting with cancer chemotherapy, (3) anorexia nervosa.
Metocurine	Muscle-Relaxant; Competitive
Metoprolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta₁-Blocker (cardioselective)	Local anesthetic membrane-stabilizing activity. Cardioselective: safer for use with asthmatics. Indicated for treatment of essential tremor.
Mexiletine	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-I (Na⁺-Blocker)	Similar to Lidocaine except administered orally. Used in treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.
Mg(OH)₃	GI; Peptic Ulcer Antacid	Most potent of antacids. Local antacid; not absorbed. Has diarrhea as a side-effect. Give it with Aluminum (as in Mylanta) to minimize side-effect. May cause CNS depression in patients with renal insufficiency.
Midazolam	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine	Used as a fixed IV anesthetic or as pre-anesthetic medication. Brief action due to redistribution from brain.
Milrinone	CV; Anti-CHF Bipyrine	Phosphodiesterase inhibitor ------> higher cAMP and Ca⁺² ------> increase inotropic state.
Mineral Oil	GI; Laxative Lubricant laxative	Action 6-8 hours after administration. Indications: (1) Tearing of hemorrhoids or fissures, (2) temporary relief of constipation. Adverse Effects: (1) bowel granulomas, (2) may cause aspiration pneumonia in infants, (3) leaks through the anal sphincter, (4) interferes with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Minoxidil	CV; Anti-HTN Vasodilator	Given PO, for chronic anti-HTN treatment. Relaxes only arteriolar smooth muscle. May induce anginal attack or myocardial ischemia in patients with CAD, due to increased blood volume. Also used for hair growth (hypertrichosis); CV side-effects (hypotension) may be seen when applied topically.
Misoprostol (PGE₁)	GI; Peptic Ulcer Cytoprotective Agent Autocoid; PG Analog	Analog of PGE₁. Inhibits gastric acid secretion; stimulates mucus secretion and cAMP production. Cytoprotection: increased mucous, increased HCO₃^-. Particularly useful in NSAID-induced ulcers.
Mivacurium	Muscle-Relaxant; Competitive
Molindone	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Miscellaneous
Monoctanoin	GI; Gallstones	Used when pigment stones are refractory to treatment by chenodiol. Administered through a nasobiliary catheter; only effective when in direct contact with the stones.
Morphine	CNS; Opioid Analgesic	Used as pre-anesthetic medication. ADVERSE EFFECTS: Increases degranulation of histamine ------> low blood pressure, impaired respiration. Conjugated with a glucuronic acid. Readily crosses BBB.
Nadolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta-Blocker (non-selective)	Has particularly long half-life and duration of action.
NaHCO₃ (Alka-Seltzer)	GI; Peptic Ulcer Antacid	Systemic antacid. It is absorbed, increasing Na⁺ and HCO₃^- load. It may lead to systemic metabolic alkalosis, and can cause acid-rebound. It creates an alkaline urine, facilitating clearance of drugs that are weak acids.
Nalbuphine	CNS; Opioid Analgesic
Naloxone	CNS; Opioid Antagonist	Given IM; duration of action 1-4 hours. Used to treat heroin overdose and toxicity.
Naltrexone	CNS; Opioid Antagonist	Given orally, t_1/2 of about 10 hrs.
Nedocromil Sodium	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory Block Histamine Degranulation	Inhibits degranulation of Mast Cell granules.
Neomycin	CV; Anti-Lipidemic Miscellaneous	Lower plasma LDL. Inhibits intestinal absorption of cholesterol ------> lower LDL. Indicated for Hypercholesterolemia (IIa)
Niacin (Vitamin B₁)	CV; Anti-Lipidemic Miscellaneous	Lower plasma VLDL. Inhibits VLDL secretion ------> lower plasma VLDL. Indications are wherever VLDL is increased: Hypercholesterolemia (IIa), Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia (IIb), Dysbetalipoproteinemia (III), Hypertriglyceridemia (IV)
Nicardipine	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-Anginal Ca⁺²-Blocker; Dihydropyridine
Nifedipine	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-Anginal Ca⁺²-Blocker; Dihydropyridine	Has the strongest (most specific) vasodilator effects.
Nimodipine	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-Anginal Ca⁺²-Blocker; Dihydropyridine	Given parenterally. It has a high affinity for cerebral blood vessels.
Nitroglycerine	CV; Anti-Anginal Nitrates & Nitrites	Volatile liquid, fast-acting, sublingual. Most common preparation, because (1) rapid onset (1-3 minutes), and (2) short duration (20-30 min). Also available in other forms, which are longer-acting.
