Anatomy: Head and Neck Table of Muscles

HEAD AND NECK TABLE OF MUSCLES

Muscle Principle Group Innervation Origin Insertion Action Description / Clinical / Relationships

Stapedius Ear, Middle ear Facial N. (VII) Near the Eustachian Tube Stapes of middle ear Reflexively contracts with a loud sound, to protect middle and inner ear

Tensor Tympani Ear, Middle ear Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch Posterior wall of tympanic cavity Malleus of middle ear Reflexively contracts with a loud sound, to protect middle and inner ear

Iliocostalis Erector Spinae Ilium Ribs, laterally Extend the spine and flex it laterally

Longissimus Erector Spinae Ilium Ribs, medially. Also inserts on transverse processes Extend the spine and flex it laterally

Spinalis Erector Spinae Ilium Spinous Processes Extend the spine and flex it laterally

Multifidus Erector Spinae, deep Sacral and Lumbar Arches Lumbar Spinous Processes, above origin Laterally flex and rotate lumbar spine

Rotatores Erector Spinae, deep Transverse Process Spinous Process of level above Rotate the spine

Semispinalis Erector Spinae, deep Transverse Processes Spinous Processes a couple of levels above origin Extend and rotate cervical and thoracic vertebrae

Levator Palpebrae Superioris Eye, eyelid Oculomotor N. (III), Superior Division Orbital part of frontal bone Superior Tarsus Raises the eyelid

Superior Tarsal Eye, eyelid Internal Carotid Plexus (sympathetic) Tarsal Plate of eyelid Aids Levator Palpebra Superioris in raising upper eyelid SMOOTH MUSCLE, not under voluntary control; PTOSIS (eyelid drooping) results if this sympathetic innervation is lost

Ciliary Muscle Eye, intrinsic Oculomotor N. (III), Inferior Division Zonular Fibers and lens ACCOMMODATION for near vision Decreases tension of zonular fibers ---> Increase natural curvature of lens ---> focus for near vision; This is SMOOTH muscle; Parasympathetic

Dilator Muscle Eye, intrinsic Internal Carotid Plexus (sympathetic) Iris Dilates the pupil Sympathetic innervation via the Long Ciliary; this is SMOOTH muscle

Sphincter Pupillae Eye, intrinsic Oculomotor (III), Inferior Division Iris Constricts the pupil Parasympathetic innervation by Oculomotor; this is SMOOTH muscle

Inferior Oblique Eye, oculomotor Oculomotor N. (III), inferior division Maxillary bone near front of orbit Sclera of eyeball Pulls the eyeball UP (NOT down!) on a MEDIALLY ROTATED eye. And, it ABDUCTS the eyeball.

Inferior Rectus Eye, oculomotor Oculomotor N. (III), inferior division Common Annular Tendon Sclera of eyeball Rotates the eyeball downward

Lateral Rectus Eye, oculomotor Abducens N. (VI) Common Annular Tendon Sclera of eyeball Abducts the eyeball

Medial Rectus Eye, oculomotor Oculomotor N. (III), Inferior Division Common Annular Tendon Sclera of eyeball Adducts the eyeball

Superior Oblique Eye, oculomotor Trochlear N. (IV) Outside the Common Annular Tendon Sclera of eyeball Pulls the eyeball DOWN (NOT up!) on a MEDIALLY ROTATED eye. And, it ABDUCTS the eyeball. Its tendon goes through a TROCHLEA, on the superoMEDIAL margin of the frontal bone. Then the tendon attaches to the underside of the eyeball, thus explaining its action.

Superior Rectus Eye, oculomotor Oculomotor N. (III), Superior Division Common Annular Tendon Sclera of eyeball Rotates the eyeball upward

Mentalis Facial Expression, chin Facial N. (VII) Skin and superficial fascia of chin Provides character to the chin

Anterior Auricular Facial Expression, ear Skin and superficial fascia in temporalis region

Posterior Auricular Facial Expression, ear Skin and superficial fascia in temporalis region

Superior Auricular Facial Expression, ear Skin and superficial fascia in temporalis region

Corrugator Supercilii Facial Expression, eye Facial N. (VII) Supraorbital ridge Skin and superficial fascia of eyebrow Expression of eyebrows

Orbicularis Oculi Facial Expression, eye Facial N. (VII), Temporal and Zygomatic Branches Tarsus of eyelid (palpebral) and skin surrounding orbit (orbital) Orbital Part: Squints the eye; Palpebral Part: Lightly closes the eyelid Malfunction ---> dries out the CORNEA ---> necrosis of cornea ---> ulceration results

Epicranius Facial Expression, head Facial N. (VII), Temporal Branch (Frontalis), and Posterior Auricular Branch (Occipitalis) Frontalis: Frontal Bone; Occipitalis: Occipital Protuberance Galea Aponeurotica This muscle has two heads of origin: FRONTALIS in front and OCCIPITALIS in back

Buccinator Facial Expression, mouth Facial N. (VII), Buccal Branch Pterygomandibular Raphe Skin and superficial fascia of cheek Overlies the buccal fat pad; The PAROTID DUCT pierces it.

