Gargoyles: Myths
& Legends
(Written by
Genocidal Smasher with additional research by Ecco1980)
Gargoyles: An Introduction
The cartoon series “Gargoyles”
was a highly original and complex cartoon show that managed to incorporate and
successfully combine many folklore, legends, mythological and biblical stories
along with the works of Shakespeare,
and the legends of King Arthur into a massive
universe connecting them all together. It broke the mold of the traditional
Disney animated series with its dramatic plot and a diverse cast.
Gargoyles and Chimeras: A Brief
History
Gargoyles are believed to have been inspired from a
number of different sources, including mythology, religion, history, and
legends. The most common belief is that the mythological creature called the
Chimera inspired them. The Chimera was a fire-breathing monster with the head
of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent. The hero Bellerophon
was sent to destroy the monster that terrorized his city. Along with him was
his winged horse, Pegasus, and together they defeated the Chimera, thus freeing
the city. As a result, stone statues were made resembling the Chimera as a
remembrance of the horrid creature that Bellerophon destroyed and of his
bravery in doing so.
Other beliefs suggest that gargoyles were inspired
from religious perceptions and the Bible. The creatures were meant
to represent
sin. Wrongdoing, or even the devil himself. Some believe that gargoyles were
even partially inspired from skeletal remains of prehistoric dinosaurs. Others
say that historic beasts and even star constellations inspired them. Whatever
the case may be, the bottom line is that gargoyles have more depth to them then
meets the eye.
According to myths and legends, real gargoyle
creatures were very majestic and mysterious animals. They were stone statues
during the day, and magically turned into flesh and blood creatures during the
night. The stone slumber was a way for them to rejuvenate themselves and even
heal wounds accumulated from the previous night. In honor of these noble
creatures, humans began carving stone statues based on them and thus became
modern day gargoyles.
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MYTHICAL & LEGENDARY PLACES
Avalon
Episode Appearaces: “Avalon,” “Ill Met By Moonlight” and “The Gathering”
In the show…Avalon
is the island where King Arthur is buried, where Oberon and Titania rule the
Third Race, and where the children of the Wyvern clan of gargoyles live.
In mythology…In
Celtic mythology, Avalon is an island paradise in the West. In the legend of
King Arthur, he is said to have been taken to Avalon after being mortally
wounded. King Arthur remains at rest on Avalon inside the Hollow Hill until his
country
needs him.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/avalon.htm
http://monet.trident.tec.sc.us/cocoros/final_project/boat_project/legend.html
http://www.isleofavalon.co.uk/
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Easter Island
In the show… the Gargoyles traveled to Easter Island where Elisa
loses her memory, and Angela and Bronx are captured by Nokkar, a space alien.
In real life…Easter Island is found off of the South Pacific. The
statues there are believed to have been modeled
after space
aliens.
For more
information, please visit: http://www.netaxs.com/~trance/rapanui.html
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The Hollow Hill
Episode Appearance: “Avalon:
Part 3”
In the show and in the Arthurian Legend, the Hollow Hill
was Arthur’s resting place on the mystical island if Avalon.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/hollhill.htm
http://www.geocities.com/vortigernstudies/links.htm
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New Olympus
Episode Appearance: “The New Olympians”
In the show…New Olympus is a magical island where all of the
creatures in Greek mythology reside. They live on the
island because humans
exiled them and thought they were dangerous because of the way they looked.
They are the
ancestors of
the classic Greek creatures and call the island their home since Mount Olympus
is no more. To make sure
no humans come
to the island, they set up a magical shield that hides the island from all
radars, maps, and even the naked eye.
In mythology…Mount
Olympus was the home of the gods. The gods settled at the top of the mountain,
which was of titanic proportions.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/nolympus.htm
http://www.classicsunveiled.com/mythnet/html/place.html
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MISCELLANEOUS
Bushido
Episode: “Bushido”
In the show…the gargoyles travel to Japan and meet a gargoyle clan
who introduce them to the way of Bushido.
In real life… This term refers to the moral code principals that
developed among the samurai (military) class of Japan, on a
basis of national tradition influenced by Zen and Confucianism. The first
use of the term apparently occurred during the civil
war period of the 16th century;
its precise content varied historically as samurai standards evolved. Its one
unchanging ideal
was martial spirit, including
athletic and military skills as well as fearless facing of the enemy in battle.
Frugal living, kindness
and honesty were also highly
regarded.
For more information, please
visit: http://www.shotokai.cl/filosofia/06_ee_.html
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World War II
Episode: “M.I.A.”