Nitrous Oxide (NO)	CNS; General Anesthetic Inhalational Anesthetic	Only remaining gaseous anesthetic. Least potent (least lipophilic, lowest Ostwald Coefficient) anesthetic. MAC >> 100. NO is an incomplete anesthetic. Fast rate of induction. Used in local procedures or in procedures where patient response is required.
Nizatidine (Axid)	GI; Peptic Ulcer H₂-Blocker	Adverse Effects: Minor. Greater than 90% urinary excretion, more than the other drugs.
Nortriptyline	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation Tri-Cyclic	Preferred TCA for geriatric population, due to fewer anti-cholinergic effects. Minimal sedative and anti-cholinergic effects. Least likely to produce orthostatic hypotension, so it is the recommended TCA for patients with CHF.
Noscapine	Anti-Tussive
Olanzapine	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Miscellaneous
Olsalazine sodium	GI; Inflammatory bowel disease	Used to maintain remission of Ulcerative Colitis. Contraindicated in persons with salicylate hypersensitivity.
Omeprazole	GI; Peptic Ulcer Gastric-Pump Inhibitor	Mech: Irreversibly inhibits the H⁺-pump by forming a covalent bond with a Cys residue. It blocks H⁺ transport into secretory vesicles ------> prevent acid formation. Maximally effective when taken before meals; it requires acid in order to function, thus higher doses are required in fasting people. Indicated for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, GERD, and non-bleeding PUD.
Ouabain	CV; Anti-CHF Cardiac Glycoside	Given IV for CHF emergencies, but primarily used only experimentally. The last lipid soluble and fastest acting of the digitalis drugs.
Oxazepam	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine	Short acting; not metabolized by the P450 system.
Oxprenolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta-Blocker (non-selective)	Has partial beta-agonist activity.
Oxycodone	CNS; Opioid Analgesic
Oxymorphone	CNS; Opioid Analgesic
Pancuronium	Muscle-Relaxant; Competitive
Paraldehyde	CNS; Depressant	Hypnotic; rapid onset and short duration of action. Irritates GI tract. Used with institutionalized patients. Used especially to treat delirium tremens. Can be administered as an enema.
Paroxetine (Paxil)	CNS; Anti-Depressant 3^rd Generation SSRI's	Metabolism impaired in elderly. SSRI's are recommended for elderly.
Penbutolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta-Blocker (non-selective)	Has partial beta-agonist activity.
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate	CV; Anti-Anginal Nitrates & Nitrites	Longer-acting; oral
Pentazocine	CNS; Opioid Analgesic	Partial opioid agonist, thus it can precipitate withdrawal if given after morphine.
Pentobarbitol	CNS; Depressant Barbiturate	Intermediate half-life.
Pergolide	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Parkinsonism Ergoline Dopamine D₂ Agonist	Adjunct therapy to L-DOPA treatment, in patients who don't respond well to L-DOPA by itself.
Perphenazine	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Phenothiazine; piperazine	More extra-pyramidal and anti-emetic effects.
Phenelzine	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation MAO-Inhibitor	Hepatotoxicity, idiosyncratic, may occur.
Phenobarbitol	CNS; Anti-Convulsive Grand-mal Barbiturate	Long half-life. Indicated for treatment of Grand-Mal / Partial Seizures, or Also used for Status Epilepticus.
Phenolphthalein (Ex-lax)	GI; Laxative Contact-stimulant
Phenoxybenzamine	alpha-Blocker (non-selective)	Not used for treatment of HTN. Used for diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma.
Phentolamine	alpha-Blocker (non-selective)	Not used for treatment of HTN. Used for diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma.
Phenytoin (Dilantin)	CNS; Anti-Convulsive Grand-mal Hydantoin	(1) Grand-mal / partial treatment. MECH = prolong inactivation of Na⁺ channels, increasing seizure threshold. (2) Anti-Arrhythmic: similar to lidocaine. Indicated especially for digitalis toxicity.
Pimozidine	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Miscellaneous
Pindolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta-Blocker (non-selective)	Has good oral bioavailability. Has partial beta-agonist activity.
Pipecuronium	Muscle-Relaxant; Competitive
Piperacetazine	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Phenothiazine; piperazine	More extra-pyramidal and anti-emetic effects.
Pirbuterol	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator; beta₂-agonist
Plantago seed	GI; Laxative Bulk-forming agent
Pravastatin (Pravachol)	CV; Anti-Lipidemic HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor	Reduce LDL and triglycerides, and increase HDL. Indications: wherever LDL is elevated: Hypocholesterolemia (IIa), Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia (IIb).