Depressor Anguli Oris Facial Expression, mouth Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth Lowers the angle of the mouth Opposes the Levator Anguli Oris

Depressor Labii Inferioris Facial Expression, mouth Facial N. (VII), Mandibular Branch Skin and superficial fascia of face Depress the lower lip

Levator Anguli Oris Facial Expression, mouth Facial N. (VII) Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth Elevates the angle of the mouth The mouth will droop if this muscle is malfunctioning; Opposes depressor anguli oris

Levator Labii Superioris Facial Expression, mouth Facial N. (VII) Maxilla Skin and superficial fascia of upper lip Raise the upper lip

Orbicularis Oris Facial Expression, mouth Facial N. (VII), Buccal Branch Skin and superficial fascia of lips Facial expression around mouth

Risorius Facial Expression, mouth Facial N. (VII) Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth Pulls the angle of the mouth laterally

Zygomaticus Major Facial Expression, mouth Facial N. (VII), Buccal Branch Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth Pull the angle of the mouth outward

Zygomaticus Minor Facial Expression, mouth Facial N. (VII), Buccal Branch Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth Pull the angle of the mouth outward

Platysma Facial Expression, neck Facial N. (VII), Cervical Branch Skin and superficial fascia of neck No important function in humans

Levator Labii Superiores Aleque Nasi Facial Expression, nose Facial N. (VII) Helps Nasalis in opening Nares during breathing

Nasalis Facial Expression, nose Facial N. (VII) Lateral crus of Great Alar cartilages Open the nares during breathing, slightly.

Procerus Facial Expression, nose Facial N. (VII) Skin and superficial fascia above the nose Wrinkles the nose

Omohyoid Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap) Ansa Cervicales, Inferior Root (C2,C3) Scapula Hyoid Bone Helps raise the thyroid cartilage (i.e. lower hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing It goes through a tendinous sheath (similar to Trochlea); passes through both anterior and posterior triangles; Superior Belly borders CAROTID TRIANGLE and MUSCULAR TRIANGLE

Sternohyoid Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap) Ansa Cervicales, Inferior Root (C2,C3) Sternum Hyoid Bone Helps raise the thyroid cartilage (i.e. lower hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing Found in the MUSCULAR TRIANGLE of the anterior neck

Sternothyroid Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap) Ansa Cervicales, Inferior Root (C2,C3) Sternum Oblique line of Thyroid Cartilage Helps raise the thyroid cartilage (i.e. lower hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing Found in the MUSCULAR TRIANGLE of the anterior neck

Thyrohyoid Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap) Ansa Cervicales, Superior Root (C1,C2) Oblique line of Thyroid Cartilage Hyoid Bone Helps raise the thyroid cartilage (i.e. lower hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing Found in the MUSCULAR TRIANGLE of the anterior neck

Digastric Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch (Anterior Belly); Facial N. (VII) (Posterior Belly) Hyoid Bone Raise the Hyoid bone (both bellies contract); Move Hyoid anteriorly or posteriorly (one belly contracts) Facial N. innervation occurs just as Facial N. exist Stylomastoid Foramen; Posterior Belly borders CAROTID TRIANGLE; Two bellies separated by tendinous pulley; Anterior Belly helps form the floor of the mouth

Geniohyoid Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid Ansa Cervicales, Superior Root (C1) Mental region of mandible Hyoid bone Stick tongue out

Mylohyoid Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch Mylohyoid Line of Mandible Hyoid Bone "Inverted tent-like floor of the mouth"; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND lies partly above it and partly below it; The SUBLINGUAL GLAND is superior to it.

