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Spoken living languages
ACHANG
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[ACN] 27,708 in China (1990 census). Population total
both countries 29,400 or more. Alternate
names: ACHUNG, ATSANG, ACH'ANG, ACANG, AHCHAN, NGACANG, NGATSANG,
NGACHANG, NGAC'ANG, NGO CHANG, MÖNGHSA. Dialects:
LONGCHUAN, LIANGHE, LUXI. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
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AI-CHAM
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[AIH] 2,300 speakers (1986). 13 villages in Di'e and
Boyao townships in Libo County of the Qiannan Buyi-Miao Autonomous
Prefecture in southern Guizhou Province. Alternate
names: JIAMUHUA, JINHUA, ATSAM. Dialects:
DI'E, BOYAO. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
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AINU
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[AIB] 5,000 (1988). Yengixar (Shule) town, Hanalik
and Paynap villages in the Kashgar area, and Gewoz village near Hoban;
Hetian, Luopu, Moyu, Shache, Yingjisha and Shulekuche counties of
southwestern Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Alternate
names: AYNU, AINI, ABDAL. Classification:
Altaic, Turkic, Eastern.
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AKHA
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[AKA] 130,000 in China (1990). Southwest Yunnan. Alternate
names: KAW, EKAW, KO, AKA, IKAW, AK'A, AHKA, KHAKO, KHA KO, KHAO KHA
KO, IKOR, AINI, YANI. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani,
Ha-Ya.
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AMDO
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[ADX] 809,500 including 538,500 Hbrogpa, 97,600
Rongba, 112,800 Rongmahbrogpa, 60,600 Rtahu (1987 Wurm et al.) Huangnan,
Hainan, Haibei, and Guoluo (Golog) Tibetan Autonomous prefectures and the
Haixi Mongolian-Tibetan-Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province;
in the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Tianzhu Autonomous County
of southwestern Gansu Province, and in parts of the Ganzi and Aba (Ngawa)
Tibetan Autonomous prefectures of western and northern Sichuan Province. Alternate
names: ANDUO, NGAMBO. Dialects:
HBROGPA, RONGBA, RONGMAHBROGPA, RTAHU. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Northern.
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ATUENCE
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[ATF] 520,000. Yunnan-Tibet border. Alternate names: ATUENTSE, ANSHUENKUAN NYARONG, NYARONG,
NGANSHUENKUAN. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Central.
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AYI
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[AYX] Fugong and Gongshan counties, Nujiang Nu-Lisu
Autonomous Prefecture of northwestern Yunnan. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
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BA PAI
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[BPN] 62,000 (1995 McConnell). Liannan and Yangshan
counties of northern Guangdong Province, and Yizhang County of southern
Hunan Province. Alternate names:
YAO MIN, ZAOMIN, DZAO MIN, YAU MIN. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Zaomin.
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BAI
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[PIQ] 900,000 speakers (1990 J-O Svantesson), out of
ethnic group of 1,594,827 (1990 census). Northwest Yunnan, between the
Lancang (Mekong) and Jinsha rivers, on the Dali Plain. 85% of Bai are in
Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, others elsewhere in Yunnan Province, some
in Hunan, Sichuan, and Guizhou provinces. Alternate
names: PAI, MINJIA, MINCHIA, MINKIA, LABBU, NAMA, LEME. Dialects:
DALI (TALI-XIANGYUN, XIANGYUN-DALI, SOUTHERN BAI), JIANCHUAN (CENTRAL BAI,
HEQING-JIANCHUAN, HOKING-JIANCHUAN), BIIJIANG (LANBI, BIJIANG-LANPING,
LANPING-BIJIANG, NORTHERN BAI). Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Bai.
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BAIMA
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[BQH] 110,000 (1995 EDCL). Pingwu County in north
central Sichuan. Alternate names:
BAI MA, PE. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Unclassified.
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BELA
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[BEQ] 2,000 to 3,000 in Luxi (1992 Edmondson). Yunnan
Province, Dehong Prefecture, Luxi County, Santaishan Township, and
Yingjang and Lianghe counties. May also be in Myanmar. Alternate names: PELA, PALA, BOLA, POLO. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese,
Loloish, Unclassified.
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BIAO MIEN
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[BMT] 21,500 (1993). Ruyuan County, Guangdong
Province. Alternate names: BIAO
MON, BIAOMAN. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin.
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BIAO-JIAO MIEN
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[BJE] 40,000 (Pan Chengqian 1991:48). Northeastern
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Quanzhou, Gongcheng, and Guanyang
counties, and southern Hunan Province, Lingling and Daoxian counties. Alternate names: BIAO CHAO, BYAU MIN. Dialects: BIAO MIN (BIAOMIN, BIAO MIEN, AO YAO), JIAOGONG MIAN
(CHAO KONG MENG, JIAOGONG). Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Biao-Jiao.
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BISU
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[BII] 6,000 in China (1991 Li Yongsui). Population
total both countries 7,000 or more. Alternate
names: MBISU, MISU, MIBISU, MBI. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Phunoi.
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BIT
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[BGK] 500 in China (1990 J-O Svantesson). Southern
Yunnan Province. Alternate names:
KHABIT, PHSING, PHSIN. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Khao.
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BIYO
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[BYO] 100,000 (J-O Svantesson). Yunnan, near the
Hani. Alternate names: BIO,
BIYUE. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani,
Bi-Ka.
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BLANG
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[BLR] 24,000 in China (1990 J-O Svantesson), out of
an official nationality of 82,280 (1990 census). Population total all
countries 37,200. Alternate names:
BULANG, PULANG, PULA, PLANG, KAWA, K'ALA, KONTOI. Dialects:
PHANG, KEM DEGNE. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western
Palaungic, Waic, Bulang.
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BONAN
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[PEH] 12,212 (1990 census), including 6,000
Jishishan, 4,000 Tongren. East Qinghai Province and southwestern Gansu
Province in the Jishishan Bao'an-Dongxiang-Sala Autonomous County of the
Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture. Bonan-speaking Tu live in Tongren,
eastern Qinghai Province. Alternate
names: BAO'AN, BOAN, PAOAN, PAONGAN, BAONAN. Dialects:
JISHISHAN (DAHEJIA, DAKHECZJHA), TONGREN (TUNGYEN). Classification: Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Mongour.
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BOUYEI
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[PCC] 2,000,000 speakers or more out of a nationality
of 2,545,059 in China (1990 census). Population total both countries
2,001,500. Alternate names:
BUYI, BUI, BO-I, BUYEI, BUYUI, PUYI, PUI, PU-I, PU-JUI, PUJAI, PUYOI,
DIOI, TUJIA, SHUIHU, ZHONGJIA, CHUNG-CHIA. Dialects:
QIANNAN (SOUTHERN GUIZHOU, BOUYEI 1), QIANZHONG (CENTRAL GUIZHOU, BOUYEI
2), QIANXI (WESTERN GUIZHOU, BOUYEI 3). Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern.
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BUGAN
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[BBH] 3,000 (1996 J. Edmondson). Southern Guangnan
and northern Xichou counties in southeastern Yunnan Province, Laowalong,
Xinwalong, Jiuping, Shibeipo, Xinzhai, Manlong, and Nala villages. Alternate
names: PUKAN, HUALO, HUAZU. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified.
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BUNU, BAHENG
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[PHA] 26,815 speakers in China (1995 McConnell).
Population total both countries 33,700. Alternate
names: PA HNG, PA-HNG, PA NGNG, PAHENG, BAHENG, BAHENGMAI, PA THEN,
TONG, MEO LAI, MAN PA SENG. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu.
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BUNU, BU-NAO
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[BWX] 258,000 speakers (1995 McConnell) out of an
ethnic group of 439,000 (1982 census). 100,000 ethnic Bunu speak Zhuang as
mother tongue. Western Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Du'an, Bama,
Dahua, Lingyun, Nandan, Tiandong, Tianyang, Pingguo, Fengshan, Donglan,
Hechi, Mashan, Bose, Tianlin, Leye, Tiandeng, Xincheng, Shanglin, Long'an,
Debao, Laibin, Luocheng counties), Guizhou Province (Libo County), and
Yunnan Province (Funing County). Alternate
names: PUNU, BUNAO, PO-NAU. Dialects:
DONGNU (TUNG NU), NUNU, BUNUO (PU NO), NAOGELAO (NAO KLAO), NUMAO (NU
MHOU, HONG YAO). Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu.
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BUNU, JIONGNAI
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[PNU] 1,116 (1995 McConnell). Longhua, Nanzhou,
Dajin, Liuxiang, Mentou, Gubu, Ludan, Liutuan, and Chang'e in the Jinxiu
Yao Autonomous County, southeast of Liuzhou City in eastern Guangxi Zhuang
Autonomous Region. Alternate names:
PUNU, QIUNGNAI, KIONG NAI, JIONGNAI, JIONGNAIHUA, HUALAN YAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu.
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BUNU, WUNAI
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[BWN] 18,442 (1995 McConnell). Western Hunan
Province, Longhui, Xupu, Tongdao, Chenxi, Dongkou, Cengbu, and Xinning
counties. Alternate names: PUNU,
WUNAI, NGNAI, HM NAI. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu.
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BUNU, YOUNUO
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[BUH] 9,716 (1995 McConnell). Northeastern Guangxi
Zhuang Autonomous Region, Xing'an and Longsheng counties. Alternate names: PUNU, PU NO, YOUNUO, YUNUO, YUNO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu.
