Chapters 1-3Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) - the treaty between Spain and Portugal to divide the new worldMercantilism - an economic policy in which the state directs all economic activity within its borders Oliver Cromwell - the first ruler of England to think about fitting colonies into an imperial scheme Dominion of New England - the amalgamation of New England colonies governed by Britain War of Austrian Succession - also known as King George�s War in colonies, raged between France and Britain from 1740 to 1748 Bacon�s Rebellion - the largest popular uprising prior to the American Revolution Chapter 4Albany Congress - 19 delegates went to Albany to negotiate with the Indians, discussed formation of permanent intercolonial union, but it didn�t pull throughGeorge Washington - colonel of the militia in the French and Indian War, as well as a general during the Revolutionary War and led the Continental Army William Pitt - English statesman who turned things around in the French and Indian war and led England to victory Peace of Paris (1973) - treaty at end of French and Indian War. England got all the land east of the Mississippi River Proclamation of 1763 - England forbid settlers to expand beyond Appalachian Mountains George Grenville - took office as First Lord of the Treasury in 1763, passed many acts, including the Stamp Act and Quartering Act Charles Townshend - had Parliament pass many taxes that did not go over well with the colonists Boston Massacre (1770) - ten soldiers fired into a crowd of jeering colonists in Boston on March 5. Gaspee affair (1772) - British naval vessel ran aground and was burned by colonists Boston Tea Party - colonists angry about the tax on tea dressed up as Indians and threw all the tea from a ship into the harbor First Continental Congress (1774) - 55 delegates from 12 colonies assembled in Philadelphia, adopted "The Association," a non-trade agreement with Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies Lexington/Concord - First shot of the world fired at Lexington, British moved on to Concord and burned a few gun carriages and repulsed group of militiamen Battle of Bunker Hill - colonists held off British and showed then that they shouldn�t underestimate the colonists Second Continental Congress (1775-6) - delegates named G. Washington as commander of troops, wrote Declaration of Independence in 1776 Chapter 5Charles Town (June 1776) � a ten-hour battle that resulted in a British retreat; the British then left Charles Town alone for four yearsGeneral William Howe � given command of German mercenary troops sent by Parliament Trenton (December 1776) � General Washington and his troops captured 900 British soldiers Princeton (December 1776) � another battle in which the colonists defeated the British General John Burgoyne � a British general sent on an expedition from Canada south; defeated at Saratoga Saratoga (1777) � important turning point in the Revolution; Burgoyne surrenders to Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold; this battle is the one that convinces the French to help the Americans France � decided to enter the war on the side of the colonies after Saratoga; France did not want the British and Americans to reconcile French/American Alliance (February 6, 1778) � an alliance with the expressed purpose of maintaining the independence of the United States; Terms: (1) neither France nor the U.S. could make peace with England without the other's consent; (2) France renounces claims to British territory in America; (3) France becomes first country to recognize American independence John Paul Jones � a sailor in the American navy who raided British towns and seized their ships Charles Cornwallis � surrendered at Yorktown on October 19, 1778 Yorktown (1781) � the final battle of the Revolution; the surrender of Cornwallis led to the American victory John Adams � originally sent to France in 1779 as an ambassador from the U.S.; Adams was ordered not to negotiate with Great Britain until they recognized the "liberty, sovereignty, and independence, absolute and unlimited, of these United States."; Adams then insisted on the land east of the Mississippi, north of the 31st parallel, and south of Canada The Peace Commissioners � a five-man committee sent to negotiate peace settlements with Britain; John Adams, John Jay (minister to Spain), Benjamin Franklin (minister to France), Henry Laurens (designated minister to Netherlands but captured by the British on the journey), Thomas Jefferson (unable to go and dropped from committee); the committee had the following instructions: demand British recognition of independence, accept any settlement "as circumstances may direct and as the state of the belligerent and the disposition of the mediating powers may direct", do not make any negotiations without French consent Treaty of Paris (1783) � treaty that ended the American revolution; Terms: (1) British recognition of American independence; (2) boundaries prescribed in Adams� original instructions; (3) Spain settles for East and West Florida and Minorca Watauga Compact (1772) � a decree by the Tennessee pioneers that formed their own government; lasted until 1776 when North Carolina organized them