Stylohyoid Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid Facial N. (VII) Styloid process of mandible Hyoid bone Innervation occurs just as Facial N. leaves the STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN

Cricothyroid Larynx, intrinsic, anterior Vagus N. (X), Superior Laryngeal, External Laryngeal N. Cricoid Cartilage Thyroid Cartilage Makes the inferior part of thyroid cartilage bend anteriorly, tensing the vocal cords and increasing their length

Aryepiglottic Larynx, intrinsic, lateral Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Arytenoid Cartilage Epiglottis Helps close the vestibule of the larynx during swallowing Continuous with oblique Arytenoid Muscle from the Aryepiglottic folds

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Larynx, intrinsic, lateral Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Cricoid Cartilage Arytenoid Cartilage Adducts (brings together) the vocal cords

Thyroarytenoid Larynx, intrinsic, lateral Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Shortens the vocal cords

Thyroepiglottic Larynx, intrinsic, lateral Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Thyroid Cartilage Medial surface of Quadrangular Membrane of epiglottis Helps close the vestibule of the larynx

Vocalis Larynx, intrinsic, lateral Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Shortens the vocal cords Runs along the lateral side of the vocal ligaments and helps to form part of the vocal cords themselves

Oblique Arytenoid Larynx, intrinsic, posterior Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Helps close the vestibule of the larynx during swallowing Extends into Aryepiglottic folds, where it is continuous with Aryepiglotticus muscle

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Larynx, intrinsic, posterior Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Cricoid Cartilage Arytenoid Cartilage Abducts the vocal cords -- opens the tracheal airway during inspiration Most Important of laryngeal muscles -- the ONLY muscle responsible for opening the vocal cords for inspiration; Paralysis of this muscle may require TRACHEOSTOMY to allow air into lungs

Transverse Arytenoid Larynx, intrinsic, posterior Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N. Arytenoid Cartilage Adducts (brings together) the vocal cords by pulling on arytenoid cartilages

Lateral Pterygoid Mastication Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch Superior Head: Greater wing of Sphenoid; Inferior Head: Lateral Pterygoid Plate Joint capsule of Condylar Process Protrusion of the jaw. The only muscle of the masticators to protrude the jaw.

Masseter Mastication Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch Zygomatic Arch of Temporalis Angle of Mandible Closes (elevates) the jaw

Medial Pterygoid Mastication Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch Medial surface of Lateral Pterygoid Plate Medial aspect of the angle of the mandible Closes (elevates) the jaw Fibers run almost parallel to those of the Masseter.

Temporalis Mastication Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch Temporal Fossa of Temporalis and Sphenoid Coronoid Process of Mandible Anterior Fibers: closes (elevates) jaw; Middle + Posterior fibers: Retract mandible (open jaw)

Sternocleidomastoid Neck Spinal Accessory (XI), Spinal Root Mastoid Process of Temporalis Bone Sternum and Clavicle It's a BRANCHIAL muscle, innervated by SVE fibers; Divides anterior and posterior triangles of neck

Trapezius Neck Spinal Accessory (XI), Spinal Root Superior Nuchal Line and Spinous Processes of Vertebrae C7-T12 Clavicle, Acromion, Scapula Raise the shoulders It's a BRANCHIAL muscle, innervated by SVE fibers

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor Pharynx, Constrictor Vagus N. (X), Superior Laryngeal, External Laryngeal N. Oblique line of Thyroid cartilage Median Raphe of the Pharynx Constrict the Pharynx Internal Laryngeal Nerve and Laryngeal Artery both pass superiorly, i.e. between the Middle and Inferior Constrictors; Recurrent Laryngeal N. and Inferior Laryngeal A. both pass inferiorly.

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor Pharynx, Constrictor Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch Hyoid bone, Stylohyoid ligament Median Raphe of the Pharynx Constrict the Pharynx Lingual Artery and Stylopharyngeus Muscle pass superiorly, i.e. between the superior and middle constrictors

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Pharynx, Constrictor Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch Pterygomandibular Raphe Median Raphe of the Pharynx Constrict the Pharynx Ascending Palatine Arteries, Auditory Tube, and Levator and Tensor Palati all pass through the gap SUPERIOR TO this muscle

Salpingopharyngeus Pharynx, Elevator Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch The end of the Auditory Tube, Torus Tubarius Side of Pharynx, posterior of thyroid cartilage Opens the auditory tube during swallowing, to equilibrate air pressure SWALLOWING contracts this muscle ---> open auditory tube ---> equilibrate air pressure in middle ear

Stylopharyngeus Pharynx, Elevator Glossopharyngeal N. (IX) Styloid process Side of Pharynx, posterior of thyroid cartilage Passes between the Superior Constrictor and Middle Constrictor of Pharynx

Levator Veli Palati Pharynx, Soft Palate Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch Near Auditory Tube Aponeurosis of soft palate Elevates the Soft Palate, sealing off Oropharynx from Nasopharynx, during swallowing Passes superior to the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor

Musculus Uvulae Pharynx, Soft Palate No important function, other than diagnosis of Vagus Nerve lesions: The Uvula leans toward the UNAFFECTED (intact) side.