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BURIAT, CHINA
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[BXU] 65,000 (1982 census), including 47,000 New
Bargu, 14,000 Old Bargu, 4,500 Buriat. Hulun-Buyr District of Inner
Mongolia, near Russian (Siberian) and Mongolian borders. Alternate
names: BURYAT, BURIAT-MONGOLIAN, NORTHERN MONGOLIAN, NORTHEASTERN
MONGOLIAN, BARGU BURIAT. Dialects:
BARGU (OLD BARGU, NEW BARGU), KHORI, AGA. Classification:
Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Buriat.
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BUXINHUA
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[BXT] 200 (1994). Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Dai
Autonomous Prefecture, southwestern Yunnan Province. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified.
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BUYANG
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[BYU] 2,000 to 3,000 (1990 Liang Min), including 200
at Ecun, 180 at Lagan, 200 at Maguan, 300 at Langjia, 50 at Nongna, 20 at
Damen, 30 to 40 at Jinglong Township, and at a settlement in Guangnan
County Diyu, and a village near Yiliang. Yunnan Province, Wenshan
Zhuang-Miao Autonomous District, Guangnan County, one location, and Funing
County, Gula Township. Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous
District, Guangnan County, one location, and Funing County, Gula Township.
Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao.
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CAO MIAO
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[COV] 60,000 speakers (1994). Liping county of
southeastern Guizhou Province, Tongdao Dong Autonomous County of
southwestern Hunan Province, and Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County of
northeastern Guangxi, near Southern Dong. Alternate
names: MJIUNIANG, GRASS MIAO. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
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CHINESE, GAN
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[KNN] 20,580,000 2% of the population (1984). Jiangxi
and southeastern corner of Hubei including Dachi, Xianning, Jiayu,
Chongyang, and parts of Anhui, Hunan, and Fujian provinces. Chang-Jing
dialect includes the speech of Nanchang City, Xiuhui, and Jing'an; Yi-Liu
includes Yichun (Ichun) in Jiangxi to Liuyang in Hunan. Alternate
names: GAN, KAN. Dialects:
CHANG-JING, YI-LIU, JI-CHA, FU-GUANG, YING-YI. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, HAKKA
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[HAK] 25,725,000 in mainland China, 2.5% of the
population (1984). Population total all countries 33,000,000 (1999 WA). Alternate
names: HAKKA, HOKKA, KEJIA, KECHIA, KE, XINMINHUA, MAJIAHUA, TU
GUANGDONGHUA. Dialects: YUE-TAI (MEIXIAN, RAOPING, TAIWAN KEJIA), YUEZHONG
(CENTRAL GUANGDONG), HUIZHOU, YUEBEI (NORTHERN GUANGDONG), TINGZHOU
(MIN-KE), NING-LONG (LONGNAN), YUGUI, TONGGU. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, HUIZHOU
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[CZH] South Anhui Province and north Zhejiang
Province. Alternate names:
HUIZHOU. Dialects: JIXI, XIUYI,
QIDE, YANZHOU, JINGZHAN. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, JINYU
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[CJY] 45,000,000 (1995 Milliken). Mainly in Shanxi
Province, with some in Shaanxi and Henan provinces. Alternate names: JINYU. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, MANDARIN
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[CHN] 867,200,000 in mainland China (1999), 70% of
the population, including 8,602,978 Hui (1990 census). Other estimates for
Hui are 20,000,000 or more. 1,042,482,187 all Han in China (1990 census).
Population total all countries 874,000,000 first language speakers,
1,052,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Alternate
names: MANDARIN, GUANHUA, BEIFANG FANGYAN, NORTHERN CHINESE, GUOYU,
STANDARD CHINESE, PUTONGHUA. Dialects:
HUABEI GUANHUA (NORTHERN MANDARIN), XIBEI GUANHUA (NORTHWESTERN MANDARIN),
XINAN GUANHUA (SOUTHWESTERN MANDARIN), JINGHUAI GUANHUA (JIANGXIA GUANHUA,
LOWER YANGZE MANDARIN). Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, MIN BEI
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[MNP] 10,290,000 1.2% of the population (1984).
Population total both countries 10,537,000. Alternate
names: NORTHERN MIN, MIN PEI. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, MIN DONG
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[CDO] Population total all countries 247,000 or more.
Alternate names: EASTERN MIN. Dialects:
FUZHOU (FUCHOW, FOOCHOW, GUXHOU). Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, MIN NAN
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[CFR] 25,725,000 in mainland China (1984), 2.5% of
the population, including 1,000,000 Xiamen dialect (1988 census),
6,000,000 Quanzhou dialect (Quanzhoushi Fangyan Zhi). Population total all
countries 45,000,000. Alternate
names: SOUTHERN MIN, MINNAN. Dialects:
XIAMEN (AMOY), LEIZHOU (LEI HUA, LI HUA), CHAO-SHAN (CHOUSHAN), HAINAN
(HAINANESE, QIONGWEN HUA, WENCHANG), LONGDU, ZHENAN MIN. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, MIN ZHONG
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[CZO] Area around Yong'an, Sanming, and Shaxian in
central Fujian Province. Alternate
names: CENTRAL MIN. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, PU-XIAN
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[CPX] Population total all countries 6,000 or more. Dialects:
PUTIAN (PUTTEN, XINGHUA, HINGHUA, HENGHUA, HSINGHUA), XIANYOU (HSIENYU). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, WU
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[WUU] 77,175,000 7.5% of the population (1984).
Jiangsu south of the Changjiang River, east of Zhenjiang, on Chongming
Island in the mouth of the Changjiang, and north of the Changjiang in the
area around Nantong, Haimen, Qidong, and Qingjiang, and in Zhejiang
Province as far south as Quzhou, Jinhua, and Wenzhou. Alternate
names: WU. Dialects: TAIHU,
JINHUA (KINHWA), TAIZHOU, OUJIANG, WUZHOU, CHUQU, XUANZHOU. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, XIANG
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[HSN] 36,015,000 3.5% of the population (1984). Hunan
Province, over 20 counties in Sichuan, and parts of Guangxi and Guangdong
provinces. Alternate names:
HUNAN, HUNANESE, XIANG, HSIANG. Dialects:
CHANGYI, LUOSHAO, JISHU. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHINESE, YUE
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[YUH] 52,000,000 in mainland China, 4.5% of the
population (1984). Includes 498,000 in Macau. Population total all
countries 71,000,000 (1999 WA). Alternate
names: YUET YUE, GWONG DUNG WAA, CANTONESE, YUE, YUEH, YUEYU, BAIHUA. Dialects:
YUEHAI (GUANGFU, HONG KONG CANTONESE, MACAU CANTONESE, SHATOU, SHIQI,
WANCHENG), SIYI (SEIYAP, TAISHAN, TOISAN, HOISAN, SCHLEIYIP), GAOLEI
(GAOYANG), QINLIAN, GUINAN. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
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CHONI
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[CDA] 22,710 (1993). Yunnan-Tibet border. Alternate
names: CHONA, CHONE, CONE, JONE. Dialects:
HBRUGCHU. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Northern.
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CUN
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[CUQ] 70,000 (1990 Jan-Olof Svantesson). South bank
of Changhua River in north Dongfang county and north bank in Changjiang
county, Hainan Island. Alternate
names: NGAO FON, CUNHUA, CUN-HUA. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao.
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DARANG DENG
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[DAT] Chayu (Zayü) County along the Dulai River
valley in southeastern Tibet. Alternate
names: DARANG. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, North Assam, Deng.
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DAUR
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[DTA] 84,950 speakers or 70% of the ethnic group of
121,357 (1990 census). Inner Mongolia and border of Heilongjiang Province,
and northwest Xinjiang. Alternate
names: DAGUR, DAGUOR, DAWAR, DAWO'ER, TAHUR, TAHUERH. Dialects:
BUTEHA (BATAXAN), HAILA'ER (HAILAR), QIQIHA'ER (QIQIHAR, TSITSIKHAR). Classification: Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Dagur.
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DONG, NORTHERN
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[DOC] 907,560 speakers out of 2,514,014 in the
official nationality (1990 census). Population total both countries
907,560. Alternate names: KAM,
GAM, TONG, TUNG, TUNG-CHIA. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
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DONG, SOUTHERN
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[KMC] 1,480,750 speakers out of 2,514,014 in the
official nationality (1990 census). 62% of the 2,388,310 Dong speakers
speak Southern Dong. Area where southeastern Guizhou (Yuping Autonomous
County), western Hunan, and northern Guangxi provinces meet, and Guangxi
Zhuang Autonomous Region, 20 contiguous counties. Alternate
names: KAM, GAM, TONG, TUNG, TUNG-CHIA. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
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DONGXIANG
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[SCE] 373,872 (1990 census), about half in the
Suonanba dialect. Southwest Gansu Province, mainly in Linxia Hui
Autonomous Prefecture. Alternate
names: TUNGHSIANG, SANTA, TUNG. Dialects:
SUONANBA, WANGJIAJI, SIJIAJI. Classification:
Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Mongour.
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DRUNG
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[DUU] 11,300 speakers including 5,816 Drung (1990
census) and 5,500 ethnic Nung in the Nu nationality (1990 J-O Svantesson).
About 6,000 in Nu River dialect, about 4,000 in Dulong River dialect.
Dulong River dialect is spoken along both sides of the Dulong River in
Gongshan Dulong-Nu Autonomous County in far northwestern Yunnan. Nu River
dialect is spoken from Gongshan Dulong-Nu Autonomous County west to Chayu
(Zayü) County in Tibet. Alternate
names: TRUNG, TULUNG, DULONG, QIU. Dialects:
DULONG RIVER, NU RIVER. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish.