In the show…Goliath, Angela and the others travel to London, England.
Goliath uses the Phoenix Gate to go back in time to meet rescue Griff during WW
II.
In real life… the
war started with the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, USA.
For more information, please
visit: http://www5.playnet.com/bv/wwiiol/index.jsp
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MAGICAL TALISMANS & ITEMS
The Cauldron of Life
Episode Appearance: “The Price”
In the show…Xanatos
acquired the Cauldron of Life, anticipating granting
himself
immortality. He captures Hudson and planned to test the potion of
him first.
For more information, please
visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/cauldron.htm
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Excalibur
Episode Appearance: “Pendragon”
In the show…King
Arthur retrieves his sword, Excalibur, from the Lady of the Lake.
In Mythology…In
Arthurian legend, King Arthur’s magic sword was given to him by the mysterious
Lady of the Lake.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/excalibr.htm
http://www.britannia.com/history/h12.html
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The Eye of Odin
Episode Appearances: “High Noon,” “Eye of the
Beholder,” “Avalon,” and “Eye of the Storm”
In the show…The Eye of Odin is one of the three magical talismans
along with the Phoenix Gate and the Grimorum.
The one who wears
the eye becomes extremely powerful in the physical definition. But since no one
but Odin himself
can truly control the eye, anyone else that wears it
becomes corrupted by it.
In mythology…Odin sacrificed one of his eyes for the privilege of
drinking from Mimir, the fountain of wisdom.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/eyeodin.htm
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/odinmyth/
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The Grimorum Arcanorum
Episode Appearances: “Awakening,” “Temptation,” “Enter MacBeth,” “Long Way to Morning,” “Vows,” “High Noon,” and “Avalon”
In the show…The Grimorum Arcanorum is an ancient book of magic and
spells, created by the original Magus, the resident mage of Emperor Augustus in
ancient Rome. The book falls into the possession of many in the show. It is the
book from
which the initial
spell was cast on the gargoyles, making them sleep in stone hibernation for
1,000 years.
In reality…Grimorum
is derived from the word “grimoire.” A grimoire is a manual of black magic
often used for invoking
demons and spirits.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/grimorum.htm
http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=grimoire
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Medici Tablet
Episode
Appearance: “Hunter’s Moon”
In the show… The
Medici Tablet is a stone tablet, previously
owned by the Medici family of Florence, Italy,
upon which was
inscribed the Fulfillment
Spell. Demona stole it in 1495 and held it until her attempt to wipe
out humanity on the Hunter's Moon of 1996.
In real life… The Medici family of Florence,
Italy were very wealthy and erected many cathedrals and museums in their name.
For more information, please
visit:
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The Phoenix Gate
Episode Appearances:
“Vows,” “High Noon,” “Avalon,” “M.I.A.” and “Future Tense”
In the show…The Phoenix Gate is a magical talisman that can take the
user anywhere in the sea of time.
All one has to do
is think of a place in time, speak the incantation, and a ball of fire will
sweep them to that time.
In mythology…The Phoenix was a bird in Egyptian mythology that lived
in the desert for 500 years and then consumed
itself by fire,
later to rise renewed from the ashes.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/phoenixg.htm
http://www.loggia.com/myth/phoenix.html
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Praying Gargoyle
Episode Appearance: “Hunter’s Moon”
In the show…Demona
acquired the Praying Gargoyle in Paris, France in 1495 AD to prepare for the
Fulfillment Spell
she attempted in
1996.
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The Scrolls of Merlin
Episode Appearance:
“A Lighthouse in the Sea of Time”
In the show…MacBeth acquired the Scrolls of Merlin, hoping to find
very powerful spells, but instead realizes that
they are Merlin’s private diaries.
In mythology…Merlin
was a wizard friend and mentor to King Arthur Pendragon.
For more
information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/merlin.htm
http://www.britannia.com/history/h12.html
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Mayan Sun Amulet
Episode
Appearance: “The Green”
In the show…Jackal
and Hyena were determined to destroy the amulet. This was the one thing that allowed gargoyles
to keep from
turning to stone during the day. Obsidiana, Tourqasa, and the others in the
rainforest would take turns wearing
a jewel necklace around their neck in order to
protect the trees.
For more information, please
visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/mayansun.htm
http://vampirerpg.free.fr/Thaumaturgy/Sun_Amulet.html
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THE MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS
Anansi the Spider
Episode Appearance:
“Mark of the Panther” and “The Gathering Part I”
In the show…Avalon
sent the gargoyles to Africa where they encountered Anansi. People come to the
spider to ask
for wishes, but
each wish comes with a price, as afterwards one must become Anansi’s servant
and hunt for him. One
man wished for himself and his ex-lover to be turned
into panthers so they could be together. The consequence was that
the two of them did not become panthers, but rather
morphed into panthers when they became angry. In the end, the
humans and the gargoyles had to defeat Anansi.