Palatoglossus Pharynx, Soft Palate Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch Aponeurosis of soft palate Lowers the soft palate and raises the tongue Forms part of the Palatopharyngeal Arch

Palatopharyngeus Pharynx, Soft Palate Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch Hard and soft palate Side of Pharynx, posterior of thyroid cartilage Lowers the soft palate and elevates the pharynx Forms part of the PALATOPHARYNGEAL ARCH; PALATINE TONSILS may be found in that arch

Tensor Veli Palati Pharynx, Soft Palate Trigeminal (V3), Mandibular Branch Base of Pterygoid Plates Aponeurosis of soft palate Tenses the Soft Palate, to stretch it and keep it taut; closes off nasopharynx; useful in singing; aids salpingopharyngeus in opening eustachian tubes Hooks around the Hamulus of the Sphenoid; Passes superior to the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor and then blends in with the Pharynx; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (IX) is plastered to the back of this muscle. Associated with the medial pterygoid plate.

Obliquus Capitis Inferior and Superior Suboccipital, Deep C1 Spinal Nerve Atlas (Superior) and Axis (Inferior) Occipital Bone (Inferior) and Atlas (Superior) Extend the head to raise the chin

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major and Minor Suboccipital, Deep C1 Spinal Nerve Atlas (Minor) and Axis (Major) Occipital Bone, with Major lateral to Minor Extend the head to raise the chin

Semispinalis Capitis Suboccipital, Deep C1 Spinal Nerve Transverse Processes, cervical Occipital Bone

Longissimus Capitis Suboccipital, Intermediate Transverse Processes, thoracic Occipital Bone near Mastoid Process

Longissimus Cervicis Suboccipital, Intermediate Transverse Processes, thoracic Transverse Processes of C2-C6

Anterior Scalene Suboccipital, prevertebral Cervical Vertebrae, transverse processes 1st rib PHRENIC NERVE is found on surface; BRACHIAL PLEXUS passes directly anterior; it separates the SUBCLAVIAN vein (anteriorly) from artery (posteriorly)

Middle Scalene Suboccipital, prevertebral Cervical Vertebrae, transverse processes 1st rib Brachial Plexus passes directly posterior

Posterior Scalene Suboccipital, prevertebral Cervical Vertebrae, transverse processes 2nd rib

Splenius Capitus Suboccipital, Superficial Cervical Spinal Nerves Ligamentum Nuchae, Spinous Processes C7-T3 Occipital Bone near Mastoid Process

Splenius Cervicis Suboccipital, Superficial Cervical Spinal Nerves Ligamentum Nuchae, Thoracic Spinous Processes Transverse Processes of C2-C4

Genioglossus Tongue, extrinsic Hypoglossal N. (XII) Mental spines of Mandible, Hyoid Bone Tongue Protrude (stick out) tongue

Hyoglossus Tongue, extrinsic Hypoglossal N. (XII) Hyoid Bone Tongue, Lateral surface Retract and depress tongue

Palatoglossus Tongue, extrinsic Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Plexus Palatine / Soft Palate Tongue Elevate posterior part of tongue Forms part of the soft palate. Underlying structure of the PALATOGLOSSAL ARCH; PALATINE TONSILS may be found in that arch

Styloglossus Tongue, extrinsic Hypoglossal N. (XII) Styloid Process of Temporalis Tongue, lateral surface Retract and elevate tongue; used during swallowing

Inferior Longitudinal Tongue, intrinsic Hypoglossal N. (XII) Anterior part of tongue moves up and forward (out)

Superior Longitudinal Tongue, intrinsic Hypoglossal N. (XII) Muscle remains relaxed when you stick your tongue out

Transverse Tongue, intrinsic Hypoglossal N. (XII) Changes shape of tongue; they are contracted when you stick your tongue out

Vertical Tongue, intrinsic Hypoglossal N. (XII) Changes shape of tongue; they are contracted when you stick your tongue out