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E
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[EEE] 30,000 (1992 J. A. Edmondson). Northern
Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Region, Rongshui Hmong Autonomous County, Yongle
Township, and neighboring border areas of Luocheng Mulam Autonomous
County. Yongle and nineteen surrounding villages. Alternate
names: KJANG E, 'WUSE HUA', 'WUSEHUA'. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central.
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ERSU
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[ERS] 13,000 (1995). South central Sichuan in the
lower reaches of the Dadu River, Ya'an District. Alternate names: DUOXU, ERHSU. Dialects: ERSU (EASTERN ERSU), DUOXU (CENTRAL ERSU), LISU (WESTERN
ERSU, LÜZÜ). Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic.
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EVENKI
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[EVN] 20,000 speakers out of 34,000 in the ethnic
population in China (1995 M. Krauss). Population total all countries
30,000. Alternate names: EWENKE,
EWENKI, OWENKE, SOLON, SUOLUN, KHAMNIGAN. Dialects:
HAILA'ER, AOLUGUYA, CHENBA'ERHU. Classification:
Altaic, Tungus, Northern, Evenki.
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GAHRI
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[BFU] Alternate
names: BUNAN, LAHULI OF BUNAN. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Western
Himalayish, Kanauri.
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GELAO
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[KKF] 6,400 speakers out of an ethnic group of
437,997 in China (1990 census), including 3,000 Qau, 1,500 A'ou, 1,700
Hagei, 1,200 Duoluo. Daozhen and Wuchuan counties, Anshun and Bijie
prefectures of southwest Guizhou province, southern Yunnan (Zhuang-Miao
Autonomous District at Maguan, Malipo, and nearby counties), Guangxi
(Longlin Pan-Nationalities Autonomous County), and Hunan. The White Gelo
are on the China-Viet Nam border at Tiechang and Yangwan townships,
Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous District, Malipo County, Yunnan Province.
They live dispersed among the Han, Miao, Bouyei, Zhuang, and Yi
nationalities. Alternate names: GELO, KELAO, KELEO, KEHLAO, KLAU, KLO, ILAO, KHI,
CHILAO, LAO. Dialects: QAU
(GAO), A'OU, HAGEI (HAKEI), DUOLUO. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi.
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GEMAN DENG
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[GEN] Chayu (Zayü) County on the tablelands on
either side of the lower reaches of the Chayu (Zayü) River in the
southeastern corner of Tibet. Also spoken in India, Myanmar. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, North Assam, Deng.
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GROMA
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[GRO] 12,840 in China (1993). Population total both
countries 12,840 or more. Alternate
names: TROMOWA. Dialects:
UPPER GROMA, LOWER GROMA. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Southern.
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GUANYINQIAO
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[JIQ] 50,000 (1993 Lin). North central Sichuan, along
the tributaries of the Jinchuan River in the southwestern tip of Maerkang
County, northwestern Jinchuan County, and southeastern Rangtang County. Alternate
names: GUANYINQIAO, ZHONGZHAI, WESTERN JIARONG. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, rGyarong.
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GUIQIONG
|
[GQI] 7,000 (1995). Plateaus on both sides of the
Dadu River north from Luding County in the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan
Autonomous Prefecure in west central Sichuan, and nearby in northwest
Tianquan County. One town is Wasigou. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic.
|
|
HANI
|
[HNI] 500,000 Hani speakers in China (1990 J-O
Svantesson). The official nationality of 1,253,952 (1990 census) probably
includes Kado, Mahei, Sansu, Akha, Biyo (Bio, Biyue), Honi, possibly
Menghua and others. Population total all countries 722,500. Alternate names: HANHI, HAW, HANI PROPER. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese,
Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani, Ha-Ya.
|
|
HLAI
|
[LIC] 747,000 speakers, including 432,000 Ha, 178,000
Qi, 52,000 Jiamao, 44,000 Bendi, 30,000 Meifu, out of an official
nationality of 1,100,900 (1990 census). Mountains in central and south
central Hainan Province, southern China. Alternate
names: LI, DAI, DAY, LAI, LA, LOI, LE, DLI, BLI, KLAI, SLAI. Dialects:
HA (LUOHUA-HAYAN-BAOXIAN), QI (GEI, TONGSHI-QIANDUI-BAOCHENG), MEIFU
(MOIFAU), BENDI (ZWN, BAISHA-YUANMEN). Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Hlai.
|
|
HMONG DAW
|
[MWW] 60,000 in China (1987). Population total all
countries 165,000 or more. All Hmong in all countries: 6,000,000 (1999
WA). Alternate names: WHITE MEO,
WHITE MIAO, MEO KAO, WHITE LUM, PEH MIAO, PE MIAO, CHUAN MIAO, BAI MIAO. Dialects:
HMONG GU MBA (HMONG QUA MBA, STRIPED HMONG), MONG LENG, PETCHABUN MIAO. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG NJUA
|
[BLU] 1,000,000 in China (1982), including about
29,000 Bunu of the Yao nationality who speak it as mother tongue (1990 J-O
Svantesson). Population total all countries 1,245,000 or more. Alternate
names: CHUANQIANDIAN MIAO, CHUANCHIENTIEN MIAO, SICHUAN-GUIZHOU-YUNNAN
HMONG, TAK MIAO, MEO, MIAO, WESTERN MIAO, WESTERN HMONG. Dialects:
XIAO HUA MIAO (ATSE, SMALL FLOWERY MIAO), TAK MIAO (CHING MIAO, GREEN
MIAO, BLUE MIAO). Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, CENTRAL HUISHUI
|
[HMC] 30,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Gaopa, Huishui,
Guiding, Changshun, Ziyun, and Pingba counties, Guiyang City region,
central portion. Alternate names:
CENTRAL HUISHUI MIAO, MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, CENTRAL MASHAN
|
[HMM] 50,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Southwestern Guizhou,
Ziyun, Changshun, Luodian, Huishui, and Wangmo counties, central portion. Alternate
names: CENTRAL MASHAN MIAO, MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, CHONGANJIANG
|
[HMJ] 70,000 (1982), half in Chong'anjiang District.
Kaili City, Chong'an township, Huangping county, east central Guizhou. Alternate
names: CHONG'ANJIANG MIAO. Dialects:
GEJIAHUA (GE, GEDOU MIAO, KEH-DEO, GETOU, GEDANG, HUADOU MIAO). Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, EASTERN HUISHUI
|
[HME] 20,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Gaopa, Huishui,
Guiding, Changshun, Ziyun, and Pingba counties, Guiyang City region,
eastern portion. Alternate names:
EASTERN HUISHUI MIAO, MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, EASTERN QIANDONG
|
[HMQ] 200,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). Qiandongnan Miao
Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou, and eastward into Hunan Province. Alternate
names: EASTERN QIANDONG MIAO, HMU, MIAO, BLACK MIAO, CENTRAL MIAO,
EASTERN EAST-GUIZHOU MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong.
|
|
HMONG, EASTERN XIANGXI
|
[MUQ] 70,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). Western Hunan,
Xiangxi Tujia Miao Autonomous Prefecture, and some places in Hubei. Alternate
names: EASTERN XIANGXI MIAO, HSIANGHSI MIAO, RED MIAO, MEO DO, RED
MEO, GHAO-XONG, EASTERN WEST-HUNAN MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi.
|
|
HMONG, LUOPOHE
|
[HML] 40,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Fuquan, Guiding,
Longli, Kaiyang, and Kaili counties east of Guiyang, central Guizhou. Alternate
names: LUOBOHE MIAO, XIMAHE MIAO, XIJIA MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, NORTHEASTERN DIAN
|
[HMD] 200,000 (1987 et al.) Northwestern Guizhou,
northeast and central Yunnan provinces. Alternate
names: A-HMAO, DIANDONGBEI, VARIEGATED MIAO, TA HUA MIAO, TA HWA MIAO,
BIG FLOWERY MIAO, HUA MIAO, HWA MIAO, FLOWERY MIAO, NORTHEASTERN YUNNAN
MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, NORTHERN GUIYANG
|
[HUJ] 60,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Suburbs of Guiyang
City, Pingba, Zhenning, Kaiyang, Guiding, Qingzhen, and Anshun counties or
towns, northern portion. Alternate
names: NORTHERN GUIYANG MIAO, MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, NORTHERN HUISHUI
|
[HMN] 50,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Gaopa, Huishui,
Guiding, Changshun, Ziyun, and Pingba counties, Guiyang City region,
northern portion. Alternate names:
NORTHERN HUISHUI MIAO, MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, NORTHERN MASHAN
|
[HMO] 25,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Southwestern Guizhou,
Ziyun, northern portions of Changshun, Luodian, Huishui, and Wangmo
counties. Alternate names:
NORTHERN MASHAN MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, NORTHERN QIANDONG
|
[HEA] 900,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). Northeast Yunnan
and upper Cingshuiho River area of southeast Guizhou (southeast, south,
and southwest Guizhou Autonomous areas, Songtao County, Guanling County,
Ziyun County). Alternate names:
NORTHERN QIANDONG MIAO, CHIENTUNG MIAO, EAST GUIZHOU MIAO, HMU, MIAO,
BLACK MIAO, HEH MIAO, HEI MIAO, CENTRAL MIAO, NORTHERN EAST-GUIZHOU MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong.