In mythology…Anansi is a trickster spider in African folklore of the
Ashanti people of Ghana. Like all tricksters, he is a
shape shifter and
a manipulator.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/anansi.htm
http://www.anansi.org/webwalker/story1.htm
http://www.drawandtell.com/sandbiblio/anansi.html
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Anubis
Episode Appearance: “Grief” and “The Gathering
Part I”
In the show…the gargoyles ventured to Egypt and met a man named Emir,
who attempted casting a spell that would
merge his soul with
that of Anubis. He wished to do so because his son had died. It was his hopes
that becoming Anubis
would give him the power to bring him back. In the
end, however, he learned that death cannot be reversed and that one
day, he and his son would be reunited…in the afterlife.
In Mythology…Anubis is the god of the dead in Egyptian mythology.
After people died, their heart was weighed against
that of the
feather of truth. If they were pure hearted and had a good soul, the heart
would weigh less that the feather and
they would be
permitted into the afterlife. If their heart was not pure, it would outweigh
the feather and a horrible beast would come to consume their souls. He is
worshipped for invented embalming, which was necessary to preserve the dead.
Anubis
is often depicted as a jackal or a man with the head
of a jackal.
For more information,
please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/anubis.htm
http://www.touregypt.net/ANUBIS.htm
http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/papytoth.htm
http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/emir.htm
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Banshee
Episode Appearances: “The Hound of Ulster” and “The
Gathering”
In the show…The Banshee traps the gargoyles and thinks that their
dog, Bronx, is the Hound of Ulster, who is he
companion of the
Celtic hero Cuchulainn. The Banshee and Cuchulainn were enemies in ancient
times, but he was
reborn as a mortal human, and forgot who he really
was. The Banshee assumed the form of a human and befriended
him only to make sure he would never remember who he
was and therefore live and die as a mortal. Bronx meets the
human form of Cuchalainn, and then remembers his true
identity and once again defeats the Banshee.
In mythology…In
Gaelic folklore, the Banshee was a female spirit whose singing outside a house
was believed to foretell
the death of its
own inhabitants. Banshee in Irish Gaelic is called “bean sidhe,” which means
“supernatural woman.” They
have messy hair and huge hollow eye sockets. Banshees
wear ripped white sheets that flap around They are very closely related to the
bean-nighe cointeach.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/banshee.htm
http://www.resort.com/~banshee/home/banshee_definition.html
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Boreas
Episode Appearance: “The New Olympians”
In the show…Boreas
was the leader of the New Olympians.
In Mythology…In
Greek mythology, Boreas is the god who personifies the north wind. Boreas is
also the name for a
wind from the north, literally.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/boreas.htm
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreas
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Coyote
Episode Appearance:
“Cloud Fathers”
In the show and in Native American mythology,
Coyote is a trickster. David Xanatos created a robot of the same name
in honor of the trickster.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/coyote.htm
http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/xanatos.htm
http://www.pittstate.edu/engl/nichols/coyote.html
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Cuchulainn
Episode Appearance: “The Hound of Ulster”
In the show…The
Celtic hero was reincarnated as a mortal human named Rory who is unaware of his
true identity.
In mythology…Cuchulainn
is an ancient Gaelic hero who is the son of the Irish god Lugh. His name means
“The Hound
of Culainn,” but he
was first called Setana. He received the name “Cuchulainn” by killing the dog
of Culann that attacked
him. Because Culann had no dog to protect him anymore,
Cuchulainn trained him a new one.
For more information, please visit: http://home.fiac.net/marshaw/setanta.htm
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Ekidna
Episode Appearance: “The New Olympians”
In the show…Ekidna
is a Furie who lives on New Olympus with the other creatures of Greek
mythology.
In Mythology…Erinyes, or Furies, were creatures of darkness in Greek
mythology. They are often referred to as the
daughters of Gaea
and Uranus; sometimes they are called the daughters of the Night. They were put
on earth to punish
sinners, and as long as there was sin on earth they
could never die. Furies had snakes for hair and eyes that dripped tears
of blood.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/ekidna.htm
http://www.in2greece.com/english/historymyth/mythology/names/furies.htm
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The Golem
Episode Appearance:
“Golem”
In the show…the gargoyles visit Prague where a man named Max Loew
creates a Golem as his servant. However,
the forces of
power over the Golem shift into the wrong hands as Halcyon Renard uses it for
wrong. In the end, the
rightful
creator, Max, reclaims control over the golem and teaches it to be a protector
of the city.