Return to top

Hosted by www.Geocities.ws

Muscle	Principle Group	Innervation	Origin	Insertion	Action	Description / Clinical / Relationships
Stapedius	Ear, Middle ear	Facial N. (VII)	Near the Eustachian Tube	Stapes of middle ear	Reflexively contracts with a loud sound, to protect middle and inner ear
Tensor Tympani	Ear, Middle ear	Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch	Posterior wall of tympanic cavity	Malleus of middle ear	Reflexively contracts with a loud sound, to protect middle and inner ear
Iliocostalis	Erector Spinae		Ilium	Ribs, laterally	Extend the spine and flex it laterally
Longissimus	Erector Spinae		Ilium	Ribs, medially. Also inserts on transverse processes	Extend the spine and flex it laterally
Spinalis	Erector Spinae		Ilium	Spinous Processes	Extend the spine and flex it laterally
Multifidus	Erector Spinae, deep		Sacral and Lumbar Arches	Lumbar Spinous Processes, above origin	Laterally flex and rotate lumbar spine
Rotatores	Erector Spinae, deep		Transverse Process	Spinous Process of level above	Rotate the spine
Semispinalis	Erector Spinae, deep		Transverse Processes	Spinous Processes a couple of levels above origin	Extend and rotate cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Levator Palpebrae Superioris	Eye, eyelid	Oculomotor N. (III), Superior Division	Orbital part of frontal bone	Superior Tarsus	Raises the eyelid
Superior Tarsal	Eye, eyelid	Internal Carotid Plexus (sympathetic)		Tarsal Plate of eyelid	Aids Levator Palpebra Superioris in raising upper eyelid	SMOOTH MUSCLE, not under voluntary control; PTOSIS (eyelid drooping) results if this sympathetic innervation is lost
Ciliary Muscle	Eye, intrinsic	Oculomotor N. (III), Inferior Division		Zonular Fibers and lens	ACCOMMODATION for near vision	Decreases tension of zonular fibers ---> Increase natural curvature of lens ---> focus for near vision; This is SMOOTH muscle; Parasympathetic
Dilator Muscle	Eye, intrinsic	Internal Carotid Plexus (sympathetic)		Iris	Dilates the pupil	Sympathetic innervation via the Long Ciliary; this is SMOOTH muscle
Sphincter Pupillae	Eye, intrinsic	Oculomotor (III), Inferior Division		Iris	Constricts the pupil	Parasympathetic innervation by Oculomotor; this is SMOOTH muscle
Inferior Oblique	Eye, oculomotor	Oculomotor N. (III), inferior division	Maxillary bone near front of orbit	Sclera of eyeball	Pulls the eyeball UP (NOT down!) on a MEDIALLY ROTATED eye. And, it ABDUCTS the eyeball.
Inferior Rectus	Eye, oculomotor	Oculomotor N. (III), inferior division	Common Annular Tendon	Sclera of eyeball	Rotates the eyeball downward
Lateral Rectus	Eye, oculomotor	Abducens N. (VI)	Common Annular Tendon	Sclera of eyeball	Abducts the eyeball
Medial Rectus	Eye, oculomotor	Oculomotor N. (III), Inferior Division	Common Annular Tendon	Sclera of eyeball	Adducts the eyeball
Superior Oblique	Eye, oculomotor	Trochlear N. (IV)	Outside the Common Annular Tendon	Sclera of eyeball	Pulls the eyeball DOWN (NOT up!) on a MEDIALLY ROTATED eye. And, it ABDUCTS the eyeball.	Its tendon goes through a TROCHLEA, on the superoMEDIAL margin of the frontal bone. Then the tendon attaches to the underside of the eyeball, thus explaining its action.
Superior Rectus	Eye, oculomotor	Oculomotor N. (III), Superior Division	Common Annular Tendon	Sclera of eyeball	Rotates the eyeball upward
Mentalis	Facial Expression, chin	Facial N. (VII)		Skin and superficial fascia of chin	Provides character to the chin
Anterior Auricular	Facial Expression, ear			Skin and superficial fascia in temporalis region
Posterior Auricular	Facial Expression, ear			Skin and superficial fascia in temporalis region
Superior Auricular	Facial Expression, ear			Skin and superficial fascia in temporalis region
Corrugator Supercilii	Facial Expression, eye	Facial N. (VII)	Supraorbital ridge	Skin and superficial fascia of eyebrow	Expression of eyebrows
Orbicularis Oculi	Facial Expression, eye	Facial N. (VII), Temporal and Zygomatic Branches		Tarsus of eyelid (palpebral) and skin surrounding orbit (orbital)	Orbital Part: Squints the eye; Palpebral Part: Lightly closes the eyelid	Malfunction ---> dries out the CORNEA ---> necrosis of cornea ---> ulceration results
Epicranius	Facial Expression, head	Facial N. (VII), Temporal Branch (Frontalis), and Posterior Auricular Branch (Occipitalis)	Frontalis: Frontal Bone; Occipitalis: Occipital Protuberance	Galea Aponeurotica		This muscle has two heads of origin: FRONTALIS in front and OCCIPITALIS in back