|
|
HMONG, SOUTHERN GUIYANG
|
[HMY] 20,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Suburbs of Guiyang
City, Pingba, Zhenning, Kaiyang, Guiding, Qingzhen, and Anshun counties or
towns, southern portion. Alternate
names: SOUTHERN GUIYANG MIAO, MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, SOUTHERN MASHAN
|
[HMA] 7,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Southwestern Guizhou,
southern portions of Ziyun, Changshun, Luodian, Huishui, and Wangmo
counties. Alternate names:
SOUTHERN MASHAN MIAO, MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, SOUTHERN QIANDONG
|
[HMS] 300,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). Qiandongnan Miao
Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, and southward into Guangxi
Province. Alternate names:
SOUTHERN QIANDONG MIAO, HMU, MIAO, BLACK MIAO, CENTRAL MIAO, SOUTHERN
EAST-GUIZHOU MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong.
|
|
HMONG, SOUTHWESTERN GUIYANG
|
[HMG] 50,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Suburbs of Guiyang
City, Pingba, Zhenning, Kaiyang, Guiding, Qingzhen, and Anshun counties or
towns, southwestern portion. Alternate
names: SOUTHWESTERN GUIYANG MIAO, MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, SOUTHWESTERN HUISHUI
|
[HMH] 40,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Gaopa, Huishui,
Guiding, Changshun, Ziyun, and Pingba counties, Guiyang City region,
southwestern portion. Alternate
names: SOUTHWESTERN HUISHUI MIAO, MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, WESTERN MASHAN
|
[HMW] 10,000 (1987 Wurm et al.) Southwestern Guizhou,
Ziyun, Changshun, Luodian, Huishui, and Wangmo counties, western portion. Alternate
names: WESTERN MASHAN MIAO, MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
|
|
HMONG, WESTERN XIANGXI
|
[MMR] 700,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). Western Hunan,
Xiangxi Tujia Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Songtao County in Guizhou,
Xiushan County in Sichuan, and some places in Guangxi. Possibly also in Ha
Tuyen Province, northern Viet Nam and in Thailand. Alternate
names: RED MIAO, MEO DO, RED MEO, WESTERN XIANGSI MIAO, GHAO-XONG,
HUAYUAN MIAO, HSIANGHSI MIAO, WEST HUNAN MIAO, WESTERN WEST-HUNAN MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi.
|
|
HONI
|
[HOW] 100,000 (1990 J-O Svantesson). Yunnan, near the
Hani. May also be in Viet Nam. Alternate
names: WONI, OUNI, UNI, HO, HAONI. Dialects:
BAIHONG. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani,
Hao-Bai.
|
|
HORPA
|
[ERO] 35,000 (1995). Danba (=Rongzhag), Daofu (Dawu),
Luhuo, Xinlong (Nyagrong) counties of the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan
Autonomous Prefecture of western Sichuan, and Jinchua (Quqên) County of
the Aba (Ngawa) Tibetan-Qiang Autonomous Prefecture of northwestern
Sichuan. Central and eastern Daofu County, Chengguan District, Wari,
Xiajia, and Muru townships of Wari District, and Shazhong township of
Bamei District; and central and northwestern Danba County, in Geshiza,
Bianer, and Dandong townships of Dasang District, Donggu township in
Chuangu District, Bawang and Jinchuan townships of Jinchuan District; of
Ganzi Prefecture, an area traditionally known as the five parts of Horpa
territory. Scattered communities are also in adjacent Luhuo (in Renda
township of Xialatuo District, and Xinlong in Manqing, Zhuwo, and Duoshan
townships of Hexi District. Alternate
names: HOR, HORPA, HÓRSÓK, ERGONG, DANBA, WESTERN JIARONG, PAWANG,
BAWANG. Dialects: DAOFU
(DAOFUHUA, TAOFU), GESHIZA (GESHITSA). Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, rGyarong.
|
|
HU
|
[HUO] 1,000 (1984 J. Svantesson). Southwestern Yunnan
Province, Mengla, Jinghong, 5 villages. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western
Palaungic, Angkuic.
|
|
ILI TURKI
|
[ILI] 120 approximately, or at least 30 households in
China (1980 R.F. Hahn). Population total both countries 120 or more. Alternate
names: T'URK, TUERKE. Classification:
Altaic, Turkic, Eastern.
|
|
IU MIEN
|
[IUM] 884,000 speakers in China (1999), out of
2,134,013 in the official nationality (1990 census). Population total all
countries 1,329,000. Alternate
names: YOUMIAN, YIU MIEN, YAO, MIEN, MIAN, MYEN, HIGHLAND YAO, PAN
YAO, BAN YAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin.
|
|
JIAMAO
|
[JIO] 52,300 (1987 Wurm et al.) Near Wuzhi Mountain
in southern Hainan Province, Baoting, Lingshui, and Qiongzhong counties. Alternate
names: KAMAU, TAI. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Hlai.
|
|
JIARONG
|
[JYA] 151,200 including 139,000 in Situ Jiarong,
12,197 in Chabao and Sidaba (1993 Lin). North central Sichuan. Situ is in
the traditional territory of four chieftaincies: Zhuokeji, Suomo,
Songgang, Dangba. Chabao is in the northeastern corner of Maerkang county,
at Longerjia, Dazang, and Shaerzong townships in Chabao District. Sidaba
is in Caodeng, Kangshan, and Ribu townships in Sidaba District of Maerkang
County. Some outlier Sidaba communities are to the north in certain
villages of Kehe and Rongan townships, at the southwesten corner of the
Aba County, and to the west along the middle Duke River between Wuyi and
Shili townships in Rangtang County, spilling over to a small area near the
confluence of the Seda and Duke rivers in Seda County. Alternate
names: JYARUNG, GYARONG, GYARUNG, RGYARONG, CHIARONG, JARONG. Dialects:
CHABAO (DAZANG, NORTHEASTERN JIARONG), SIDABA (CAODENG, NORTHWESTERN
JIARONG), SITU (EASTERN JIARONG). Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, rGyarong.
|
|
JINGPHO
|
[CGP] 20,000 speakers (1990 J-O Svantesson) out of an
ethnic group of 119,209 in China (1990 census). Western Yunnan, Dehong
Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yingjiang County (Shidan dialect; Enkun
dialect elsewhere in Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture). Alternate
names: JINGPO, JINGHPAW, CHINGPAW, CHINGP'O, KACHIN, MARIP, DASHANHUA.
Dialects: ENKUN, SHIDAN, HKAKU (HKA-HKU), KAURI (HKAURI, GAURI),
DZILI (JILI), DULONG. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Jingpho.
|
|
JINUO, BUYUAN
|
[JIY] 1,000 speakers (1994) out of an ethnic group of
18,021 (1990 census). South Yunnan, Xishuanbanna Dai Autonomous
Prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, 53 kms. east of Jinghong. Youle
Mountains. 40 villages. Over 3,000 square kms. Alternate
names: JINO, BUYUAN. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern.
|
|
JINUO, YOULE
|
[JIU] 10,000 speakers (1994) out of an ethnic group
of 18,021 (1990 census). South Yunnan, Xishuanbanna Dai Autonomous
Prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, 53 kms. east of Jinghong. Youle
Mountains. 40 villages. Over 3,000 square kms. Alternate
names: JINO, YOULE. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern.
|
|
KADO
|
[KDV] 100,000 in China (1990 J-O Svantesson). South
Yunnan. Alternate names: KADU,
KATU, KATO, KUDO, GADO, ASAK, SAK, THET, THAT, MAWTEIK, PUTEIK. Dialects:
KADU, GANAAN (GANAN), ANDRO, SENGMAI, CHAKPA, PHAYENG. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Luish.
|
|
KADUO
|
[KTP] 4,000 to 6,200 in China (1994). South central
Yunnan Province, Hexi District of Tonghai County. Alternate names: GAZHUO, KADO, KADU. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmese-Lolo, Lolo,
Southern, Akha, Hani, Bi-Ka.
|
|
KALMYK-OIRAT
|
[KGZ] 139,000 Oirat in China (1989 Wurm et al.),
including 106,000 Torgut, 33,000 Kok Nur. Bayan Gool Autonomous Prefecture
and Bortala Autonomous Prefecture. Alternate
names: OIRAT, WEILATE, XINJIANG MONGOLIAN, WESTERN MONGOL. Dialects: JAKHACHIN, BAYIT, MINGAT, OLOT (ÖÖLD, ELYUT, ELEUTH),
KHOSHUT (KHOSHUUD). Classification:
Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat-Kalmyk-Darkhat.
|
|
KANG
|
[KYP] 34,065 in China (1993). Southwest Yunnan. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Unclassified.
|
|
KAZAKH
|
[KAZ] 1,111,718 in China (1990 census), including
830,000 Northeastern Kazakh, 70,000 Southwestern Kazakh (1982). North
Xinjiang (Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture), east Xinjiang (Mulei Kazakh
Autonomous County and Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County), northwest Gansu
(Akesai Kazakh Autonomous County), and northwest Qinghai provinces. Alternate names: KAZAK, KAZAX, HAZAKE. Dialects: NORTHEASTERN KAZAKH, SOUTHWESTERN KAZAKH. Classification:
Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
|
|
KEMIEHUA
|
[KFJ] 1,000 (1991). Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna
Dai Autonomous Prefecture, southwestern Yunnan Province. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified.
|
|
KHAKAS
|
[KJH] 10 fluent speakers out of 875 in ethnic group
in China (1982 census). Fuyu County, north of Qiqihar, in Heilongjiang
Province. Alternate names:
KHAKHAS, KHAKHASS, ABAKAN TATAR, YENISEI TATAR. Dialects:
SAGAI, BELTIR, KACHA, KYZYL, SHOR, KAMASSIAN. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Northern.