In Mythology…The
Golem is a Jewish legend. It is an image or form that is given life through a
magical formula. A golem frequently took the form of a robot, or automation.
The creatures were sometimes believed to offer special protection to
Jews. The best
known of the golem stories concerned a Rabbi Loew of 16th century
Prague, who was said to have created
a golem that he used as his servant.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/golem.htm
http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/golem.html
http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/maxloew.htm
http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/rabbilow.htm
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Griff
Episode Appearances: “M.I.A.” and “Pendragon”
In the show…”Griff”
is the name of an animal gargoyle that resembles a griffin. He lives in London with hits two other
clan members, Leo
and Una.
In Mythology…a griffin is a mythological creature that has the head
and wings of an eagle, and the body of a lion
(and occasionally
the tail of a serpent). They are magical creatures that live in the mountains
and build nests of gold.
Instead of laying eggs, they lay agate stones from
which their young hatch.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/griff.htm
http://www.online-mythology.com/griffin_gryphon/
http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/una.htm
http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/leo.htm
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Helios
Episode Appearance: “The New Olympians”
I n the show…Helios
lives on New Olympus and has hair of flames.
In Mythology…In
Greek mythology, Helios is the sun god, son of the Titans Hyperion and Thea.
He’s also the brother
of Selene, goddess
of the moon, and Eos, goddess of dawn. Helios rode a golden chariot across the
sky bringing daylight
to the Earth. At evening he sank into the western
ocean, from which he was carried in a golden cup back to his palace in
the east.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/helios.htm
http://www.theoi.com/Ouranos/Helios.html
http://www.theoi.com/Ouranos/Helios.html
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King Arthur Pendragon
Episode Appearances: “Avalon: Part II and III” and “Pendragon”
In the show…He is awakened from the Hollow Hill to assist the Avalon
gargoyles in saving their home from the evil
sorcerer, the
Archmage.
In Mythology…King Arthur is a myth/legend based on a real person. His
epic stories and adventures have been
shared and became
what is now known as “Arthurian Mythology.”
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/arthur.htm
http://www.britannia.com/history/h12.html
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Kiron
Episode Appearance: “The New Olympians”
In the show…Kiron is
a guard at the prison in New Olympus.
In Mythology…the
centaur is a creature with the upper body of a man and the lower body of a
horse.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/kiron.htm
http://www.winshop.com.au/annew/Centaurus.html
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The Lady of the Lake
Episode Appearance: “Pendragon” and “The Gathering Part I”
In the show…She gives
King Arthur and the gargoyles a clue as to where to find Excalibur.
In Mythology…The Lady of the Lake is a supernatural woman in Arthurian
Legend. She is the one who gave King Arthur
his sword,
Excalibur. She lives in an underwater palace in the lake.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/ladylake.htm
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4186/Arthur/htmlpages/kingarthurfaq6.html
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Nessie, the Loch Ness Monster
Episode Appearance: “Monsters”
In the show…the
gargoyles come to Loch Ness because an evil scientist named Anton Sevarius as
captured one of
the monsters and
wants to capture its mate as well. It’s his goal to have both of the creatures
so he can collect their
DNA and create new monsters on his own. The gargoyles
help free the monsters and spoil Sevarius’ plans.
According to legend…Nessie, the Loch Ness monster is a prehistoric dinosaur
that lives in the loch in Scotland. Though
she has never been proven to exist, many
people claim to have seen her in person. Her true existence remains a mystery.
For more information, please visit: http://www.nessie.co.uk/
http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/sevarius.htm
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Nokkar
Episode Appearance: “Sentinel”
In the show…Nokkar
is a space alien who lives on Easter Island. He was sent there as a sentinel.
He captures the
gargoyles thinking
that they are spies from the other aliens his kind are at war with. Of course,
the war is over and Nokkar
doesn’t know about it because he’s stranded on the
island. He resembles the Megaliths on Easter Island.
According to legend…The Megaliths of Easter Island are said to have been
carved in honor of space aliens the
ancient people of
the island encountered. Though a more common belief is that they were made in
honor of their gods,
or other beings the natives worshipped.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/nokkar.htm
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/easter/
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Oberon
Episode Appearances:
“Ill Met By Moonlight” and “The Gathering Part I & II”
In the show…Oberon
is the ruler of the Third Race known as “Oberon’s Children.” He lives on
Avalon.