Prazosin (Minipress)	CV; Anti-HTN alpha₁-Antagonist	Has less of an effect on reflex tachycardia and renin release, because it does not block the inhibitory alpha₂ receptors. It can be used to treat hypertension.
Prednisone	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory; Corticosteroid	Taken orally.
Primidone	CNS; Anti-Convulsive Grand-mal Barbiturate	Grand-mal / partial treatment. Second-line drug. Has phenobarbitol as an active metabolite. Give with phenytoin; never give with phenobarbitol.
Probucol	CV; Anti-Lipidemic Miscellaneous	Lower plasma HDL. Structurally related to estrogens. Has minimal effects on LDL. Single Indication = Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (IIa), as an adjunct therapy.
Procainamide	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-I (Na⁺-Blocker)	Given PO, IM, or IV. Well absorbed orally. Indications: similar to quinidine. Can be potentiated by Amiodarone, Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Trimethoprim. Adverse Effects = SLE-like syndrome, agranulocytosis, fever and rash
Procaine	Local Anesthetic; Ester	Close to ideal as a local anesthetic. Used only for infiltration anesthesia or as spinal block.
Procyclidine	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Parkinsonism Anti-Cholinergic	Centrally acting anti-cholinergic used as adjunct therapy in Parkinson's, to inhibit cholinergic interneurons. Can be used as adjunct therapy with anti-psychotics, to attenuate extra-pyramidal effects.
Promethazine	Anti-Histamine (H₁) Phenothiazine	Used chiefly as a sedative.
Propafenone	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-I (Na⁺-Blocker) Local Anesthetic	Similar to encainide.
Propanolol	CV; Anti-HTN; Anti-Anginal beta-Blocker (non-selective) Anti-Arrhythmic; Class II	Given PO; undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. Lipophilic, readily crosses BBB, used to treat migraines and other CNS disorders. Anti-Arrythmic: Similar to quinidine, and suppresses ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Anti-Anginal: Very common long-range therapy, used with nitrates. It decreases O₂-demand of the heart.
Propofol	CNS; General Anesthetic Fixed IV Anesthetic	Popular drug for fixed anesthetic; also used as pre-anesthetic. Brief action because of redistribution from brain (highly lipophilic). Similar to the barbiturates but there is more rapid recovery. Depresses blood pressure at anesthetic doses.
Propoxyphene	CNS; Opioid Analgesic Anti-Tussive	Used to treat mild pain.
Protriptyline	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation Tri-Cyclic	Minimal sedation.
Pyrilamine	Anti-Histamine (H₁)	Sedating. Has greater GI side-effects than Diphenhydramine.
Quinapril	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-CHF ACE-Inhibitor; pro-drug
Quinidine	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-I (Na⁺-Blocker)	Usually given PO, but also IM, IV. Indications: atrial fibrillation, premature systole. Increases ventricular volume with atrial fib. Can prevent ectopic foci. Enhances AV transmission via anticholinergic effects.
Ramipril	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-CHF ACE-Inhibitor; pro-drug
Ranitidine (Zantac)	GI; Peptic Ulcer H₂-Blocker	Gets into breast milk. Inhibits Phase-I oxidation (Cyt-P450)
Remoxipride	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Miscellaneous
Reserpine	CV; Anti-HTN; Sympatholytic NE-Depleting agent	Given PO. Adverse Effects: psychic depression, stuffy nose, dry mouth, GI disturbance
Risperidone	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Miscellaneous	High extrapyramidal effects.
Rocuronium	Muscle-Relaxant; Competitive
Salmeterol	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator; beta₂-agonist	Newer drug; longer action of 10-12 hrs.
Saralasin	CV; Anti-HTN Angiotensin AT₁ Antagonist	It is a peptide, only given IV. It has short duration of action, and it has partial agonistic effects. Can be used in emergency situations for fast, short-term relief. Very short T_1/2
Scopolamine	GI; Anti-emetic; central Anti-muscarinic	Skin-patch applied to hairless area behind ear; indicated for motion sickness. Given as pre-anesthetic medication, to counteract vomiting and bradycardia.
Scopolamine	CNS; General Anesthetic Pre-Anesthetic Anti-Cholinergic; 3 compound	Given as pre-anesthetic medication, to counteract vomiting (prevent excessive secretions) and bradycardia. It is centrally acting.
Selegiline	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Parkinsonism MAO-B Inhibitor	(1) MAO-B Inhibitor ------> inhibit breakdown of Dopamine and prolong action of L-DOPA. Adjunct therapy to L-DOPA. Selegiline decreases on-off effects. (2) Anti-oxidant: probably also has anti-oxidant properties, which helps prevent / retard damage to nigrostriatal neurons.