|
|
KHAMS
|
[KHG] 1,487,000 (1994), including 996,000 Eastern,
135,000 Southern, 158,000 Western, 91,000 Northern, 77,000 Jone, 30,000
Hbrugchu. Northeastern Tibet, Changdu (Qamdo) and Naqu (Nagqu) districts;
Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in western Sichuan; Diqing (Dêqên)
Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in northwestern Yunnan Province; and Yushu
Tibetan Autonmous Prefecture in southwestern Qinghai Province. Alternate names: KHAMS-YAL, KHAMS BHOTIA, KAM, KHAMBA, KHAMPA,
KANG. Dialects: EASTERN KHAMS,
SOUTHERN KHAMS, WESTERN KHAMS, NORTHERN KHAMS, HBRUGCHU, JONE. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Northern.
|
|
KHMU
|
[KJG] 1,600 in China (1990). Mengla and Jinghong
counties of Xishuangbanna Prefecture, southwestern Yunnan. Alternate names: KAMMU, KHAMU, KHMU', KHAMUK, KAMHMU, KAMU, KEMU,
KHOMU, MOU, LAO TERNG, POUTENG, THENG. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu', Khmu.'
|
|
KHUEN
|
[KHF] 1,000 in China (1993). Alternate names: KWEEN, KHWEEN, KHOUEN. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer,
Khmuic, Mal-Khmu', Khmu.'
|
|
KIM MUN
|
[MJI] 107,000 in China (1982), including 41,000 in
Hainan Province (1982). Population total all countries 280,000. Alternate names: MUN, KEM MUN, GEM MUN, JIM MUN, JINMEN, KIMMUN,
MEN, MAN LANTIEN, LANTEN, LAN TIN, LOWLAND YAO, CHASAN YAO, SHANZI YAO,
HAINAN MIAO. Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin.
|
|
KIRGHIZ
|
[KDO] 141,549 in China (1990 census), including
50,000 in North Kirghiz, 50,000 in South Kirghiz. West and southwest
Xinjiang. Alternate names:
KIRGIZ, KARA, KE'ERKEZ. Classification:
Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
|
|
KON KEU
|
[ANG] Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western
Palaungic, Angkuic.
|
|
KOREAN
|
[KKN] 1,920,597 in China (1990 census). Inner
Mongolia. 46% of Koreans in China live in Hyanbian Korean Autonomous
District along Tumen River, Jilin (Kirin). Classification:
Language Isolate.
|
|
KUANHUA
|
[QAK] 1,000 (1991). Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna
Dai Autonomous Prefecture, southwestern Yunnan Province. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified.
|
|
KYERUNG
|
[KGY] Tibet. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Bodic, Bodish, Tibetan, Unclassified.
|
|
LACHI
|
[LBT] 1,153 speakers out of 1,634 in China in 306
households (1990 Liang Min), including 193 Bag Lachi in 37 households, 852
Han Lachi in 179 households, 157 Red Lachi in 27 households, 432 Flowery
Lachi in 72 households. Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous
Prefecture, southern Maguan County, several villages: Bag Lachi in Nanlao
Township, Han Lachi in Renhe and Jiahanqing townships, Red Lachi in
Xiaobazi Township, and Flowery Lachi in Jinchang. Alternate
names: LA CHI, LATI, TAI LATI, LACHI, LAJI, LIPULIO, I TO, Y TO, Y
POONG, Y MIA, KU TE. Dialects:
LIPUTE (BAG LACHI), LIPUTCIO (HAN LACHI), LIPUKE (RED LACHI), LIPULIONGTCO
(FLOWERY LACHI), LIPUTIĠ (BLACK LACHI), LIPUPI (LONG-HAIRED LACHI). Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi.
|
|
LADAKHI
|
[LBJ] 12,000 in China (1995). Western Tibet. Alternate
names: LADAPHI, LADHAKHI, LADAK, LADWAGS. Dialects:
LEH (CENTRAL LADAKHI), SHAMMA (SHAM, SHAMSKAT, LOWER LADAKHI), NUBRA
LADAKHI. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Western, Ladakhi.
|
|
LAHU
|
[LAH] 411,476 in China (1990 census), including
240,000 Na, probably including Kutsung and Laopang. Population total all
countries 580,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Alternate
names: LOHEI, LAHUNA, LAKU, KAIXIEN, NAMEN, MUSSUH, MUHSO, MUSSO,
MUSSAR, MOSO. Dialects: NA
(BLACK LAHU, MUSSER DAM, NORTHERN LAHU, LOHEIRN), NYI (RED LAHU, SOUTHERN
LAHU, MUSSEH DAENG, LUHISHI, LUHUSHI), SHEHLEH. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu.
|
|
LAHU SHI
|
[KDS] 5,000 in China (1984). Southern Yunnan. Alternate
names: LAHU XI, KUTSUNG, KUCONG, KUR, SHI, YELLOW LAHU, KWI. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu.
|
|
LAKKIA
|
[LBC] 8,703 speakers (1995 McConnell) out of 11,503
ethnic Lakkia. Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County of eastern Guangxi Zhuang
Autonomous Region. Alternate names:
LAKKJA, LAKJA, LAKIA, LAJIA, TAI LAKA, LAKA, CHASHAN YAO, TEA MOUNTAIN
YAO. Classification: Tai-Kadai,
Kam-Tai, Lakkja.
|
|
LAQUA
|
[LAQ] 307 in China, or 58 households (1990 Zhang
Junru). Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Malipo
County, Tiechang, Matong, Punong, Pucha, and Pufeng towns. Alternate names: PUBIAO, PUPEO, PU PÉO, KA BIAO, KA BAO, KA BEO,
KABEO, QABIAO. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao.
|
|
LASHI
|
[LSI] Luxi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, and Ruili counties,
Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan. Alternate names: LASI, LEQI, LETSI, LACHIKWAW, CHASHANHUA, ACYE. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
|
|
LAWA, WESTERN
|
[LCP] 75,000 in China, including 30,000 in the Blang
nationality, 45,000 in the Va nationality (1990 J-O Svantesson).
Population total both countries 82,000. Alternate
names: WA, WA PROPER, LAVA, LUWA, LUA, L'WA, LAVUA, LAVÜA, MOUNTAIN
LAWA. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western
Palaungic, Waic, Lawa.
|
|
LHOMI
|
[LHM] 1,000 in Tibet. Tibet. Alternate names: LHOKET, SHING SAAPA. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish,
Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Central.
|
|
LINGAO
|
[ONB] 520,000 (1982 census) in the ethnic group,
including 350,000 Lincheng, 170,000 Qiongshan. The number of speakers is
unclear (A. Diller). North central coast of Hainan, entire Lingao county,
parts of Danxian, Chengmai, and Qiongshan counties, and suburbs of Haikou
city. Alternate names: VO
LIMKOU, LIMKOW, LINKOW, ONGBE, ONG-BE, BÊ. Dialects:
LINCHENG (LINGAO PROPER-DENGMAI), QIONGSHAN. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Be.
|
|
LIPO
|
[TKL] 60,068 (1993). Around Taku, east Yunnan,
highland areas. Alternate names:
EASTERN LISU, TAKU LISU, HE LISU, BLACK LISU, TAKU. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese,
Loloish, Northern, Lisu.
|
|
LISU
|
[LIS] 515,000 in China (1990). Population total all
countries 657,000. Alternate names:
LISSU, LISAW, LI-SHAW, LI-HSAW, LU-TZU, LESUO, LI, LISHU, LISO, LEISU,
LESHUOOPA, LOISU, SOUTHERN LISU, YAO YEN, YAW-YEN, YAW YIN, YEH-JEN,
CHUNG, CHELI, CHEDI, LIP'A, LUSU, KHAE. Dialects:
HUA LISU (FLOWERY LISU), PAI LISU (WHITE LISU), LU SHI LISU. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Lisu.
|
|
LÜ
|
[KHB] 250,000 in China (1990 J-O Svantesson) to
possibly 770,000 or 75% of the Dai (1990 A. Diller). Population total all
countries 551,700. Alternate names:
TAI LU, LUE, LY, LU, DAI LE, XISHUANGBANNA DAI, SIPSONGPANNA DAI, PAI-I,
PAI'I', SHUI-PAI-I. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central,
Northwest.
|
|
LUOBA, BOGA'ER
|
[ADI] 3,000 in China (1994). Lhunze and Mainling
counties in southeast Tibet, south of the Yaluzangjiang River in the Luoyu
area. Alternate names: LHOBA,
LHO-PA, BOGA'ER, BENGNI-BOGA'ER, BOKAR, ADI-BOKAR, ADI, ABOR. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, North Assam, Tani.
|
|
LUOBA, YIDU
|
[CLK] 7,000 in China (1994). Lhunze and Mainling
counties in southeast Tibet, in the Danba River valley and adjoining
mountain slopes, near the Bhutan border. Alternate
names: LHOBA, LHO-PA, YIDU, IDU MISHMI, CHULIKATA. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, North Assam, Tani.
|
|
MACANESE
|
[MZS] 4,000 in Hong Kong (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin)
and a few in Macau (1996 Ian Watts), out of 8,500 in the ethnic group
(1985). Hong Kong and Macau. Possibly in USA. Alternate
names: MACAO CREOLE PORTUGUESE, MACAENSE. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.
|
|
MAK
|
[MKG] 10,000 or more (1982 census). Yangfeng,
Fangcun, Jialiang, and Di'e villages in northwestern Libo County in
Guizhou Province, and some in neighboring Dushan County, Guizhou. Alternate names: MO, MOHUA, MO-HUA, CHING, MOJIAHUA, MOCHIAHUA. Dialects:
MAK, CHI, CHING (CHAM), HWA, LYO. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
|
|
MAN MET
|
[MML] 900 (1984 J. Svantesson). Southwestern Yunnan
Province, 5 communities in Xishuangbanna near the Hu. Alternate names: MANMIT, MANMI. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer,
Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Angkuic.
|
|
MANCHU
|
[MJF] 20 to 70 speakers (1995 M. Krauss) out of
1,821,180 in the ethnic group (1990 census). Heilongjiang, a few
Manchu-speaking villages in Aihui and Fuyu counties. The ethnic group is
in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces. There may also be members
of the ethnic group in North Korea and Siberia. Alternate
names: MAN. Classification:
Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southwest.
|
|
MANG
|
[MGA] 500 in China. Yunnan, Jinping County, Hani-Yi
Autonomous Prefecture. Alternate
names: MANG U, XAMANG, CHAMAN, MANBU, BA'E. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Mang.
|
|
MAONAN
|
[MMD] 37,000 speakers out of an ethnic group of
71,968 (1990 census). Xianan area of Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County in
north central Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. A few in nearby Hechi,
Yishan, Nandan, and Du'an counties. Alternate
names: AI NAN. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
|
|
MARU
|
[MHX] (Over 10,000 households in China; 1999).
