Outline

I. War Weariness and Resistance
     A. French mutinies
     B. Social Democrats
          1. Crash Course in Marxism
          2. Rosa Luxemburg
          3. Anti-Imperialism (J.A. Hobson)
 

II. The Russian Revolution (1917)
    A. February/March Revolution
    B. October/November (Bolshevik) Revolution
         1. Vladimir I. Lenin
         2. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
    C. Russian Civil War

III. Tactical Innovations on the Western Front
    A. Mass use of Tanks at Cambrai
         1. Combined Arms
              (A) Well coordinated (Course Reader 68)
              (B) Poorly coordinated, unsupported (Course Reader, 69)

     B. The Ludendorff Offensives
         1. Preparation
         2. Use of Airpower
         3. Stormtroopers
             (A) Ernst Jünger (1895-1998)
             (B) Preparing for the Attack (Course Reader 118)
          4. Initiative from the Ranks (Bottom-up)
          5. Innovative Use of Artillery (Bruckmüller)
          6. Infiltration Tactics

      C. Results of Offensive
           1. Spectacular initial success
           2. Ultimate Failure
 
 
 

            Bibliography
            Shiela Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
            John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Vintage, 2000). 
            Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The Communist Manifesto (New York: International Publishers, 1948).
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

(back)
(back)
(back)
Karl Marx (1818-1883) in 1875          (back)
Source: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/photo/lifeandwork/images/75km3.jpg
Rosa Luxemburg      (back)
Source http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxembur/
Lenin      (back)
V. I. Lenin in the Red Square making a speech from a car before the Vseobuch troops.  Moscow, May 25, 1919.      Source: http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/photo/1919/055.htm      V. I. Lenin making a speech from a rostrum in the Red Square on May Day, the day of international celebration. Moscow, May 1, 1919.     Source: http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/photo/1919/036.htm
(back)
(back)
(back)
(back)
British Armor at Cambrai, November, 1917       (back)
Ernst Jünger (1895-1998)      (back)
Ernst Jünger in 1938.     Source: http://www.fortunecity.de/lindenpark/schramm/225/ej/ej6.html        Leutenant Ernst Jünger (left) before a patrol, Regnieville, 1917.  Note the bundles of hand grenades slung under their arms.    Source: http://www.fortunecity.de/lindenpark/schramm/225/ej/ej5.html
Ludendorff Offensives     (back)
Results of Ludendorff Offensives     (back)
Last ditch: German soldier who died during the  last German offensive, spring 1918.    Source: http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/picnic/pic05.html     Note the rifle butt exposed amidst the mud of the trench  wall, just above this dead soldier's knee.           Hanging corpse of a soldier blown by  an artillery burst into a tree.
(back)
(back)