Essential Questions: Why did Jefferson Davis choose to attack Fort Sumter? What were
the strengths of the North and South?
I. Confederates fire on Fort Sumter
A. As states seceded, they seized control of federal property within their
borders, including forts
1. U.S commander, Robert Anderson, moved his force to Fort Sumter
2. S.C failed to negotiate a withdrawal of federal troops
B. Issue was unresolved when Lincoln was inaugurated in March 1861
1. As the fort ran low on supplies, Lincoln was faced a serious decision
a. Supplying fort through force would provoke a Confederate
response (Lincoln would be blamed)
b. Withdrawing troops would be a moral victory for the south
c. Lincoln sends unarmed supply ship
-If Confederates attacked, they would be blamed for
starting the war
-If they didn�t, fort would remain in federal hands
2. Confederates decided to attack before supply ships could arrive
a. Fort Sumter surrendered after 33 hours of Confederate
bombardment
II. Choosing Sides
A. North responded angrily to news of the attack on Fort Sumter
1. Widespread enlistments in the military
2. Lincoln called up state militias, which met their quotas quickly
a. 75,000 state militia men
3. Also issued call for three-year volunteers
4. Eight slave states in Union rejected call on militias
a. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina soon seceded and joined Confederacy
III. Strategy and morale
A. North would have to invade, conquer, and occupy South in order to win
1. Union blockade of Southern ports
a. Prevent importation of manufactured goods and export of cotton
2. Capture Richmond
B. South only had to defend its ground from invasion and prevent destruction of its
armies
1. Morale advantage seemed to rest with Confederacy
a. Fighting to protect their nation, home, land and families
IV. Campaigns and Battles, 1861-1862
A. Battle of Bull Run, May 1861
1. Confederate victory
a. Confirmed South�s belief in its military superiority and boosted morale, but also bred overconfidence
2. Jolted North out of expectations of a short war
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Chapter 11 The Politics of War
Essential Questions: Why was the Emancipation Proclamation part of Lincoln�s strategy? What were some of the problems that each side faced?
I. Britain remains neutral
A. Britain no longer needed Southern cotton
1. Found new sources in Egypt and India
B. Britain was against slavery
II. The Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
A. Lincoln used his presidential powers to free the slaves
1. Proclamation prevented British and French from recognizing the
Confederacy
2. Emancipation Proclamation was signed on New Year�s Day 1863
b. Excluded border-states, plus Tennessee and those portions of
Louisiana and Virginia under federal occupation
-It only applied to states in rebellion
3. The Proclamation essentially made Union soldiers an army of
liberation
4. It gave the war a high moral purpose
a. A struggle to free the slaves
B. Reactions to Proclamation
1. Some Northerners felt that it would prolong the war by antagonizing the
South
2. Confederates reacted to the Proclamation with outrage
III. Political Problems
A. Rise of the Copperheads
1. Widespread opposition to Lincoln in North by winter of 1862-63
a. Believed war was a failure and should be abandoned
b. Called for immediate armistice and a peace conference
c. Affected morale in North
B. Conscription
1. A draft that would force men to serve in the army
2. Those who could afford to were allowed to hire substitutes
a. Poor men complained that it was a �rich man�s war but a poor
man�s fight�
C. Draft Riots
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Chapter 11: The North takes Charge
Essential Questions: Why did Lee invade the North? Why was Lincoln able to win the election of 1864? Why did Lee finally surrender?
I. The Confederate Tide Crests and Recedes
A. The Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863
1. Brilliant victory for the South
2. Morale buster in North
3. Emboldened Lee, who planned another invasion of the North
B. The Gettysburg campaign, July 1863
1. Greatest battle in American history
2. Resulted in more than 50,000 men killed, wunded, or captured
3. Great Northern victory
4. Coincided with other Union victories in Mississippi, Louisiana, and
Tennessee
C. The Vicksburg campaign, May 1863
1. Union victory
2. Gave North control of the entire length of the Mississippi River
3. After Vicksburg, Lincoln stated, �Grant is my man, and I am his the rest
of the war.�
D. The Atlanta campaign, Fall 1864
1. City encircled by William T. Sherman in summer of 1864
2. Seemed content to simply settle in for a siege
3. In mid-November, he burned most of Atlanta
II. Lincoln�s Reelection and the End of the Confederacy
A. The capture of Atlanta
1. Sherman captured the railroad in late summer 1864
2. Atlanta�s conquest was inevitable
a. Had enormous impact on the election
b. Saved Lincoln�s chances for reelection
B. The road to Appomattox Court House
1. Army of Northern Virginia was only entity keeping Confederacy alive
by March 1865
a. But it was on verge of disintegration
2. After abandonment of Petersburg and Richmond, Lee had no choice
but to surrender to Grant in April 1865
3. Peace terms were generous
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Chapter 11: The Legacy of War
Essential Questions: What impact did the war have on the nation?
I. The War changes the nation
A. Political changes
1. National government assumed national supremacy
a. States never seceded again
2. Federal government became more powerful
a. Income tax
b. Paper currency
c. The draft
B. Economic changes
1. Federal government subsidies
a. National railroad system
-Federal government helped construct railroad system
b. National Bank Act
-Federal measures that helped make banking safer for
investors
2. The Northern economy boomed
a. The North sold war supplies to the government
3. The Southern economy faltered
a. Slavery was dead
b. Farms and plantations were destroyed
C. Costs of war
1. 360,000 Union soldiers died
2. 275,000 Confederates died
II. The war changes lives
A. New birth of freedom
1. Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution
a. Slavery was abolished
B. Assassination of Lincoln
1. Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865
a. John Wilkes Booth