Western Yunnan, Luxi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, Ruili, and Lianghe counties of
the Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture. Alternate
names: MATU, MALU, LAWNG, LAUNGWAW, LAUNGAW, LANGSU, LANG'E, NYKY,
DISO, ZI, LHAO VO. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
|
|
MOINBA
|
[MOB] 30,000 speakers in China (1990 J-O Svantesson),
although the 1990 census gives only 7,475 in the official nationality. To
the east of Bhutan, partly in southeastern Tibet, mainly on the
Yarlung-Zanbo River, Medog, Nyinchi, Cuona counties. There may be speakers
in Bhutan. Alternate names:
MENBA, CUONA MENBA, CUONA MONPA, MENPA, MONPA, MONBA, MOMPA, MOMBA. Dialects: NORTHERN CUONA, SOUTHERN CUONA. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish,
Mahakiranti, Kiranti, Eastern.
|
|
MONGOLIAN, PERIPHERAL
|
[MVF] 3,381,000 (1982 estimate), 4,806,849 including
Buriat and Tuvin (1990 census). 299,000 Chakhar, 317,000 Bairin, 1,347,000
Khorain, 593,00 Karachin, 123,000 Ordos, 34,000 Ejine (1982 census).
Population total both countries 3,381,000 or more. Alternate names: MONGOL, MONGGOL, MENGGU, SOUTHERN-EASTERN
MONGOLIAN, INNER MONGOLIAN. Dialects:
CHAHAR (CHAHA'ER, CHAKHAR, QAHAR), ORDOS (E'ERDUOSITE), TUMUT (TUMET),
SHILINGOL (UJUMCHIN), ULANCHAB (URAT, MINGAN), JO-UDA (BAIRIN, BALIN,
NAIMAN, KESHIKTEN), JOSTU (KE'ERQIN, KHARCHIN, KHARACHIN, KHARCHIN-TUMUT,
EASTERN TUMUT), JIRIM (KALAQIN, KHORCHIN, JALAIT, GORLOS), EJINE. Classification:
Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Mongolian
Proper.
|
|
MULAM
|
[MLM] 159,328 (1990 census). Luocheng Mulam
Autonomous County (90% in Dongmen and Siba communes), and adjacent
counties in north central Guizhou Province; and in Majiang and Kaili City
in Guizhou Province. Alternate
names: MULAO, MOLAO, MULOU, MULIAO, MULAO MIAO, ABO, AYO. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
|
|
MUYA
|
[MVM] 15,000 (1995). West central Sichuan (Kangbo and
Juilong (Gyaisi) in the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and
Simian County in the Ya'an District. Alternate
names: MIYAO, MINYAK, MANYAK. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic.
|
|
NAMUYI
|
[NMY] 5,000 (1982). Mianning, Muli, Xichang, and
Yanyuan counties of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, and Jiulong
(Gyaisi) County in the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of
southwestern Sichuan. Alternate
names: NAMUZI. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic.
|
|
NANAI
|
[GLD] 40 speakers out of 4,245 in the ethnic group in
China (1990 census). Sanjiang plain in the northeastern corner of
Heilongjiang Province, near where the Heilong, Songhua, and Wusuli rivers
merge, with most in Tongjiang county, Bacha and Jiejinkou villages and in
Sipai village in Raohe County. Alternate
names: GOLDI, GOLD, SUSHEN, JUCHEN. Dialects:
HEZHEN (HEZHE, HECHE), QILENG (KILI, KILEN). Classification: Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southeast, Nanaj.
|
|
NAXI
|
[NBF] 278,009 (1990 census) including 225,000 in
Yunnan, 20,000 in Sichuan. Most (200,000) in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous
County, northwestern Yunnan. Some scattered through Weixi, Zhongdian,
Ninglang, Deqing, Yongsheng, Heqing, Jianchuan, and Lanping counties. Some
in Yanyuan, Yanbian, and Muli counties of Sichuan Province. A few in
Mangkang county, southeastern Tibet. Possibly also in Myanmar. Alternate names: NAHSI, NASI, NAKHI, LOMI, MU, 'MOSO', 'MOSSO',
'MO-SU'. Dialects: LICHIANG
(LIJIANG), LAPAO, LUTIEN. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Naxi.
|
|
NUSU
|
[NUF] 9,000 speakers (1994), including 2,000 in
Northern Nusu, 3,000 in Southern Nusu, and 4,000 in Central Nusu. Bijiang
County in Nujiang Prefecture of northwestern Yunnan. Dialects: NORTHERN NUSU, SOUTHERN NUSU, CENTRAL NUSU. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Unclassified.
|
|
OROQEN
|
[ORH] 2,240 speakers (1982) out of 6,965 in official
nationality (1990 census). Huma, Aihui, Sunko districts, Great Xingan
Ridge, Heilongjiang Province. Possibly eastern Siberia. Alternate names: OROCHON, ORONCHON, OLUNCHUN, ELUNCHUN, ULUNCHUN. Classification:
Altaic, Tungus, Northern, Evenki.
|
|
PALAUNG, PALE
|
[PCE] 5,000 in China (1995). Western Yunnan, Luxi
County, just east of Rumai. Alternate
names: DLANG, NGWE PALAUNG, SILVER PALAUNG, PALE, PALAY, BULAI, PULEI,
SOUTHERN TA'ANG. Dialects:
BULEI, RAOJIN. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern
Palaungic, Palaung.
|
|
PALAUNG, RUMAI
|
[RBB] 2,000 in China (1995). Far western Yunnan,
Longchuan and Ruili counties. Alternate
names: RUMAI, RUOMAI, HUMAI. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern
Palaungic, Palaung.
|
|
PALAUNG, SHWE
|
[SWE] 2,000 in China (1995 SIL). Yunnan. Alternate
names: TA-ANG PALAUNG, GOLDEN PALAUNG, SHWE. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern
Palaungic, Palaung.
|
|
PALYU
|
[PLY] 10,000 (1993). Other reports say 150 (1995),
and 800 (1996). Far western Guangxi on the Guizhou border, Xilin and
Longlin counties, in 2 groups. There may be some in Yunnan. Alternate
names: PALJU, BOLYU, LAI. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Palyu.
|
|
PANANG
|
[PCR] Tibet. Alternate
names: PANAGS, PANAKHA, PANANAG, BANAG, BANANG, SBANAG, SBRANAG. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Central.
|
|
PARAUK
|
[PRK] 180,000 speakers (1990) out of 351,974 in the
official Wa nationality in China (1990 census). Awa Mountains, southwest
Yunnan as far east as the Lancang (Mekong) River. Alternate names: WA, PRAOK, BARAOG, BAROKE. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer,
Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Waic, Wa.
|
|
PUMI, NORTHERN
|
[PMI] 35,000 speakers (1999): 24,000 in the Pumi
nationality, 30,000 in the Tibetan nationality (1994). Southwestern
Sichuan, Muli, Yanyuan, and Kiulong counties; and northwestern Yunnan,
Yongning District of Ninglang County. Alternate
names: P'UMI, PIMI, PRIMMI, PRUUMI, P'ÖMI, P'ROME, CH'RAME. Dialects:
TAOBA. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang,
Qiangic.
|
|
PUMI, SOUTHERN
|
[PUS] 19,000 speakers (1999): 24,000 in the Pumi
nationality, 30,000 in the Tibetan nationality (1994). Northwestern Yunnan
Province, Lanping, Weixi, Yongsheng and Lijiang counties, and Xinyingpan
District of Ninglang County. Alternate
names: P'UMI, PIMI, PRIMMI, PRUUMI, P'ÖMI, P'ROME. Dialects: QINGHUA. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic.
|
|
QIANG, NORTHERN
|
[CNG] 57,800 (1999). 130,000 speakers in all Qiang
languages, including 80,000 in the Qiang nationality and 50,000 in the
Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O Svantesson). 198,252 ethnic population in
the Qiang nationality (1990 census). North central Sichuan Province,
Heishuihe River basin northward through most of Heishui County. Alternate names: CH'IANG. Dialects:
YADU, WEIGU, CIMULIN, LUHUA. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic.
|
|
QIANG, SOUTHERN
|
[QMR] 81,300 (1999 Jonathan Evans). Speakers in all
Qiang languages, including 80,000 in the Qiang nationality and 50,000 in
the Tibetan nationality; 1990 J-O Svantesson.) 198,252 people in the Qiang
nationality (1990 census). North central Sichuan Province, along the
Minjiang River basin between Zhenjiangguan in Songpan County to the north
and Wenchuan and Li counties to the south, as far east as Beichuan County.
