Essential Questions: In terms of party development, what were the long term results of the Missouri
controversy and the Panic of 1819?
I. Prologue
A. The West, 1803-1840�s
1. Lewis and Clark explored Louisiana Territory in 1804
a. Proved that Louisiana Purchase was worth it
2. Soon, Americans were settling the southern portions of the Louisiana Territory
B. The Argument Over Missouri
1. In 1819, slaveholding Missouri applied for admission to the union
a. Northerners objected the admission of a slave state
C. The Missouri Compromise
1. Maine would be added as a free state
2. North agreed to accept Missouri as a slave state if the South outlawed slavery above 36, 30 N. latitude
D. The Panic of 1819
1. Origins were international
a. Recovery from Napoleonic wars reduced European demand for American foodstuffs
b. Upheaval in the New World had cut off the supply of precious metals
c. Debt-ridden European governments hoarded available specie
2. American investors responded by expanding credit and issuing banknotes
a. Eventually, the banks curtailed credit and demanded that banknotes be redeemed in specie
3. As a result of the economic collapse, many Americans directed their resentment onto the banks,
particularly the Second Bank of the U.S.
II. Republican Revival
A. Martin Van Buren (Senator from NY)
1. Committed to Jeffersonian principles
2. He believed in the two party system
3. Worked with others to reconstruct a coalition of northern and southern agrarians that had elected Thomas Jefferson
B. The Election of 1824
1. Crowded field of candidates
2. Andrew Jackson is the only candidate with national appeal
3. Jackson won 42% of popular vote, but didn�t have enough electoral votes
a. Election went into the House of Reps
b. A corrupt bargain was made (Speaker Henry Clay would assure J.Q. Adams victory in exchange for Sec.of State )
C. Jacksonian Melodrama
1. Jackson harbored feelings of being abandoned and abused by government
a. He was disgusted with corruption, money power, and banks
b. Like many others, Jackson felt that selfishness had corrupted government
2. Jackson believed that a virtuous citizenry was a republic�s best hope
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Chapter 12 Jacksonian Democracy (sec 2)
Essential Questions: Why was Jackson�s victory in the election of 1828 important? What did Jackson do to
protect states rights? Why did he have a problem with nullification?
III. Adams vs. Jackson
A. Nationalism in an international arena
1. Adams was a successful secretary of state under Monroe
a. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) helped bring peace to U.S./ Canadian border
b. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Florida
c. Monroe Doctrine (1823)
-Warned Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere, stating that the U.S. intended to become a
preeminent power there.
B. Nationalism at Home
1. Outlined ambitious program for national development
a. Roads, canals, national university, and other costly initiatives
b. Congress never acted on his plan for more intrusive government
C. Birth of Democratic Party
1. Adams refused to prepare for a rematch with Jackson
2. Jackson and his supporters sought to elect a president who was committed to states rights,
limited government, and old Jeffersonian ideals
3. Popular democracy became linked with slavery
4. Jackson was seen as a candidate who could ensure democracy, support slavery, and preserve the union
D. The Election of 1828
1. Jackson�s supporters condemned corrupt bargain of 1824
2. Adams attacked Jackson
a. Strategy backfired
3. Jackson received 56% of the vote
E. The Spoils System
1. Jackson filled government posts with old friends and political supporters
a. All Democrats
IV. Jacksonian Democracy and the South
A. Final crisis between frontier whites and Native peoples of eastern woodlands under way
1. In Old Southwest, Indians living on ancestral lands granted by federal treaties
a. Southwestern whites resented federal policy
-This was an affront to state rights
-Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi defied federal jurisdiction and extended their own authority over the
lands, turning it over to poor whites
B. Indian Removal
1. Jackson assented to states rights over Indians
2. Indians take their case to court
a. Cherokee vs. Georgia (1830)
-Weren�t a sovereign people so they couldn�t sue
b. Worcester vs. Georgia (1832)
-Georgia�s extension of state law over the lands was unconstitutional
-Jackson ignored the decision
3. Jackson refuses to enforce the decision and allows the southwestern states to encroach on Indian land
4. In 1838, Martin Van Buren sent an army to march 18,000 Cherokee to Oklahoma
a. 4000 died along the way (Trail of Tears)
C. Southerners and the Tariff
1. South condemned 1828 �Tariff of Abominations�
a. Tariff hurt the South by diminishing exports of cotton (Britain didn�t want to trade)
b. Tariff raised price of manufactured goods
D. Nullification
1. The South concluded that the only way to protect themselves was to veto federal legislation
a. The Constitution was a compact between states, thus states could decide the constitutionality of federal laws
-Jackson didn�t believe in nullification
b. S. Carolina tried to nullify the tariff laws
-No other states joined in
E. Petitions, the Gag Rule, and the Southern Mails
1. Rise of northern anti-slavery movement challenged the Democratic Party�s promise to protect slavery
a. Evangelicals formed societies committed to abolishing slavery
-Began postal campaign, flooding mail with anti-slavery tracts
-Bombarded Congress with petitions for abolition of slavery in D.C.
b. Democrats passed the �gag rule,� preventing Congress from reading petitions and mail
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Chapter 12: Jacksonian Democracy (sec 3)
Essential Question: Why did the second party system develop and what was its role in the election of 1840?
V. Jacksonian Democracy and the Market Revolution
A. The Second Bank of the US
1. Business community valued the bank, but most Americans distrusted it, including Jackson
a. Leery of paper $
2. Jackson saw the bank as a govt. sponsored concentration of power that threatened the public
B. The Bank War
1. Jackson�s opponents backed a re-charter of bank
a. Jackson vetoed re-charter bill
b. Banks supporters thought message demonstrated that Jackson was unfit for office
-Strategy backfired as public supported Jackson�s stance on Bank
2. In 1832, Jackson elected in a landslide
a. From that point on, Jackson worked to speed the Bank�s death by withdrawing government
deposits and depositing new revenues in carefully selected state banks
C. The Beginnings of the Whig Party
1. Conflict over deposit removal, and questions over presidential power united Jackson�s
opponents in Whig party in 1834
a. Party felt that Jackson had unconstitutionally expanded his powers
-In March 1834, the Senate censured him for removing deposits
2. Old National Republicans and southerners, who resented Jackson�s treatment of S. Carolina
during nullification, created a new party
VI. The Second American Party System
A. �Martin Van Ruin�
1. Whigs ran three sectional parties in 1836, hoping to deny Van Buren a majority
a. Strategy failed and Van Buren won 51% of the vote
2. Van Buren had barely taken office when the Panic of 1837 hit
B. The Election of 1840
1. Whigs were confident they could blame Van Buren for the economic woes
2. Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison
a. Harrison�s folksiness and heroism was the theme, while Van Buren was painted
as living in luxury
b. Harrison won a narrow majority
C. Two Parties
1. Election of 1840 signaled completion of second party system