Buccinator	Facial Expression, mouth	Facial N. (VII), Buccal Branch	Pterygomandibular Raphe	Skin and superficial fascia of cheek		Overlies the buccal fat pad; The PAROTID DUCT pierces it.
Depressor Anguli Oris	Facial Expression, mouth			Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth	Lowers the angle of the mouth	Opposes the Levator Anguli Oris
Depressor Labii Inferioris	Facial Expression, mouth	Facial N. (VII), Mandibular Branch		Skin and superficial fascia of face	Depress the lower lip
Levator Anguli Oris	Facial Expression, mouth	Facial N. (VII)		Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth	Elevates the angle of the mouth	The mouth will droop if this muscle is malfunctioning; Opposes depressor anguli oris
Levator Labii Superioris	Facial Expression, mouth	Facial N. (VII)	Maxilla	Skin and superficial fascia of upper lip	Raise the upper lip
Orbicularis Oris	Facial Expression, mouth	Facial N. (VII), Buccal Branch		Skin and superficial fascia of lips	Facial expression around mouth
Risorius	Facial Expression, mouth	Facial N. (VII)		Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth	Pulls the angle of the mouth laterally
Zygomaticus Major	Facial Expression, mouth	Facial N. (VII), Buccal Branch		Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth	Pull the angle of the mouth outward
Zygomaticus Minor	Facial Expression, mouth	Facial N. (VII), Buccal Branch		Skin and superficial fascia at angle of mouth	Pull the angle of the mouth outward
Platysma	Facial Expression, neck	Facial N. (VII), Cervical Branch		Skin and superficial fascia of neck	No important function in humans
Levator Labii Superiores Aleque Nasi	Facial Expression, nose	Facial N. (VII)			Helps Nasalis in opening Nares during breathing
Nasalis	Facial Expression, nose	Facial N. (VII)		Lateral crus of Great Alar cartilages	Open the nares during breathing, slightly.
Procerus	Facial Expression, nose	Facial N. (VII)		Skin and superficial fascia above the nose	Wrinkles the nose
Omohyoid	Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap)	Ansa Cervicales, Inferior Root (C2,C3)	Scapula	Hyoid Bone	Helps raise the thyroid cartilage (i.e. lower hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing	It goes through a tendinous sheath (similar to Trochlea); passes through both anterior and posterior triangles; Superior Belly borders CAROTID TRIANGLE and MUSCULAR TRIANGLE
Sternohyoid	Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap)	Ansa Cervicales, Inferior Root (C2,C3)	Sternum	Hyoid Bone	Helps raise the thyroid cartilage (i.e. lower hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing	Found in the MUSCULAR TRIANGLE of the anterior neck
Sternothyroid	Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap)	Ansa Cervicales, Inferior Root (C2,C3)	Sternum	Oblique line of Thyroid Cartilage	Helps raise the thyroid cartilage (i.e. lower hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing	Found in the MUSCULAR TRIANGLE of the anterior neck
Thyrohyoid	Larynx, extrinsic, infrahyoid (Strap)	Ansa Cervicales, Superior Root (C1,C2)	Oblique line of Thyroid Cartilage	Hyoid Bone	Helps raise the thyroid cartilage (i.e. lower hyoid bone) during talking and swallowing	Found in the MUSCULAR TRIANGLE of the anterior neck
Digastric	Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid	Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch (Anterior Belly); Facial N. (VII) (Posterior Belly)		Hyoid Bone	Raise the Hyoid bone (both bellies contract); Move Hyoid anteriorly or posteriorly (one belly contracts)	Facial N. innervation occurs just as Facial N. exist Stylomastoid Foramen; Posterior Belly borders CAROTID TRIANGLE; Two bellies separated by tendinous pulley; Anterior Belly helps form the floor of the mouth
Geniohyoid	Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid	Ansa Cervicales, Superior Root (C1)	Mental region of mandible	Hyoid bone	Stick tongue out
Mylohyoid	Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid	Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch	Mylohyoid Line of Mandible	Hyoid Bone		"Inverted tent-like floor of the mouth"; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND lies partly above it and partly below it; The SUBLINGUAL GLAND is superior to it.
Stylohyoid	Larynx, extrinsic, suprahyoid	Facial N. (VII)	Styloid process of mandible	Hyoid bone		Innervation occurs just as Facial N. leaves the STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN
Cricothyroid	Larynx, intrinsic, anterior	Vagus N. (X), Superior Laryngeal, External Laryngeal N.	Cricoid Cartilage	Thyroid Cartilage	Makes the inferior part of thyroid cartilage bend anteriorly, tensing the vocal cords and increasing their length