Alternate names: CH'IANG. Dialects:
DAJISHAN, TAOPING, LONGXI, MIANCHI, HEIHU, SANLONG, JIAOCHANG. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic.
|
|
QUEYU
|
[QEY] 7,000 (1995). Xinlong (Nyagrong), Yajiang
(Nyagquka)) and Litang counties in the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous
Prefecture of western Sichuan. Alternate
names: ZHABA. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic.
|
|
RIANG
|
[RIL] 3,000 in China (1995). Western Yunnan,
vicinities of Zhenkang and Baoshan. Alternate
names: RIANG-LANG, LIANG, YANG SEK, YANG WAN KUN, YIN, YANGLAM. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer,
Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Riang.
|
|
RUSSIAN
|
[RUS] 13,504 in China (1990 census). North Xinjiang,
including Urumqi, and Heilongjiang. Alternate
names: OLOSSU, ELUOSI, RUSS, RUSSKI. Classification:
Indo-European, Slavic, East.
|
|
SALAR
|
[SLR] 55,000 speakers (1982) out of 87,697 in the
official nationality (1990 census). Xunhua Salar Autonomous County and
Hualong Hui Autonomous County in Qinghai Province, Jishishan Autonomous
County in Gansu Province, and Yining in Xinjiang. Alternate
names: SALA. Dialects:
JIEZI, MENGDA. Classification:
Altaic, Turkic, Southern.
|
|
SAMEI
|
[SMH] Small. Yunnan. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern.
|
|
SAMTAO
|
[STU] 100 in China (1993). Alternate names: SAMTAU, SAMTUAN. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer,
Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Angkuic.
|
|
SARIKOLI
|
[SRH] 20,500 (1982 estimate), out of 33,538 'Tajik'
(1990 census). Southwest Xinjiang, in and around Taxkorgan (Tashkurghan),
Sarikol Valley. Alternate names:
SARYKOLY, TAJIK, TADZIK, TAJIKI. Classification:
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir,
Shugni-Yazgulami.
|
|
SHANGZHAI
|
[JIH] North central Sichuan, near the confluence of
the Duke River and its tributary Zhongke River in Shili, Zongke, and Puxi
townships, Shangzhai District, southern Rangthang County. Alternate
names: SHANGZHAI, WESTERN JIARONG. Dialects:
DAYILI, ZONGKE, PUXI. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, rGyarong.
|
|
SHE
|
[SHX] 965 speakers including 579 Luofu, 386 Lianhua
(1995 McConnell) out of ethnic group of 630,378 (1990 census), including
270,000 in Fujian and a smaller group in Guangdong. Southeastern Guangdong
Province, (Lianhua dialect in Haifeng and Huidong counties; Luofu dialect
in Boluo and Zengcheng counties). Alternate
names: HUO NTE, HO NTE. Dialects:
LUOFU (EASTERN SHE), LIANHUA (WESTERN SHE). Classification:
Hmong-Mien, Ho Nte.
|
|
SHERPA
|
[SCR] 800 speakers in China (1994). Tibet. Alternate
names: SHARPA, SHARPA BHOTIA, XIAERBA, SERWA. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Southern.
|
|
SHIXING
|
[SXG] Muli Tibetan Autonomous County in the Liangshan
Yi Autonomous Prefecture of southwestern Sichuan. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang,
Qiangic.
|
|
SUI
|
[SWI] 345,993 in China (1990 census). Population
total both countries 346,000. Alternate
names: SHUI, AI SUI, SUI LI, SUIPO. Dialects:
SANDONG (SAN TUNG), YANG'AN, PANDONG. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
|
|
T'EN
|
[TCT] 20,000 (1982 census). A few villages in
Huishui, just south of Guiyang, and Pingtang and Dushan counties, Guizhou.
Alternate names: THEN,
YANGHUANG. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
|
|
TAI HONGJIN
|
[TIZ] 150,000 (1995 Luo Meizhen). Scattered
communities in Honghe, Jinshajiang, Yuanyang, Yuanjiang, Xinping, Maguan,
Wuting, and Sichuan north of the Yangtze at Huili and Takou. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai,
Southwestern, Unclassified.
|
|
TAI NÜA
|
[TDD] 250,000 in China (1990 J-O Svantesson) out of
1,025,128 in the official nationality (1990 census). Population total all
countries 442,400. Alternate names:
DAI NUEA, TAI NEUA, TAI NUE, TAI NÜ, DAI NA, DEHONG DAI, DEHONG, TAI
DEHONG, TAI LE, TAI-LE, DAI KONG, TAI-KONG, TAI MAO, CHINESE SHAN, CHINESE
TAI, YUNANNESE SHAN, YUNNAN SHANT'OU. Dialects:
DEHONG, TAI PONG (LA, YOU, YA, KA, TAI KA, SAI), YONGREN. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central,
Northwest.
|
|
TAI YA
|
[CUU] 34,000 or more (1982). Central Yunnan Province,
Xinping Yi-Dai Autonomous County, Mosha District. Alternate names: TAI-CUNG, TAI-CHUNG, TAI CUNG, CUNG, DAIYA, YA. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Unclassified.
|
|
TAKPA
|
[TKK] Alternate
names: DWAGS. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Western, Ladakhi.
|
|
TATAR
|
[TTR] 1,000 speakers out of 4,873 in the official
nationality in China (1990 census). North Xinjiang, mainly in Yining
(Ghulja, Kulja), Qvqek, and Ür|üqi. Alternate
names: TARTAR, TATA'ER. Classification:
Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian.
|
|
TIBETAN
|
[TIC] 1,066,200 in China (1990 census), including
570,000 Dbus, 460,000 Gtsang, 40,000 Mngahris out of 4,593,000 in the
official nationality. Population total all countries 1,254,000. Alternate names: WEI, WEIZANG, CENTRAL TIBETAN, BHOTIA, ZANG,
PHOKE, DBUS, DBUSGTSANG, U. Dialects:
GTSANG (TSANG), DBUS, MNGAHRIS (NGARI). Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Central.
|
|
TINANI
|
[LBF] 450 to 1,600 in China (1977 Voegelin and
Voegelin). Western Tibet border. Alternate
names: LAHULI TINAN, BHOTIA OF LAHUL, LAHAULI, LAHOULI, RANGLOI,
GONDLA. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Western
Himalayish, Kanauri.
|
|
TSAT
|
[HUQ] 4,500 (1991 I. Maddieson). Southern Hainan,
villages of Huixin and Huihui in the Yanglan suburban district of Sanya
City. Alternate names: UTSAT,
UTSET, HUIHUI, HUI, HAINAN CHAM. Classification:
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic,
Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, North.
|
|
TSEKU
|
[TSK] Tibet. Possibly only in Tibet. Also spoken in
Bhutan, Nepal. Alternate names:
TSUKU, TZUKU. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan,
Central.
|
|
TSHANGLA
|
[TSJ] 7,000 in China (1967). Southeastern Tibet,
Motuo (Medoz) and Linzhi (Ngingchi) counties, including Padma-bkot
(Pemak), just north of (and possibly on both sides of) the McMahon line,
and clustered near the Tshangpo (Siang) River. Alternate
names: SANGLA, TSANGLA, CANGLUO MENBA, MOTUO MENBA, MENBA, MONBA,
MONPA, CENTRAL MONPA. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Bodish,
Tshangla.
|
|
TU
|
[MJG] 90,000 speakers (1982) out of 191,624 in the
official nationality (1990 census). East Qinghai Province. Alternate
names: MONGOUR, MONGOR. Dialects:
HUZHU, MINHE. Classification:
Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Mongour.
|
|
TUJIA, NORTHERN
|
[TJI] 170,000 to 200,000 speakers (1982) out of
5,704,223 in the official nationality (1990 census). Northwest Hunan,
Hubei, Guizhou in Yingjiang and Yanhe counties. Alternate
names: TUCHIA, TUDJA. Dialects:
LONGSHAN, BAOJING. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tujia.
|
|
TUJIA, SOUTHERN
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[TJS] 4,000 speakers (1994) out of 5,704,223 in the
official nationality (1990 census). Northwest Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou in
Yingjiang and Yanhe counties. Alternate
names: TUCHIA. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tujia.
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TUVIN
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[TUN] 400 in China (1990). Burjin, Habahe, Fuyun, and
Altay counties of Altay Prefecture, Yinjiang Autonomous Region. Alternate
names: DIBA, KÖK, MUNGAK, TUWA. Classification:
Altaic, Turkic, Northern.
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U
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[UUU] 3,000 (1990 J-O Svantesson). Southwestern
Yunnan Province. Alternate names:
PUMAN, P'UMAN. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western
Palaungic, Angkuic.
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UYGHUR
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[UIG] 7,214,431 in China (1990 census), including
4,700,000 Central Uyghur, 1,150,000 Hotan, 25,000 Lop. Population total
all countries 7,595,512 or more. Alternate
names: UIGHUR, UYGUR, UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR, WEIWUER, WIGA. Dialects:
CENTRAL UYGHUR, HOTAN (HETIAN), LOP (LUOBU). Classification:
Altaic, Turkic, Eastern.
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UZBEK, NORTHERN
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[UZB] 3,000 speakers out of 14,502 in the official
nationality in China (1990 census). North and west Xinjiang; Urumqi,
Kashgar, and Yining (Ghulja) cities, especially Ili. Alternate names: OZBEK, OUZBEK, USBEKI, USBAKI. Classification:
Altaic, Turkic, Eastern.
