1547: Henry
VIII dies, and Edward VI becomes King
Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)
·
9 Years old when crowned; a “Boy King,” who
will be dominated by his advisors
·
He made the Anglican church Protestant
in doctrine (he is very Calvanistic)
o Repealed
the Six Articles and replaced them with the 42 Articles
o Introduced
the Book of Common Prayer, the protestant prayer book, into all churches
o Removed
altars and images from churches
o Allowed
priests to marry
o Replaced
services spoken in Latin with English (common vernacular)
***Lady Jane Grey (The Nine-Days’ Queen)
·
She was Henry VIII’s sister’s daughter (so
cousin to Edward)
·
Edward was forced to sign a paper saying she
would be his successor (she is a Protestant).
·
She is queen for 9 days before Mary and the
people, who were in favor of a true heir being in charge, overthrow her.
·
Mary throws her into the Tower of London.
Mary I / “Bloody Mary” (r. 1553-1558)
·
She restored England to the Catholic Church
o Catholic
ritual and doctrine revived
o The
primacy of the pope is acknowledged
o Altars
and statues restored
o The
Book of Common Prayer is repressed
o Priests
could no longer marry
o Heresy
(Protestantism) is punished by flame (300 executions by being burned alive at
the stake)
·
Major Sister Issues
o To
her, Anne Boleyn is “the Whore” and Elizabeth is “the Bastard.”
o Through
all of the hardships of her life, Mary had only her faith to turn to. Elizabeth
tries to convince her that she is not trying to overthrow her and is leaning
towards Catholicism (although she is truly a Protestant).
·
She is Married to Philip II of
Spain (Chicken legs!) who is a Catholic and the son of Charles V
o He
is not very excited about being married to Mary, but to her, he is her
fairy-tale prince
o She
sees Catholics running England forever with her children
o Thinks
all of the unhappiness throughout her life is now over
o She
has several false pregnancies. This last one is the saddest. Instead of a baby,
there is a tumor growing in her womb. The uterine cancer will eventually kill
her.
·
Even though she does not like or trust
Elizabeth, she will not sign her death papers. However, Mary will put Lady Jane
Grey to death by beheading.
Elizabeth I “The Virgin Queen” (r. 1558-1603)
·
Why didn’t she marry?
o She
is afraid that a dominant male will take over the throne, and she keeps in open
for maneuvering purposes in terms of diplomacy. If she has to marry for an
alliance, she can do so. It gives her power to control and get her ideas
accomplished.
“I
am already bound unto a husband, which is the Kingdom of England.” – Elizabeth
·
She is another Politique (like Catherine de
Medici and Henry of Navarre)
o “I
have no wish to open windows into men’s souls.” – Elizabeth
o “There
is only one Christ Jesus and one faith: the rest is a dispute about trifles.” –
Elizabeth
o Her
primary goal is to maintain a unified, peaceful kingdom
o She
sought a “middle way” between Catholics and Protestants
o She
insisted on outward loyalty to her and the Church of England
§
She executed only those who openly flouted her
authority or threatened her life
·
“The Elizabethan Settlement”
o Elizabeth
recognized as the “supreme governor” of the Church of England
o Maintains
the Episcopal church organization
o 39
Articles sought to blend Protestant and Catholic ideas – “Maximize Appeal.”
§
Doctrine is basically Calvanistic but vague
enough to satisfy most Catholics
§
A revised Book of Common Prayer is adopted
§
Much of Catholic Church décor and vestments are
retained
o Private
Catholic worship is tolerated (had to pay a fine)
§
In public, she demanded that you had to at
least appear to be a faithful follower of the Church of England. Do NOT
challenger her power!
·
In 1570, she is excommunicated by the Pope
·
She is the Catholic heir to the throne
·
Implicated in numerous plots against the life of
Elizabeth
·
She has to flee Scotland for England, where she
is arrested and jailed for 19 years
·
She is executed in 1587 after much delay by
Elizabeth, who had not wanted to take the issue that far