Aryepiglottic	Larynx, intrinsic, lateral	Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N.	Arytenoid Cartilage	Epiglottis	Helps close the vestibule of the larynx during swallowing	Continuous with oblique Arytenoid Muscle from the Aryepiglottic folds
Lateral Cricoarytenoid	Larynx, intrinsic, lateral	Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N.	Cricoid Cartilage	Arytenoid Cartilage	Adducts (brings together) the vocal cords
Thyroarytenoid	Larynx, intrinsic, lateral	Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N.			Shortens the vocal cords
Thyroepiglottic	Larynx, intrinsic, lateral	Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N.	Thyroid Cartilage	Medial surface of Quadrangular Membrane of epiglottis	Helps close the vestibule of the larynx
Vocalis	Larynx, intrinsic, lateral	Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N.			Shortens the vocal cords	Runs along the lateral side of the vocal ligaments and helps to form part of the vocal cords themselves
Oblique Arytenoid	Larynx, intrinsic, posterior	Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N.			Helps close the vestibule of the larynx during swallowing	Extends into Aryepiglottic folds, where it is continuous with Aryepiglotticus muscle
Posterior Cricoarytenoid	Larynx, intrinsic, posterior	Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N.	Cricoid Cartilage	Arytenoid Cartilage	Abducts the vocal cords -- opens the tracheal airway during inspiration	Most Important of laryngeal muscles -- the ONLY muscle responsible for opening the vocal cords for inspiration; Paralysis of this muscle may require TRACHEOSTOMY to allow air into lungs
Transverse Arytenoid	Larynx, intrinsic, posterior	Vagus. N (X), Recurrent Laryngeal N.		Arytenoid Cartilage	Adducts (brings together) the vocal cords by pulling on arytenoid cartilages
Lateral Pterygoid	Mastication	Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch	Superior Head: Greater wing of Sphenoid; Inferior Head: Lateral Pterygoid Plate	Joint capsule of Condylar Process	Protrusion of the jaw. The only muscle of the masticators to protrude the jaw.
Masseter	Mastication	Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch	Zygomatic Arch of Temporalis	Angle of Mandible	Closes (elevates) the jaw
Medial Pterygoid	Mastication	Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch	Medial surface of Lateral Pterygoid Plate	Medial aspect of the angle of the mandible	Closes (elevates) the jaw	Fibers run almost parallel to those of the Masseter.
Temporalis	Mastication	Trigeminal N. (V3), Mandibular Branch	Temporal Fossa of Temporalis and Sphenoid	Coronoid Process of Mandible	Anterior Fibers: closes (elevates) jaw; Middle + Posterior fibers: Retract mandible (open jaw)
Sternocleidomastoid	Neck	Spinal Accessory (XI), Spinal Root	Mastoid Process of Temporalis Bone	Sternum and Clavicle		It's a BRANCHIAL muscle, innervated by SVE fibers; Divides anterior and posterior triangles of neck
Trapezius	Neck	Spinal Accessory (XI), Spinal Root	Superior Nuchal Line and Spinous Processes of Vertebrae C7-T12	Clavicle, Acromion, Scapula	Raise the shoulders	It's a BRANCHIAL muscle, innervated by SVE fibers
Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor	Pharynx, Constrictor	Vagus N. (X), Superior Laryngeal, External Laryngeal N.	Oblique line of Thyroid cartilage	Median Raphe of the Pharynx	Constrict the Pharynx	Internal Laryngeal Nerve and Laryngeal Artery both pass superiorly, i.e. between the Middle and Inferior Constrictors; Recurrent Laryngeal N. and Inferior Laryngeal A. both pass inferiorly.
Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor	Pharynx, Constrictor	Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch	Hyoid bone, Stylohyoid ligament	Median Raphe of the Pharynx	Constrict the Pharynx	Lingual Artery and Stylopharyngeus Muscle pass superiorly, i.e. between the superior and middle constrictors
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor	Pharynx, Constrictor	Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch	Pterygomandibular Raphe	Median Raphe of the Pharynx	Constrict the Pharynx	Ascending Palatine Arteries, Auditory Tube, and Levator and Tensor Palati all pass through the gap SUPERIOR TO this muscle
Salpingopharyngeus	Pharynx, Elevator	Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch	The end of the Auditory Tube, Torus Tubarius	Side of Pharynx, posterior of thyroid cartilage	Opens the auditory tube during swallowing, to equilibrate air pressure	SWALLOWING contracts this muscle ---> open auditory tube ---> equilibrate air pressure in middle ear