Senna	GI; Laxative Contact-stimulant	From senna plant. They stimulate GI mucosa ------> increase motility and secretions.
Sertraline (Zoloft)	CNS; Anti-Depressant 3^rd Generation SSRI's	Metabolism not different between young and elderly. SSRI's are recommended for elderly.
Simvastatin	CV; Anti-Lipidemic HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor	Reduce LDL and triglycerides, and increase HDL. Indications: wherever LDL is elevated: Hypocholesterolemia (IIa), Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia (IIb).
Sodium Nitroprusside	CV; Anti-HTN Vasodilator Anti-CHF	Indications: (1) hypertensive emergencies, (2) acutely decompensated CHF, when the blood pressure is inadequate to perfuse brain and kidneys. Dilates both arteries and veins. Given IV, it is the fastest acting of the nitrate preparations.
Sodium Nitrite	CV; Anti-Anginal Nitrates & Nitrites	Can cause methemoglobinemia in high doses. It is therefore administered IV for treatment of cyanide poisoning.
Sotalol	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-III (K⁺-Blocker)
Sotalol	CV; Anti-HTN beta-Blocker (non-selective)
Spironolactone	Diuretic K⁺-sparing Diuretic Aldosterone Antagonist	24-48 hours required to achieve maximal natriuresis. Indicated for primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism. Adverse Effects: Gynecomastia, hirsutism, post-menopausal bleeding
Succinylcholine	Muscle-Relaxant; Depolarizing	Used in electroconvulsive therapy, ETC.
Sucralfate	GI; Peptic Ulcer Cytoprotective Agent	Sucralfate = Sucrose + Sulfate. It forms a mucus barrier that absorbs pepsin; increase mucus secretion, HCO₃^- secretion, and PGE₂ synthesis. It is not absorbed ------> minimal adverse effects. Aluminum accumulation in blood may occur in people with renal insufficiency. It is only effective at an acidic pH: don't give with antacids or H₂-blockers. Indicated for stress-induced ulcers
Sufentanil	CNS; Opioid Analgesic Fixed IV Anesthetic	10X more potent tha Fentanyl; used as Fixed IV Anesthetic.
Sulfasalazine	GI; Inflammatory bowel disease	For mild to moderate Ulcerative Colitis. Active metabolite = 5-aminosalicylic acid. Adverse Effects: Anorexia, headaches, rash, hemolytic anemia, impaired folate absorption, abnormalities of sperm.
Temazepam	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine
Terazosin	CV; Anti-HTN alpha₁-Antagonist	Similar to Prazosin but with longer half-life.
Terbutaline	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator; beta₂-agonist	Given inhaled or PO. Not a substrate for COMT, thus longer duration.
Terfenadine (Seldane)	Anti-Histamine (H₁) Non-sedating	Less sedating; does not cross BBB. Blood levels go up with Erythromycin and Ketoconazole (due to Cyt-P450) ------> fatal arrhythmias.
Tetracaine	Local Anesthetic; Ester	Close to ideal as a local anesthetic.
Theophylline	Anti-Asthma Bronchodilator; methylxanthine	Given PO. Indicated for nocturnal asthma. Relatively long half-life. Smoking increases its clearance. CHF, liver disease, renal failure, decrease its clearance.
Thiopental	CNS; Depressant Barbiturate	Ultra short half-life. Used as a fixed IV anesthetic or as pre-anesthetic medication. Not analgesic; in fact it increases awareness of pain. Often used with NO for its analgesic properties. Profound decreased respiration. Very rapid onset and rapid termination, because it is highly lipophilic and redistributes quickly.
Thioridazine	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Phenothiazine; piperidine	Tend to have minimal extrapyramidal effects, because the drug also has intrinsic anti-cholinergic activity.
Thiothixene	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Thioxanthenes	Low hypotensive effects. Potent; moderate (evenly distributed) side-effect profile.
Timolol	CV; Anti-HTN beta-Blocker (non-selective)	Local anesthetic membrane-stabilizing activity.
Tocainide	CV; Anti-Arrhythmic Class-I (Na⁺-Blocker)	Similar to lidocaine except given orally. Shortens action potentials and refractory periods in purkinje fibers and cardiac muscle. Agranulocytosis, 0.2%
Torsemide	Diuretic; Anti-CHF; Anti-HTN Loop Diuretic; sulfonamide	Fast, reversible diuresis. Long-acting. Once daily dosage for HTN: good side-effect profile, no hypokalemia or dyslipidemia.
