The design of  computers has shifted a lot in fifty years.  The computers hardware serves as  the "first system of operation" otherwise the software operating system could  not function.  Technology has developed in three areas of hardware operating  system.  The three areas are the CPU, the memory, and the I/O or input and  output devices.  If educators communicate needs well then they can influence  the development of these tools. Three areas that a bulletin board could be  made on is the CPU, RAM, and I/O with pictures of what is coming out each year.   The two trends that are continual are that size and cost are continually shrinking,  while the speed a computer runs in increases dramatically.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Components of  the CPU or the central processing unit which is the center of the computer's  operation.  This CPU processes collections of bits called bytes.   A byte is the amount or number of switches that a CPU can receive from RAM/ROM  at one time.  Examples of how bytes are discussed are the kilobyte or  1000 bytes (K or KB), a megabyte or one million bytes (M or MB), a gigabyte  or a billion bytes (GB) or a terabyte a trillion bytes which is followed by petabyte,  exabyte, zettabytte, and yottabyte.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               The speed to which  a computer carries out its operations is a megahertz rate.  One megahertz  is one million operations per second. By the end of the year it will be common  to see 1000 megahertz or 1 gigahertzrates.  The best test is your stop  watch and the basic operation time for saving and running files, so the megahertz  by itself is not enough to give speed.  The next generation of computers  will run possibly on photons which is a hundred times faster than our fastest  computers.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Components:  Memory  RAM/ROM/EPROM chips  memory contains small on or off or a 1 or a 0.   chips are currently what is used to manage these switches.  Silicon is  one substance used to make memory but serious work is being done to make proteins  to create memory or Bio chips.  RAM and ROM are most common memory chips  and also EPROM.  RAM is random access memory and it can be lost if the  computer looses electrical power.  Current work is in RAM is why you loose  data.  ROM is read only memory and these can not be erased once they are  loaded or programed with specific instructions this is how your computer is  able to start up and carry out specific directions.  EPROM is erasable  programmable read only memory.  This way data is stored and not lost when  computer looses power but can be erased and start over again.  SIMMs and  DIMMS chips are a way to purchase additional Ram.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           I/O and input output devices  , this is the computers ability to send and receive bits of information from  different devices to the computer.  Input information through keyboards,  microphones, graphic cards, digital video cards, scanners, cameras, camcorders,  and video devices such as vcr and tv sensors.  Output information through  printer, CD ROM's, monitor and computer screen, headphones, audio speakers,  speech synthesizers.  Input/output such a as telephone modem, cable modem, phone,  digital video cards, ether net cards, mass storage devices.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Computer input and speech/voice  recognition at this point if you talk you need to pause between words in order  for computers to understand it there is new work being done for the computer  to understand fluidic speech and although this promised to the public check  it out before purchasing.
Computer output speech synthesis, production, and talking there are programs the computer will speak text through headphones.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Modem I/O connecting computers  through telephone and tv cable lines.  Modem is the combination of two  words modulation and demodulation.  This is what happens when eight bits  of information are transformed to waves on the phone (modulation) and then  these are transformed into a distant computer (demodulation). TV cable companies  provide a faster system and telephone companies are increasing theirs as well  through DSL technology.  With the future digital and analog systems the  need to translate will be eliminated.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Computer networking I/O wireless  networks for your home and classrooms are found in two sources satellite based  or Star Net service from Radio shack stores that interact between an uplink  or ground station to a satellite on someone's roof or the tower based which  links a ground station with a tower on a near by hill this interacts with a "line  of sight dish attached to your home or business.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Computer telecommunications,  recent input/output innovations, during the present time speed at which computers  communicate is bits per second.  Modem allows your computer to change  information with another computer at 28.8KB.  They transfer data from  a state of a bit to a wave of sound  to go on a telephone line called  modulation.  The other end is demodulated when converged from sound to a  bit or switch which is either on or off.  The modem is hooked to the back  of the computer in a serial port.  Everything hooked to your computer including  number and capacity effects performance.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Computer Output: recent screen  display innovations monitors in the past have ranged from 19" which fit school  budgets.  Flat screens are now popular they use LCD's or liquid crystal  displays.  One problem is size does not make reading as comfortable a  book.  This has lead to electronic ink and electronic paper. This  has lead to epaper technology called Gyricon.  Another option is the head  mounted displays (HMD's) which are gradually shrinking to sunglasses or Personal  digital Assistants PDA's which we will come to later.
