Essential Questions: How were the North and South different? What was the intention of the American System?
I. Another Revolution Affects America
A. The Industrial Revolution
1. American factory system was built on the premise that an industrial
system would provide employment for women and children
2. The factory system also made mass production � the production of
goods in large quantities - possible
B. Factory Towns
1. Waltham and Lowell Massachusetts
a. Factories were heavily capitalized and fully mechanized
-Turned raw cotton into finished cloth
b. Workers were young, single women from the declining farms of
New England
c. The system produced self-respecting sisterhood of independent,
wage earning women
II. Two Economic Systems Develop
A. Agriculture in the North
1. Cool temperatures, dreadful soil, and a short growing season made it
difficult agriculturally
a. Northern Farms small so there was little demand for slaves
b. As cities grew, farmers began to focus on one or two types of
crops and livestock
B. Cotton is King in the South
1. Demand generated by British industrialization
2. It was easy to grow in the lower south
3. Development of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney revolutionized cotton
a. Cotton became a major cash crop
b. It also rejuvenated the slave system
III. Government and Markets
A. The American System
1. Henry Clay led a drive for an American System
a. Involved national bank, internal improvements
-This nationalizing idea would foster economic growth and
link sections of country together
-The North would produce goods for the South and West
IV. The Transportation Revolution
A. Transportation in 1815 was primitive or non-existent, especially in the west
1. Improvements: Roads and Rivers
a. Construction on National Road resumed in 1816
-Linked the Potomac with the Ohio Rivers (see map)
-This facilitated transportation, but cost was still high
2. Improvements: Canals and Railroads
a. Erie Canal linked the Hudson River with Lake Erie (see map)
b. National rail system really began to develop after 1840 (map)
B. Time and Money
1. The transportation revolution dramatically reduced time and money
2. By 1840, improved transportation had made a market revolution
a. The nation had developed a self-sustaining domestic market
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Chapter 7: Nationalism at Center Stage
Essential Questions: In what ways did the Supreme Court boost national power? How did the foreign policies of Adams and Monroe serve national interests? Why was the Missouri Compromise important at the time?
I. Nationalism
A. The Supreme Court boosts national power
1. Supreme Court under John Marshall took the lead in encouraging
business and strengthening national government at states expense
a. Dartmouth College v Woodward (1816)
-Protected charters against state interference
b. McCulloch v. Maryland (1816)
-Denied states rights to tax the federal government
c. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
-Prohibited state run monopolies that interfered with
interstate commerce
B. Nationalism shapes foreign policy
1. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams established a foreign policy
based on nationalism
a. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) helped bring peace to U.S./Canadian border
b. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Spain ceded to Florida to U.S.
c. Monroe Doctrine (1823)
-Warned Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere,
stating that the U.S. intended to become a preeminent
power there.
C. Nationalism pushes west
1. Expansion to the West
a. Most settlers began pushing west for economic gains
-Land was plentiful and cheap
b. Some went west to escape debts or the law
c. There were also social gains to be made
-One could change occupations more easily
2. The argument over Missouri
a. In 1819, slaveholding Missouri applied for admission to the
union
b. Northerners objected the admission of a slave state
3. The Missouri Compromise (1820)
a. Maine would be added as a free state
b. North agreed to accept Missouri as a slave state if the South
outlawed slavery above 36, 30 N. latitude
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Chapter 7: The Age of Jackson
Essential Questions: What is the spoils system? Why did Jackson think that Native Americans should be moved west of the Mississippi?
1. Expanding democracy changes politics
A. The Election of 1824
1. Crowded field of candidates
2. Andrew Jackson is the only candidate with national appeal
3. Jackson won 42% of popular vote, but didn�t have enough electoral
votes
a. Election went into the House of Represewntatives
b. A corrupt bargain was made when Speaker of the House
Henry Clay assured John Quincy Adams victory in
exchange for Secretary of State
B. Jacksonian Melodrama
1. Jackson harbored feelings of being abandoned and abused by government
a. He was disgusted with corruption, money, power, and banks
b. Like many others, Jackson felt that selfishness had
corrupted government
2. Jackson believed that a virtuous citizenry was a republic�s best hope
a. Jacksonians left the Democratic-Republican Party to form
Democratic Party
C. Adams vs. Jackson
1. Adams refused to prepare for a rematch with Jackson
2. Jackson and his supporters sought to elect a president who was
committed to states rights, limited government, and Jeffersonian ideals
3. Popular democracy became linked with slavery
4. Jackson was seen as a candidate who could ensure democracy, support
slavery, and preserve the union
II. Jackson�s new Presidential Style
A. The Spoils System
1. Jackson filled government posts with old friends and political
supporters (all Democrats)
B. Removal of Native Americans
1. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act
a. The federal government negotiated treaties that would force
Native Americans to move west
2. Indians take their case to court
a. Cherokee vs. Georgia (1830)
-Weren�t a sovereign people so they couldn�t sue
b. Worcester vs. Georgia (1832)
-Georgia�s extension of state law over the lands was
unconstitutional
-Jackson ignored the decision because he felt the states had
the right to govern within their own boundaries
3. Jackson refuses to enforce the decision and allows the southwestern
states to encroach on Indian land
4. In 1838, Martin Van Buren sent an army to march 18,000 Cherokee to Oklahoma
a. 4000 died along the Trail of Tears
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Chapter 7: States Rights and the National Bank
Essential Questions: What was Calhoun�s nullification Theory? What were some of Jackson�s reasons for opposing the Second Bank of the U.S.? Why was the Whig Party formed?
I. States Rights & National Bank
A. Southerners and the Tariff
1. South condemned 1828 �Tariff of Abominations�
a. Tariff hurt the South by diminishing export of cotton (Britain
didn�t want to trade)
b. Tariff raised price of manufactured goods
B. Nullification
1. The South concluded that the only way to protect themselves was to
veto federal legislation
a. The Constitution was a compact between states, thus states could
decide the constitutionality of federal laws
b. S. Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, tried to nullify the tariff
-No other states joined in
-Jackson felt S. Carolina�s action in declaring a federal law
null and void was unconstitutional
II. Jackson attacks the National Bank
A. The Second Bank of the US
1. Business community valued the bank, but most Americans distrusted it,
including Jackson
a. Leery of paper money
2. Jackson saw the bank as a government sponsored concentration of
power that threatened the public
B. The Bank War
1. Jackson�s opponents backed a re-charter of bank
a. Jackson vetoed re-charter bill
b. Banks supporters thought message demonstrated that Jackson
was unfit for office
-In the end, public supported Jackson�s stance on Bank
2. In 1832, Jackson elected in a landslide
a. From that point on, Jackson worked to speed up the Bank�s death by withdrawing
government deposits and depositing new revenues in carefully selected state banks
C. The Beginnings of the Whig Party
1. Conflict over deposit removal, and questions over presidential power
united Jackson�s opponents in Whig party in 1834
a. Party felt Jackson had unconstitutionally expanded his powers
III. Martin Van Buren deals with Jackson�s legacy
A. Van Buren had barely taken office when the Panic of 1837 hit
B. The Election of 1840
1. Whigs were confident they could blame Van Buren for poor economy
2. Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison
a. Harrison�s folksiness and heroism was the theme, while Van
Buren was painted as living in luxury
b. Harrison won a narrow majority
C. Two Parties
1. Election of 1840 signaled completion of second party system