Tranylcypromine	CNS; Anti-Depressant 1^st Generation MAO-Inhibitor
Trazodone	CNS; Anti-Depressant 2^nd Generation Miscellaneous	Useful for severe anxiety, insomnia. No longer used much for depression. Highly sedating, which can be anxiolytic. Has primarily serotonin effects, with little anti-cholinergic effects. Can show orthostatic hypotension. Used in elderly. Side-Effect = ventricular ectopic activity
Triamcinolone	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory; Corticosteroid	Inhalant. Poorly absorbed, more restricted to local effects.
Triamterene	Diuretic K⁺-sparing Diuretic	It inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase in collecting ducts. Also has an active (hydroxylated) metabolite. Both are excreted in kidney. T_1/2 = 3-5 hrs Adverse Effect: Hyperkalemia, Metabolic Acidosis, renal stones
Triazolam (Halcion)	CNS; Depressant Benzodiazepine	Short-acting; primarily used as hypnotic. Can be tolerance-forming.
Trifluoperazine	CNS; Anti-Psychotic Phenothiazine; piperazine	More extra-pyramidal and anti-emetic effects.
Trihexyphenidyl	CNS; Movement Disorders Anti-Parkinsonism Anti-Cholinergic	Most popular of anti-cholinergics. Centrally acting anti-cholinergic used as adjunct therapy in Parkinson's, to inhibit cholinergic interneurons. Can be used as adjunct therapy with anti-psychotics, to attenuate extra-pyramidal effects.
Trimethadione	CNS; Anti-Convulsive Petit-mal Oxazolidinedione	Petit-Mal treatment. Only used after ethosuximide and VPA have failed. MECH = Inhibit T-Type Ca⁺² channels, normalizing firing. Not very bound to plasma proteins; Adverse Effects = sedation, blurred vision. May precipitate grand-mal, so give with primidone or phenytoin. TOXICITY: Blood dyscrasias, nephritis. Pretty toxic.
Trimethaphan	CV; Anti-HTN; Sympatholytic Ganglionic blocker	Given IV, for (1) hypotensive crisis, or (2) to induce hypotension during neurosurgery.
Tubocurarine	Muscle-Relaxant; Competitive	Used in Multiple Sclerosis. Acidosis increases its potency; alkalosis decreases its potency.
Urapidil	CV; Anti-HTN alpha₁-Antagonist	Has less of an effect on reflex tachycardia and renin release, because it does not block the inhibitory alpha₂ receptors. It can be used to treat hypertension.
Urea	Diuretic Osmotic Diuretic
Ursodiol	GI; Gallstones	Natural bile salt. Suppresses hepatic synthesis of cholesterol, and inhibits absorption of cholesterol. Months of therapy required.
Valproic Acid (VPA)	CNS; Anti-Convulsive Petit-mal Carboxylic Acid	Petit-mal treatment, or as adjunct to Grand-mal (although that isn't approved yet in U.S.) 3 MECH's (proposed) = (1) prolong inactivation of Na⁺ channels, increasing seizure threshold. (2) Inhibit T-Type Ca⁺² channels. And (3) Inhibit GABA trans-aminase, increasing GABA levels. Adverse Effects = it increases the likelihood of adverse effects of the barbiturates. Fulminant Hepatitis in children is a major drawback.
Vasopressin	ADH Analog	Indicated for Diabetes Insipidus
Vecuronium	Muscle-Relaxant; Competitive
Verapamil	CV; Anti-HTN, Anti-Anginal Ca⁺²-Blocker Anti-Arrhythmic; Class-IV	Papaverine compound. Has the strongest (most specific) cardiac effects. Anti-Arrhythmic: Treatment of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia, Atrial Fibrillation. Adverse Effects = hypotension, heart-block, constipation. Increases serum digoxin levels.
Vigabatrin	CNS; Anti-Convulsive Partial	Partial seizure treatment. MECH = Inhibit GABA transaminase, increasing GABA levels.
Viscous Lidocaine	GI; Anti-emetic; adsorbent
Zafirlukast	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Leukotriene	Leukotriene antagonist; blocks Leukotriene receptors in bronchial smooth muscle. Experimental. Especially effective against exercise-induced and aspirin-sensitive asthma. Adverse Effects: Headache, nausea, increased risk for infection.
Zileuton	Anti-Asthma Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Leukotriene	5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor ------> inhibit leukotriene synthesis. Experimental. Especially effective against exercise-induced and aspirin-sensitive asthma. Adverse Effects: Elevates liver enzymes, possible hepatotoxicity.

Return to top

Hosted by www.Geocities.ws