Electronic or digital books advantage the Pro readers can search for a specific passage this would make the emphasis on editing and qualifying creations with options for note taking and organizing information.  This way creators could include charts, images and raw data eliminated in past for cost reasons.  The Con is that books can be pirated easier and it is harder to track and legibility is weak.
Electronic Ink and electronic paper advantages are that some kinds of ink can be printed on any surface.  The Gyricon product is laminated and is the thickness of four sheets of regular paper. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Head Mounted displays (HMDs)  is something you can wear like sunglasses  and can have the width of  a wide screen tv.  This will provide confidential personal computer display, and  also allow the viewer to have the perception of being in the scene which is  called immerse display capability.  This can be used infields such as  architecture, surgery, and entertainment.
Mass storage I/O recent innovations.  One critical part of computer development is mass storage.  So far this has been accomplished through diskettes, hard drives and zip drives.  These require spinning motors and this is the majority of weight of laptop computers.  Unfortunately these can be easily broken.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Trends are that the cpu, memory  chips, and I/O make up to fundamental components of computers.  The size  and cost will continue to drop.  All of the control of the computer is  through "chips" .  These are made of switches and tiny transistors.   These transistor switches can be thought of as bits and can be on or off.  This helps the computer handle input and output of bits.  The which is  either 1 or a 0.  Computers used to require the pace of a building but  now  can be hand held.  The new PDA's are referred to as "pen computing  "which" means using pen like device instead of keyboard.  Eventually  the "form factor" or size and shape of computer will be so small where we  wear it will be an issue.  Nanotechnology is for doctors to use this is  also referred to as Bio chip technology.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Trend of speed will be that  they get much faster.  It used to be that one billion floating point  operations per second was a super computer.  Now this is outdated. Future  revolutions will come from biocomputing, optical computing, and quantum mechanics.   Currently computers dependent on electrons to move data around.  This  will probably give way to photons instead.  This means that instead of electrical  transistors there will be photo transistors, and instead of electrical wires  there will be fiber wires.
Despite innovations in speed and price our computers crash a lot.  Size, cost, and speed are changing the three areas of technology, the CPU, computer memory (RAM/ROM) and I/O.  Our learning will increase with the amount of times our computers crash.
The importance of the History of computers for education
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Originally we see the computer  as a human being, a person who computes or does calculations.  Both the  meaning and the function of the concept of computers was tied to calculation.   Break through came through nonlinear relationships.  Any change can cause  long term consequences.  The human brain is very interactive with itself.   Non linearity became chaos and chaos theory.  This forced a new meaning  of calculation to emerge.  Prior to 1994 only government and education  institution and employees were allowed to use the Internet.  This therefore  has become the world's largest computer.  Now with the World Wide Web  the computer is taking on the meaning of a communication device.  This  created a controlled chaos where no individual uses the system to dominate  rather everyone uses it to extend influence but no one can control it.   Since 1975 when the first word processor was made available placed an accent  on concept of composition.  Now we have a merger between calculation,  communication, and composition.      
       

                                                                                                                                                                           Linux is an operating  system which is competing with Windows and OS8.  This helps us explore  the question of why do we need another operating system.  One reason  is that education is price sensitive and Linux is free.  At this time  we do not know if the support or crashing of the computer system Linux is inferior.   It seems like the important question is will it run the applications that matter  to schools.  Important to know the weaknesses which are in video, animation,  audio, and virtual reality.  Dpi will work with districts using it.   It is growing and developing.  They feel that it will be made capable.