Stylopharyngeus	Pharynx, Elevator	Glossopharyngeal N. (IX)	Styloid process	Side of Pharynx, posterior of thyroid cartilage		Passes between the Superior Constrictor and Middle Constrictor of Pharynx
Levator Veli Palati	Pharynx, Soft Palate	Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch	Near Auditory Tube	Aponeurosis of soft palate	Elevates the Soft Palate, sealing off Oropharynx from Nasopharynx, during swallowing	Passes superior to the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor
Musculus Uvulae	Pharynx, Soft Palate					No important function, other than diagnosis of Vagus Nerve lesions: The Uvula leans toward the UNAFFECTED (intact) side.
Palatoglossus	Pharynx, Soft Palate	Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch		Aponeurosis of soft palate	Lowers the soft palate and raises the tongue	Forms part of the Palatopharyngeal Arch
Palatopharyngeus	Pharynx, Soft Palate	Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Branch	Hard and soft palate	Side of Pharynx, posterior of thyroid cartilage	Lowers the soft palate and elevates the pharynx	Forms part of the PALATOPHARYNGEAL ARCH; PALATINE TONSILS may be found in that arch
Tensor Veli Palati	Pharynx, Soft Palate	Trigeminal (V3), Mandibular Branch	Base of Pterygoid Plates	Aponeurosis of soft palate	Tenses the Soft Palate, to stretch it and keep it taut; closes off nasopharynx; useful in singing; aids salpingopharyngeus in opening eustachian tubes	Hooks around the Hamulus of the Sphenoid; Passes superior to the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor and then blends in with the Pharynx; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (IX) is plastered to the back of this muscle. Associated with the medial pterygoid plate.
Obliquus Capitis Inferior and Superior	Suboccipital, Deep	C1 Spinal Nerve	Atlas (Superior) and Axis (Inferior)	Occipital Bone (Inferior) and Atlas (Superior)	Extend the head to raise the chin
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major and Minor	Suboccipital, Deep	C1 Spinal Nerve	Atlas (Minor) and Axis (Major)	Occipital Bone, with Major lateral to Minor	Extend the head to raise the chin
Semispinalis Capitis	Suboccipital, Deep	C1 Spinal Nerve	Transverse Processes, cervical	Occipital Bone
Longissimus Capitis	Suboccipital, Intermediate		Transverse Processes, thoracic	Occipital Bone near Mastoid Process
Longissimus Cervicis	Suboccipital, Intermediate		Transverse Processes, thoracic	Transverse Processes of C2-C6
Anterior Scalene	Suboccipital, prevertebral		Cervical Vertebrae, transverse processes	1st rib		PHRENIC NERVE is found on surface; BRACHIAL PLEXUS passes directly anterior; it separates the SUBCLAVIAN vein (anteriorly) from artery (posteriorly)
Middle Scalene	Suboccipital, prevertebral		Cervical Vertebrae, transverse processes	1st rib		Brachial Plexus passes directly posterior
Posterior Scalene	Suboccipital, prevertebral		Cervical Vertebrae, transverse processes	2nd rib
Splenius Capitus	Suboccipital, Superficial	Cervical Spinal Nerves	Ligamentum Nuchae, Spinous Processes C7-T3	Occipital Bone near Mastoid Process
Splenius Cervicis	Suboccipital, Superficial	Cervical Spinal Nerves	Ligamentum Nuchae, Thoracic Spinous Processes	Transverse Processes of C2-C4
Genioglossus	Tongue, extrinsic	Hypoglossal N. (XII)	Mental spines of Mandible, Hyoid Bone	Tongue	Protrude (stick out) tongue
Hyoglossus	Tongue, extrinsic	Hypoglossal N. (XII)	Hyoid Bone	Tongue, Lateral surface	Retract and depress tongue
Palatoglossus	Tongue, extrinsic	Vagus N. (X), Pharyngeal Plexus	Palatine / Soft Palate	Tongue	Elevate posterior part of tongue	Forms part of the soft palate. Underlying structure of the PALATOGLOSSAL ARCH; PALATINE TONSILS may be found in that arch
Styloglossus	Tongue, extrinsic	Hypoglossal N. (XII)	Styloid Process of Temporalis	Tongue, lateral surface	Retract and elevate tongue; used during swallowing
Inferior Longitudinal	Tongue, intrinsic	Hypoglossal N. (XII)			Anterior part of tongue moves up and forward (out)
Superior Longitudinal	Tongue, intrinsic	Hypoglossal N. (XII)			Muscle remains relaxed when you stick your tongue out
Transverse	Tongue, intrinsic	Hypoglossal N. (XII)			Changes shape of tongue; they are contracted when you stick your tongue out
Vertical	Tongue, intrinsic	Hypoglossal N. (XII)			Changes shape of tongue; they are contracted when you stick your tongue out