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VIETNAMESE
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[VIE] 6,000 speakers out of 18,915 in the official
nationality in China (1990 census). On the Shanxin, Wanwei, and Wutou
peninsulas in the Jiangping region of the Fangcheng Pan-Nationality
Autonomous County on the south coast of Guangxi Province. Alternate
names: JING, GIN, KINH, CHING, ANNAMESE. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese.
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VO
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[WBM] 60,000 in China (1990 J-O Svantesson). Awa
Mountains, southwest Yunnan as far east as the Lancang (Mekong) River. Alternate
names: AWA, WA, K'AWA, KAWA, WA PWI, WAKUT. Classification:
Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western
Palaungic, Waic, Wa.
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WAKHI
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[WBL] 6,000 in China. Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous
County (especially Daftar), and in the mountains south of Pishan,
Xinjiang. Alternate names:
VAKHAN, WAKHANI, WAKHIGI, KHIK. Dialects:
EASTERN WAKHI. Classification:
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir.
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WAXIANGHUA
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[WXA] 300,000 (1995 Milliken). A 6,000 square km.
area in western Hunan Province, Wuling Mts., including Yuanling, Chunxi,
Jishou, Guzhang, and Dayong. Alternate
names: XIANGHUA, WOGANG. Classification:
Unclassified.
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WUTUNHUA
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[WUH] 2,000 (1995). Eastern Qinghai Province,
Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Tongren County, Longwu township,
Upper and Lower Wutun villages and Jiangchama village. Alternate names: WUTUN. Classification:
Mixed Language, Chinese-Tibetan-Mongolian.
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XIANDAOHUA
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[XIA] 100 (1994). Xiandao and Meng'e villages,
Manmian Township, Jiemao District, Yingjiang County in the Dehong
Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in extreme western Yunnan. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Unclassified.
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XIBE
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[SJO] 27,364 speakers (1995 McConnel) out of 33,082
in ethnic Xibe in Xinjiang Province, 172,847 in the nationality (1990
census). 50,000 ethnic Xibe in northeast China speak Chinese as mother
tongue. Mainly in Ili region of Xinjiang Province, and some in Ürümqi
City and Tacheng region of Xinjiang Province. Alternate
names: SIBO, XIBO, SIBE. Classification:
Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southwest.
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YERONG
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[YRN] 300 to 400 (1990 Liang Min). Western Guangxi
Zhuang Autonomous Region, Napo County, Longhe Township and Pohe Township,
just northeast of where Yunnan, Guangxi, and Viet Nam meet. Alternate names: DABAN YAO. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Bu-Rong.
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YI, CENTRAL
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[YIC] 460,000 (1991 EDCL). 6,572,173 in the official
Yi nationality (1990 census). Covering much of central Yunnan, including
Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, and
Simao District. Dialects: DAYAO
(NORTH CENTRAL YI), NANHUA (SOUTH CENTRAL YI). Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi.
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YI, GUIZHOU
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[YIG] 800,000 (1991 EDCL). 6,572,173 in official Yi
nationality (1990 census). Guizhou Province, Weining Yi-Hui-Miao
Autonomous County, Dafang Autonomous County, Hezhang County, Pan County;
some in the Baise District of western Guangxi. Alternate
names: EASTERN YI, SOUTHEASTERN YI. Dialects:
DIAN-QIAN (YUNNAN-GUIZHOU, PAN COUNTY), DIAN DONGBEI (NORTHEASTERN
YUNNAN). Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi.
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YI, SICHUAN
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[III] 1,600,000 speakers (1991 EDCL), out of
6,572,173 in official nationality (1990 census). Mainly in Greater and
Lesser Liangshan Mountains, southern Sichuan, southeast Xizang (Xichang).
Yangshan is a cultural center. Yi in Gulin County are reported to no
longer speak Yi. In northwestern Yunnan. Spoken in over 40 counties. Alternate names: NORTHERN YI, I, 'LOLO', 'NORTHERN LOLO', SEN
NOSU, GNI, NYI. Dialects:
NORTHERN SICHUAN YI, SOUTHERN SICHUAN YI. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi.
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YI, SOUTHEASTERN
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[YIE] 240,000 (1991 EDCL) including 90,000 Sani,
60,000 to 70,000 Axi, 30,000 to 40,000 Axhebo, 20,000 or more Awu (1999).
Eastern and southeastern Yunnan in the Qujing District and in Honghe
Hani-Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous
Prefecture. The Sani dialect is in Shilin County just east of Kunming and
surrounding counties; the Axi dialect is mainly in Mile County southeast
of Kunming. Dialects: SANI, AXI (MILE, AHI), AWU, AXHEBO. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi.
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YI, WESTERN
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[YIW] 300,000 (1991 EDCL). 6,572,173 in official Yi
nationality (1990 census). West central Yunnan, over 20 counties. Dialects:
DONGSHAN, XISHAN. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi.
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YI, YUNNAN
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[NOS] 800,000 or slightly fewer (1991 EDCL). Central
Yunnan, in Yuxi and Simao districts and Honghe Hani-Yi Autonomous
Prefecture. Alternate names:
SOUTHERN YI, SOUTHERN NOSU, SHUI NOSU, NOSU, NASU, NASÖ, NYI, GNI, I. Dialects: SHIJIAN, YUANJIN, EXIN. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese,
Loloish, Northern, Yi.
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YUGUR, EAST
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[YUY] 3,000 (1991 EDCL). Northwest Gansu Province. Alternate
names: SHIRA YUGUR, SHERA YOGUR, EASTERN YOGOR, YOGOR, YÖGUR, YUGU,
YUGAR. Classification: Altaic,
Mongolian, Eastern, Mongour.
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YUGUR, WEST
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[YBE] 4,600 speakers out of ethnic group of 12,297
(1990 census). Sunan Yugur Autonomous County near Zhangye (Kanchow) in
northwest Gansu Province. Alternate
names: SARYGH UYGUR, SARIG, YA LU, YELLOW UIGHUR, SARI YOGUR, YUKU,
YUGU, SARY-UIGHUR. Classification:
Altaic, Turkic, Eastern.
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ZAIWA
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[ATB] 70,000 in China (1990 J-O Svantesson).
Population total both countries 100,000. Alternate
names: TSAIWA, ATSI, ATZI, AJI, ATSHI, ACI, AZI, ATSI-MARU, SZI,
XIAOSHANHUA. Dialects: ZAIWA,
LANGWA, POLO. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
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ZAUZOU
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[ZAL] 1,500 (1990 J-O Svantesson). Northwestern
Yunnan Province, Lanping and Lushui counties. Alternate
names: ROUROU, RAOROU, JAOJO. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Unclassified.
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ZHABA
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[ZHA] 7,700 (1995). Zhamai District of Yajiang
(Nyagquka) County and Zhaba District of Daofu (Dawu) County, which are in
the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of western Sichuan. Classification:
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic.
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ZHUANG, NORTHERN
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[CCX] 10,000,000 speakers (1992 J.A. Edmondson) out
of 15,489,630 in the Zhuang nationality (1990 census), including Yongbei
1,600,000, Youjiang 732,000, Guibian 522,000, Liujiang 1,300,000, Guibei
1,300,000, Hongshuihe 2,700,000, Qiubei (not available). Northern Guangxi
Zhuang Autonomous Region, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
Guizhou Province, Congjiang County, southwestern Hunan and northeastern
Guangdong in Lianshan Zhuang-Yao Autonomous County. Yongbei is north of
the Yongjiang and Youjiang rivers in the area from Hengxian to Pingguo;
Hongshuihe is along the Red Water River; Liujiang around the town of
Liujiang west of Liuzhou city; Youjiang straddles the Youjiang River in
the area from Tiandong to Baise; Guibian in the northwesternmost region of
Guangxi (Guibian lies across north central Guangxi); and Quibei around the
town of Qiubei in Yunnan. Alternate
names: CHUANG, TAI CHUANG, VAH CUENGH, CANGVA. Dialects:
YONGBEI (YUNGPEI), LIUJIANG (LIUCHIANG), YOUJIANG (YUCHIANG), GUIBIAN
(KUEIPIEN), QIUBEI (CHIUPEI), HONGSHUIHE, GUIBEI. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai,
Northern.
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ZHUANG, SOUTHERN
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[CCY] 4,000,000 speakers (1990 J-O Svantesson) out of
15,489,630 in the Zhuang nationality (1990 census), including Yongnan
1,400,000, Zuojiang 1,400,000, De-Jing 980,000, Yan-Guang (not available),
Wen-Ma 100,000. Southwest Guangxi and southern Wenshan Zhuang-Miao
Autonomous Prefecture of southeastern Yunnan Province. Yongnan is south of
the Yongjiang River from Yongning in the east to Long'an in the west;
Zuojiang is in southwestern Guangxi around Tiandeng, Daxin, Chongzuo,
Longzhou, Pingxiang, and Ningming, down to the Viet Nam border; De-Jing is
in southwestern Guangxi around Debao, Jingxi, and Napo, down to the Yunnan
and Viet Nam borders; Wen-Ma is in southeastern Yunnan Province south of
Wenshan and Malipo, but excluding an area west of Maguan; Yan-Guang is in
southeastern Yunnan Province north of Wenshan and Malipo, including
Yanshan and north to Guangnan, and west of Maguan along the Viet Nam
border. Dialects: YONGNAN (YUNGNAN), ZUOJIANG (TSOCHIANG), DE-JING
(TECHING), YAN-GUANG (YENKUANG), WEN-MA. Classification:
Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central.
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