In the forward Chester Finn discusses what the essay contains which is America's desire for "school wide" strategies and "whole school reform" so that low performing schools can just adopt a design from a list and therefore fix their problems by shopping for the best model.  The ten of the best known design are America's Choice, the Coalition of Essential Schools, Core Knowledge, Direct Instruction, the Edison Project, Expeditionary Learning Outward Bound, Multiple Intelligence's, Success for All, and the (Corner)  School Development Program.  The organization that has done the research on  these schools is American Institutes of Research or (AIR).  Two schools did not get included in the report the Edison Project and Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences model.  It seems like since they were looking at the "bottom line" the two styles they were most impressed with were Direct Instruction and Success for All.  These systems hold rigorous methodology and showed positive results.  They tended to favor designs that have been around longer.
                                                                                                                                      How do we make  school a fundamentally different enterprise? The emphasis on school reform  has been on "the system" because the school is unequal to the demands we are  placing on it.  There have been three waves of reform.  First we  tried to raise achievement through course and testing mandates, second we tried  to improve schools through teaching and teacher education, and finally we  have focused on defining more challenging standards for learning through restructuring  of schools to produce better outcomes.  It is our desire to make the  school a fundamentally different enterprise.  It is a little archaic  to think that laziness is the reason reform has not happened. The only  things about reform we have found consensus on are "more challenging standards"  and "improvements in teacher education."  No one truly knows whether  individualized instruction or collective class instruction is better or what  the competencies and skills or habits "the educated citizen" needs.   That is why they studied ten of the school wide models not because they have  the answers but because they are in wide use.  Most models come from  a persons individual vision.  Each has attached some kind of child development,  cognitive psychology, pedagogical techniques, effective governance or others.
                                                                                                                                     Whole school reform  is a creation of the Last evade.  In 1920 Bertrand Russel attempted to  create his romanticized view of childhood.  John Dewey started the progressive  movement based on his vision of pedagogy and child development. 1960's  Herbert Kohl, Ivan Ilych, and John Holt created "alternative schools"   this was one of the first model schools which came with operating instructions.   Also in the late 1960's came James Comer's School development Program and Siegfried  Engalmann's Direct Instruction pedagogy.  Ted Sizer began the Coalition  of Essential Schools in 1984.  George Bush created (NAS)New American  Schools Development Corporation in April of 1991 this was for the private sector  and was modeled after the business model.  Its focus was to create students  who had world standards with core academics which operated at cost and addressed  school's operations.  Others doing comprehensive reform are the Edison  Project, Direct Instruction, and Core Knowledge. These believe that schools  must be rethought and rebuilt from the ground up. NAS and RAND base on  intellectual taxonomy.  These give a hands on guide outlining what should  be learned, how it should be learned and how instruction should be delivered.   It is their belief that the "loose coupling" where teachers are left to do  their own thing in the classroom is the problem. Most of the emphasis  is on "world class standards" and schools that are purposeful and focused.
                                                                                                                                      Under the heading  of Profoundly Different Assumptions the essay discusses the principal  of whole  school reform models because the belief that excellent students will come if  it is conscientiously implemented as long as other like state don't get in  the way.  It is believed in schools that textbooks and vague guidelines  created bu the state and local authorities are the problem. The solution  is the devising of a curriculum and connecting that to explicit expectations  will bring improvement.  In a sense any concerted attention can make a  school better or everything works up to a point.  If the problem lies  in classroom practice then the change will happen in what is being taught and  how one teaches.  There is no consensus on how this should be done.   Comer wants the "moral, social and psychological development" of children first  before academic matters.  Direct instruction "Children learn what they  are taught" .  Comer's reform is in the sphere of child development and  socialization.  Engelmann's sphere is in cognitive development and learning  theory.  In the middle are those who would change school structure, governance,  and classroom practice equally and those are the Coalition of Essential Schools  and the Edison Project.