into Washington County Don Diego de Gardoqui � sent from Spain to Congress; told to force Congress to accept Spain�s exclusive control of the Mississippi Governor Esteban Rodriguez Miro � Louisiana�s Spanish governor who bribed the citizens in the Kentucky and Tennessee areas to break away from the United States General James Wilkinson � took a secret oath of allegiance to Spain in exchange for trading concessions; accepted a Spanish pension in 1788 in return for making Tennessee settlers renounce the United States Annapolis Convention (1786) � a meeting in Annapolis to consider the extension of the national government�s ability to regulate commerce; resulted in invitations being sent out for the Constitutional Convention Daniel Shays � a farmer from western Massachusetts who started a rebellion Shays's Rebellion � a rebellion of farmers in western Massachusetts; the farmers were very poor and in debt, and did not like the aristocratic influence on the state senate; these farmers, led by Daniel Shays, marched toward Boston, but were easily put down by the state militia; the rebellion caused alarm in other states Chapter 6neutrality - Washington's political belief that US should not side with any foreign country.Jay's Treaty - treaty with England concerning trades. Treaty of Greenville (August 3, 1795) - treaty with Native Americans in which they gave up most of their valuable lands. Pinckney's Treaty - Treaty with Spain of recognition of trading rights XYZ Affair - the incident of bribery of French minister of foreign affairs, Talleybrand. Alexander Hamilton - Washington's Secretary of Treasury. He was very good with money and established First National Bank. Thomas Jefferson - Washington's Secretary of State. He opposed Hamilton because he liked French. John Jay - he negotiated a treaty with Britain that angered many people. Citizen Genet - French minister to United States. He lost many friends for France. Thomas Pinckney - he negotiated a treaty with Spain that got everything United States wanted from Spain. Chapter 7West Point: military academy for United States Army, established in 1802.Louisiana Purchase (1803) - Jefferson bought the territory encompassing the land bordered on the north by Canada, on the east by the Mississippi River, on the south by the Rio Grande, and on the west by the Rocky Mountains. Lewis and Clark (1804) - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were the men sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory. Tripoli - name of the affiliated pirate states of the North African Coast Pasha - the leader of the tripolitan state of Tunisia. Tripolitan War - the war resulting from Barbary pirates attacking American maritime trade lines Embargo Wars - various laws passed by France, Britain, and the United States about maritime commerce, seriously affecting the others; embargo means the refusal to accept goods Chesapeake Incident - threatened America's status as independent nation War of 1812 - this war resolved America's question of independence Jefferson - the third president of the United States War Hawks - second-generation Congressional Republicans supporting anti-British and aggression, used Indian attacks to support war with Britain Chapter 8Monroe Doctrine - Part of President James Monroe's annual address to Congress in 1823, it stated that America would not interfere in foreign affairs and that Europe should not intervene in any American affairs, especially those of the newly independent Latin American colonies.Holy Alliance - A group of reactionary European governments; America and Britain were afraid they would try to interfere in the new Latin American countries, although they never did. George Canning - The British Foreign Minister who originally proposed a joint US-British declaration on Latin American rights. Chapter 9Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) - a treaty that the U.S. made with Great Britain. It settled borders, the slave trade, and the extradition of criminals.Chapter 10Peace Movement - Movement from 1815 to 1860 which argued against violence as a method to solve conflicts, and in extreme cases, against any violence. Started in response to the horrific Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812, and ended when the Civil War broke out.American Peace Society - Founded in 1828 by William Ladd. Its journal was the Harbinger of Peace. During its existence it represented a somewhat united front by reformers for peace in America. Non-Resistance Society - Founded in 1838 by Henry Clark Wright and William Lloyd Garrison. Opposed violence in any form, military service, violent resistance to tyranny, and capital punishment. Was a plan to put Christian ideas into action. William Ladd - A Maine sea captain, merchant, and farmer. Founded the American Peace Society in 1828, and served as editor for the Harbinger of Peace, its journal. Argued in his pamphlet Essay on a Congress of Nations (1840) that there should be an international congress to interpret international law and a Court of Nations to apply it. Ultraists - Held the most fervent opposition to any violence. Led by Henry Clark Wright and William Lloyd Garrison, formed the Non-Resistance Society in a split from the peace movement. |