In Mythology…Oberon
is the king of the faeries in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/oberon.htm
http://www.allshakespeare.com/midsummer.php
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Odin
Episode Appearance: “The Eye of the Storm” and “The
Gathering”
In the show…the gargoyles came
to Norway, where Odin resides. In Goliath’s possession is the magical talisman
known as the Eye
of Odin. Odin knows that Goliath has it, and tries to bargain with him to get
it back. Goliath refuses
and the two battle for the eye. In the end, Odin
gets repossession of the Eye, which restores his full powers once again.
In Mythology…In Norse mythology, Odin is the king of the gods. He had three wives, all of
whom were earth goddesses,
and his oldest son is Thor, god of thunder. His
greatest treasures were his eight-footed steed, Sleipner, his spear, Gungnir,
and his ring, Draupner. Odin was also the god of
wisdom, poetry, and magic. He sacrificed his eye for the privilege of drinking
from Mimir, the fountain of wisdom.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/odin.htm
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/odinmyth/
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Proteus
Episode
Appearance: “The New Olympians”
In the show…He is
the evil one on New Olympus that us bent on destruction, and is a shape
shifter.
In Mythology…In
Greek mythology, he was the son of Poseidon aka Neptune, who was the god of the
sea.
Proteus was a shape
shifter able to form himself into anything or anyone he desired.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/proteus.htm
http://www.theoi.com/Kronos/Proteus.html
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Puck
Episode Appearances: “The Mirror,” “Future Tense,” “The
Gathering,” and “Possession”
In the show…He is
Oberon’s personal servant.
In Mythology…Puck
was Oberon’s practical joking servant in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. He
was mischievous and
caused trouble for
the lovers in the play by casting love potions on them and mix-matching the
couples.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/puck.htm
http://www.allshakespeare.com/midsummer.php
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Raven
Episode Appearance: “Heritage”
In the show
and in mythology, Raven is culture hero and trickster, prominent in the Native
American and Inuit mythology
of Alaska. The
gargoyles come to Queen Florence Island off the coast of Canada where he has
taken over the island and
driven all the people off it. Only one young man named
Nick aka Natsilani and his grandmother remain. Nick must battle Raven
to reclaim the island of his people.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/raven.htm
http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/Marshall/raven/RavenSoutheastMyth.html
http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/natsilne.htm
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The Shaman
Episode Appearance:
“Walkabout”
In the show…In Australia, the matrix, which are the first real forms
of A.I. (artificial intelligence), have become
dangerously smart.
The Shaman tells Goliath that he can only stop the matrix by confronting it in
the dreamtime.
In mythology…The
Aborigine people of Australia believed that dreams were real, and that it was
another dimension
called the
dreamtime. Dreams were a consciousness in another realm.
For more information,
please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/shaman.htm
http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/matrix.htm
http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/australia/australia4/australia4.html
http://fusionanomaly.net/dreamtime.html
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Taurus
Episode Appearance: “The New Olympians”
In the show…Taurus is a descendent of the legendary Minotaur. His
father was the security chief of New Olympus,
but was slain by
the criminal Proteus during his last escape attempt before the arrival of the
Avalon travelers. Taurus
became the security chief in his father’s place.
In Mythology…The Minotaur was a creature in Greek mythology that was
half man and half bull. Young Athenian men
and woman were
sacrificed in the Cretan labyrinth to it until Thesus killed him.
For more information, please
visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/taurus.htm
http://www.minotaur-websites.com/minomyth.htm
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Titania
Episode
Appearances: “Ill Met By Moonlight” and “The Gathering Part I & II”
In the show…She
is Oberon’s wife.
In Mythology…Titania
was the queen of the faeries and the wife of Oberon in A Midsummer Night’s
Dream.
She and her
husband had a distant relationship with one another.
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/titania.htm
http://www.allshakespeare.com/midsummer.php
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The Weird Sisters
Episode Appearances:
“City of Stone,” “High Noon,” “Avalon,” and “The Gathering”
In the show…The
Weird Sisters, Luna, Phoebe, and Selene, are mysterious beings that play a role
in many of the
storylines. They
were born on Avalon and protect its entrance so that no one or foreign magic
can enter the isle.
In Mythology…The
Weird Sisters (also spelled as the Wyrd Sisters) were sometimes known as the
Fates. In the
Shakespeare play MacBeth,
they were the three witches that MacBeth encountered. They are called the Weird
Sisters
with “weird” meaning “having the power to control
fates.”
For more information, please visit: http://www.dracandros.com/Jebgarg/tge/sisters.htm