                                                                                                                                     Other arguments  regarding reform come from Expeditionary Learning Outward bound which traces  its origin to Kurt Hahn a german educator who wanted a change from the warlike  and spiritually hollow ethos.  ED Hirsch has argued for an "anti fact"  bias which progressive educators feel have ruined schools.  Core Knowledge   is a "fact rich" curriculum approach.  Gardner has used "multiple intelligences"  and favors critical though.  Hirsch believe skills are before knowledge  and can not be taught directly.  Progressives advocate "coaching and  teacher prompts.  Traditionalist believe in varying degrees in direct  instruction.  Success for all learning is scripted and spoke in unison.   All models are "standards" driven but the meaning is different.  The  Edison Project and the America's choice model have detailed volumes of standards  and this includes the Core Knowledge model.  The Coalition of essential  Schools let the school implement the standards because of its desire for community.
                                                                                                                                     In other words  it is easier to make a good school than a good school system because a good  school usually has one gifted teacher that leads.  Therefore it is difficult  to reproduce.  A design that works only on extraordinary leadership can  not have the quality in all schools.  Need a design that works with ordinary  human material.  It is because of this that many models have training  like the Accelerated School Project which has thirteen satellite centers around  the country.  Expeditionary Learning Outward Bound model gives technical  assistance.  Coalition of schools has accreditation. Even with all  this training you can not instill culture and if not allow for innovations  that schools will resist them.  Cost is a factor and that means that a  school could institute because it is cheap.  Yet the comprehensive reform  is better than incremental reform it is just a messy way to discover.                                            
                                                                                                                                      In this guide  schools are rated on a five point scale ranging from "strong" evidence of  positive effects to "no research."  Things that affected the ratings  are sample size, duration of the study, appropriateness of comparison groups,  and relevance of measurement instruments.  Student achievement was measured  by standardized tests, statewide assessments, and assessments embedded in  specific curriculum, teacher designed assessments, reading inventories, and  the national assessment of educational progress.  Also assessments were  students' course taking patterns, daily attendance rates, graduation rates,  within grade retention rates and letter grades.  The ratings reflect  access to appropriate types of support, frequency and duration of support,  availability of tools to help schools implement model.    Installation  costs include how much staff needs to be hired, curriculum and other materials  and staff development.  If a system has only been in a school for five  or less years there has not been enough time to get good data.  The categories  are Promising evidence, Marginal evidence, Evidence of mixed or weak or no  effects and no research.  The other categories are strong implementation  support, Promising implementation support, marginal implementation support,  and weak implementation support.  There is a graph provided by James Traub  on page 12 and 13 of his article.
                                                                                                                                      The first group  they look at is Accelerated Schools and this is Levin 1980 approach to spend  up learning children are expected to read books on their own, and to empower  the parents and the community.  This is based on a high expectations  philosophy where the faith in the children and the parents, and the teachers  closes the gap not the slowing down of creating a "self fulfilling prophecy."   In his schools parents, teachers, and administrators forge a shared vision  of what their school should be.  Define the problems and create change  through inquiry and analysis.  They have a "unity of purpose" which was  to create a self governing community.  His desire is to tap the resources  of teachers, administrators, parents and wider community. His philosophy  makes students active subjects in their learning rather than passive objects.   He had five constitutes of powerful learning "authentic," "interactive," "learning  centered," "Inclusive" and "continuous."  This is a system that integrates  curriculum, pedagogy, and context.  It is a hands-on model favored by  progressive educators, where the child guides learning through curiosity.   He feels the skill orientation is a failed remedial model.  This model  is relatively inexpensive.  It is a process familiar and broad enough  teachers do not find it threatening. This allows children to write and  be interactive in their learning by designing paragraphs, book jackets, or  making a booklet. Decisions in this program are made by school in whole school  meetings and steering committees which consist of parents, coaches, teachers,  and non teaching staff.  There are five "cadres the school follows safety,  school climate, parental involvement, data and assessment, and standards integration.   The rating that it got was marginal at least 1 study uses a rigorous methodology  and shows positive effects, and promising as far as school support by developer  schools receive some on-site technical assistance and a variety of types of  support. Cost is less than 50,000 dollars.  It has been in schools  since 1986 and 1,220 schools it affects grades k-8.
                                                                                                                                      The second group  is choice and this emerged from the feeling that standards are to low or too  vague, so the job would be to reform all subjects and all grades. Young  children judge their work through "rubrics."  In 1989 the National Center  of Education and Economy spawned the National Alliance for Restructuring Education.   The goal was to foster change at district and state levels by using new standards  and assessment tools with techniques of corporate management in the schools  and school systems.  The core of this is the idea of the standard.   The educational system needs detailed academic standards.  This fostered  "Applied Learning: which is extensive examples of actual student work accompanied  by commentary so that a teacher would know an appropriate expectation for writing  and what does not meet that expectation. These new standards require  assessments.  Therefore students need reference examinations in fourth,  eighth, and tenth grade and this would be given in multiple choice and open  ended questions.  Also portfolios would be developed so that are as such  as "conceptual understanding" and "problem solving." This is so that  uniform standards in judgment occur.  This is translated into benchmarks,  and this means lesson plans are designed collectively to develop and reach  goals.  Purpose of the curriculum "thinking curriculum "is that it requires  a deep understanding of subject and the ability to apply that understanding  to the complex, real world problems that student face as adults.  Underlying  body of facts combined with "apprenticeship "or real world experience.   This is following a european model of study with a focus on total quality management.   One of ways this is promoted is through writing workshop where students use  rubrics and evaluate each others work. This is a standard based writing  process but it has some holistic aspects. They have ambitious literacy  standards but that maybe a good place to start. No research on positive  effects on student achievement, but it does seem to have strong support with  on-site technical assistance for implementation period. It costs about  170,000 or more.
                                                                                                                                     The next group  studied was the coalition of Essential schools founded by Theodore Sizer who  found that schools were governed by docility and low expectations. He  saw the solution as respecting adolescents more and patronizing them less.   Teachers played the role of coaches and students were engaged in long term  projects aimed at "mastery" rather than factual grasp.  There competence  is shown through "exhibitions" involving speeches, papers, and experiments.   He was one of the leading progressive thinkers in 1973 with his tract called  Places for Learning, Places for Joy.  He thought their should be an unanxious  expectation where standards are challenging, not threatening, energy producing  rather than defense producing."  The best respect is high expectations,  and a level of accountability aimed at the adult.  The change was in the  terms of relationship between student, teacher, and subject matter. The  teacher is the coach who circulates among students and students are problem  solvers doing projects on their initiative.  Teachers encourage instead  of tell.  This was set up for high school cirrocumuli. The change  was to help student obtain a deeper understanding and mastery over a small  range of topics.  To get away from the paper and pencil test to more projects.   A force behind this would be the block scheduling so that students had more  time in each class.  This was a small unit where students had teachers  who stayed with them.  Teachers are treated like professionals where they  are entrusted to construct curriculum and the principal is the "instructional  leader.  This is a school driven reform with portfolios as assessments.   From the park view report they did not have much success implementing this  program because they focused on student achievement and not the culture of  the school.  They had limitations on their curriculum and although they  gave less worksheets and did more presentations they did not successfully implement  the program.  Therefore few mastered what they need.  Evidence of  positive effects on student achievement is mixed and weak as far as studies  with rigorous methodology and show inconsistent or no affects.  There  is marginal support during the first year. It was introduced in 1984  1200 schools use it in k-12 and it costs about 135,000 to implement.
                                                                                                                                     The fourth group  is Core Knowledge founded by E.D. Hirsch a professor of English Literature,  who argues the need for facts or a fact rich curriculum.  He believes  in direct whole class instruction.  He blames progressive teachers for  decline in schools.  They need to secure knowledge and skills that will  enable them to improve their condition.  It is important to know the  authors intentions, background information, and relevant prior knowledge.   This way they can draw inferences by recognizing references in texts.   He believes that "higher order thinking" and "deep understandings" will create  a substantive and procedural schemata.  There is important culturally  shared knowledge.  The learning is a spiral in all subjects so that students  are not learning same material year after year.  There is an emphasis  on whole class teaching and memorization's.  Schools tend to take this  approach and mix it with progressive techniques which have kept this from declining  into a drill and kill technique.  The children do appear to know more,  but this is not a guarantee of higher order skills. The students want  easier readings than the Core Knowledge promotes which means that want to redo  on grade level.  One critical thing said is there is a reason certain  books are read at certain ages and this is not taken into account. It  was given a promising rating as far as school achievement and rigorous methodology  is concerned in at least three studies. It is also give promising school  support.  Costs about 50,000. Introduced in 1990 about 968 schools  use it k-8 and it does improve test scores.
                                                                                                                                     The next course  examined was direct instruction.  The founder of direct instruction was  Siegfried Engelman.  "If presentation is consistent with one and only  one interpretation students will learn concept."  The whole class is scripted  and can not leave skill until all kids master.  This is a system biased  on behaviorism.  The assembly line approach that breaks learning down  to units.  Every thing is based on the principle that "Only mastery of  a concept or operation provides the student with information about how to organize  rules, facts, and operations.  Everything is scripted to the teacher and  presented in small units.  Everything is reinforced over and over.   It is based on the break down of narrative knowledge into discrete hierarchically  structured units called "fact systems." This can be seen with charts  boxes and cells.  This is an ugly method of teaching that is effective.   Teachers aren't given time to plan because they have no input.  They have  to fill out detailed day to day reports on children. They always know  where kids are on 67 or 131.  This is considered to have a strong positive  effect on children with at least 4 studies using rigorous methodology and showing  positive effects. They get a lot of support from developer and it is  labeled promising. Some on-site technical assistance and a variety of  types of support. It cost under 150,000.  It came about in late  1960's.  300 schools use it for K-6.
                                                                                                                                   The next model examined  is the Edison Project started by a profit making company.  Cirrocumuli  is dictated by detailed standards to promote understanding as well as factual  grasp.  It incorporates "student centered" and direct instruction.   The school is divided into "academies" to mark out broad intellectual stages,  as well as having still smaller "houses" to promote a sense of community.   Technology is central.  If you are above grade two you have a computer.   This system has not failed and it has also not turned a profit.  Instead  of being designed by an individual it was designed by a "core team"   The designers were successful professionals no prior education.  They  used polling and focused groups and found parents are more willing to change  then you think.  The designs are similar because they oppose tracking,  keep high expectations for all children, envisioned a curriculum organized  around clear standards, and proposed an integrated and student centered place  that still used direct instruction.   This supports portfolios and performance  assessments as well as standardized tests and advanced placement courses.     They have a longer school day with the emphasis on teacher professionalism  and lean administration.  They use off the shelf packages such as Success  For All and the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project for math  instruction  Emphasis was on standards for all subjects for all age levels.   They have a very structural design and usually operate with local districts  and charter schools who can set their own calendar and go for 200 to 205 days  a year eight hours a day.  Students remain with the same teachers and  the same group of peers for two to three years in what is called academies.   School culture is an important part of design and teachers are institutional  as well as intellectual leaders.  They are given up to two hours to plan  which is spent with colleagues discussing instructional issues as well as concerns  for children.  The day is broken down into Specials spanish, art and music  in the morning followed by ninety minutes of reading instruction the Success  For All program and then an hour of math and an hour of writing. Students  then use science, history, social studies and gym as special two or three time  a week classes end at 4 pm.  The teachers go home at 5:30. Students  wear blue and white uniforms.  There are no door separating the classrooms.   It did not appear that the computers were being used to their full potential  it is nice that kids are exposed early to them. There is an emphasis  on character and ethics and someone who serves as an "intervention specialist" They  think of themselves as a unit. There is not  any information on  effectiveness and cost.  It was first introduced 1995.  They have  about 79 schools grade levels range from k-10.
                                                                                                                                     Expeditionary  Learning Outward Bound is founded by the german educator Kurt Hahn.   He placed the ability to experience joy, teamwork, and arduous physical test  at the core of the school experience.  This is a school of active self  discovery.  The curriculum is based around an expedition which is the  root to learning personal, and physical experience.  He based his ideas  on inspiration found in Plato and the need for a moral regeneration.   The spirit of physical and moral fitness and the new spirit of service.   In 1920 the Salem school sponsored by Prince Max von Baden, germany's last  imperial chancellor.  He had "The seven Laws of Salem: 1.  "Give  children the opportunity for self discovery" 2. "Make the children meet with  triumph and defeat."  3.  "Give the children the opportunity of  self effacement in the common cause."  4. "Provide periods of silence."   5.  "Train the imagination" 6.  "Make games important but not predominant."  7.  "Free the sons of the wealthy and powerful from the enervating sense  of privilege."  He is a modern progressive because of his emphasis on  imagination.  The main idea that a child could test himself and come  to his own through discovery.  The purpose of mastering fears, strengthening  the will and learning an ethic interdependence.  Expeditionary learning  is a form of the interdisciplinary project based and usually took a semester  long.  "The base camp" is the classroom and the journey gives kids a  reason to acquire skills.  Each child has a crew of 25 or more that are  their unit.  They allow experience to grow organically and there is a  seems of community.  The results look promising from at least 3 studies  use a rigorous methodology and show positive effects.  Their is strong  support from the developer.  It cost less then 100,000 and was introduced  in 1992.  There are about 60 schools using it k-12.
                                                                                                                                   The next model is Multiple  intelligences designed by Psychologist Howard Gardner.  Humans have more  gifts than just "logical mathematical" and "linguistic intelligence."   Therefore he added to this "musical," "spatial," "interpersonal," "interpersonal,"  "bodily kinesthetic," and finally the "naturalist's intelligence." They  feel not enough tests have been done to prove this and still many are faithful  to "g" or general intelligence.  Educators are more receptive because  this is a way to see what way people are smart.  Evert child should be  given an opportunity to discover his or her own genius.  He wants an end  to standardized testing and traditional paper pencil assessment. This  is a highly individualized and "child centered" pedagogy.  He wants to  change the way we measure human worth.  At this point effectiveness and  cost and stated information is not available.
                                                                                                                                     School Development  program created by Psychologist James Comer has written that cognitive development  "will not be possible for many students until the social, psychological and  moral growth, interpersonal skill development and social conditions are adequately  addressed.  In his system children's developmental needs are a part of  school policy, and this is done through a spirit of "consensus, collaboration,  and no-fault."  His ideas are that children will not learn unless they  are ready to learn.  His ideas formed in the late sixties with notions  of a system organized into three teams.  The parent team which gives  parents a means to be involved with the school, and coordinates their   volunteer activities in the school.  The student staff and the support  team which consists of the school psychologist, counselors, special ed teachers,  and institutional expression f Comer's "development centered" model.   The governing body is the School Planning and Management team which is parents,  teachers, administrators and support staff.  The SPMT guides the school  and creates the curriculum and pedagogy.    The main aspect is atmospheric  because of the principles of consensus, collaboration, and no-fault.   This models respective conversation to children.  This is a very friendly  culture.  The classroom is left to the teachers.  The curriculum  is determined by the state.  They create a healthy environment for learning  where they do what they believe in and at the same time what the state dictates   The evidence of positive effects on student are promising with at least 3  studies use a rigorous methodology and shows positive effects.  They  have promising support because their is some on site technical assistance.   It cost less than 50,000.  It was introduced in 1968 with 721 schools  participating, and it is grade level k-12.
                                                                                                                                    Success for All is crisis  intervention program by Robert Slavin.  He created because he wanted all  children to feel successful as readers.  He sees reading as " a complex  process that involves decoding of words, tracking of words across the page,  and constructing meaning from individual words as well as sentences in nineteen  areas of performance.  The students are homogeneously grouped and regrouped  as they progress.  Students having problems are given twenty minute sessions  of one-on-one tutoring.  This is direct instruction with a scripted performance.   The difference is that slavin also supports cooperative learning so students  do work with their partners.   The truth is it's ugly but it works.   The results are there when there were no results before.  Evidence is  that this is strong positive effects on student achievement with at least 4  studies use a rigorous methodology and show positive effects.  There is  strong support and schools receive frequent on-site technical assistance and  a variety of support for the full implementation period.  It costs less  than 150,000 and was introduced in 1987.  The number of schools are 1,500  and used for Pre K-6 grades.