Essential Questions: What was the nationalizing dream of the American System? How did improvements in transportation actually help direct commerce within and between regions?
I. Government and Markets
A. The American System: The Bank of the United States
1. Henry Clay led a drive for an American System
a. Involved national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements
-This nationalizing idea would foster economic growth and
link sections of country together
2. Congress chartered a Second Bank of the United States in 1816
a. Hold government deposits
b. Government would accept Bank notes as payment (land, taxes)
B. The American System: Tariffs and internal improvements
1. The tariff protected industries at the expense of foreign trade
a. Americans could no longer depend on foreign manufacturers
-This encouraged domestic manufacturers
C. Markets and the Law
1. Supreme Court under John Marshall took the lead in encouraging
business and strengthening national government at states expense
a. Dartmouth College v Woodward (1816)
-Protected charters against state interference
b. McCulloch v. Maryland (1816)
-Denied states rights to tax the federal government
c. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
-Prohibited state run monopolies that interfered with
interstate commerce
II. The Transportation Revolution
A. Transportation in 1815 was primitive or non-existent, especially in the west
1. Improvements: Roads and Rivers
a. Construction on National Road resumed in 1816
-Linked the Potomac with the Ohio Rivers (see map)
-This facilitated transportation, but cost was still high
b. The steamboat opened west to commercial agriculture
-This made two-way river travel possible
2. Improvements: Canals and Railroads
a. Erie Canal linked the Hudson River with Lake Erie (see map)
b. National rail system really began to develop after 1840 (map)
B. Time and Money
1. The transportation revolution dramatically reduced time and money
2. By 1840, improved transportation had made a market revolution
a. The nation had developed a self-sustaining domestic market
C. Markets and Regions
1. After 1840, new transportation networks turned industrial northeast and
mid-Atlantic, and commercial farms of the Northwest into a unified
market society
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Chapter 9: The Market Revolution, 1815-1860 (Sec 2)
Essential Questions: What kinds of market transformations took place in the Northeast and Northwest between 1815 and 1850?
III. From Yoeman to Businessman: The Rural North and West
A. Shaping the northern landscape
1. Raising livestock replaced mixed farming in the northeast
a. Beef became the great New England cash crop
b. Factories and cities of the northeast provided New England
farmers with a market for beef and other perishables
B. The Transformation of Rural Outwork
1. Emergence of factories for shoes and textiles forced remaining
outworkers to be dependent on merchants
a. Merchants now provided the materials and set the pace of labor
C. Farmers as Consumers
1. By 1830, the shift to specialized agriculture (beef) had forced farmers to
buy necessities (foodstuffs, coal, textiles) they use to produce
themselves
D. The Northwest: Southern Migrants
1. Young people with little hope of inheriting land, moved away to towns,
cities, or to new farmlands
2. These migrants from other areas transformed the northwest into a
working agricultural landscape
a. Settlers poured into southern and eastern Ohio
-These settlers remained tied to the river trade and to a
mode of agriculture that favored free-ranging livestock
over cultivated fields (razorbacks)
E. The Northwest: Northern Migrants
1. Around 1830, a stream of northeasterners migrated westward
a. Duplicated the intensive, market oriented farming they had done
at home
-Penned their cattle and hogs, planted their land in grain
-The new settlers were more receptive to new farming
techniques (cast-iron plow, tread mill threshers)
F. Households
1. Americans began to limit the size of their families
a. The transformation to new farming techniques or livestock made
large families obsolete
2. Commercialization of agriculture contributed to male and female roles
a. New kinds of women�s work emerged within the household
-Intensive childrearing, new types of food preparation,
new notions of housework (domestic comfort)
G. Neighborhoods: The Landscape of Privacy
1. By the 1830�s and 40�s, the market revolution had transformed the rural
landscape of the northeast.
a. Old practices and old forms of neighborliness declined
b. Cash came to be used to settle debts
c. Storekeepers began to demand cash payment
d. The neighborly rituals like parties, husking bees, and barn-
raising were scorned as inefficient and a waste of time.
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The Market Revolution, 1815-1860 (Sec 3)
Essential Questions: What was the relationship between the urban industrial growth and the largely rural domestic market?
IV. The Industrial Revolution
A. Factory Towns: The Rhode Island System
1. American factory system was built on the premise that a decentralized
industrial system would provide employment for women and children
a. This would subsidize the independence of struggling farmers
2. Textile industry established in Rhode Island followed this �family
system�
3. This system eventually replaced textile outworkers with power looms
a. It also transformed whole villages into self-contained factory
towns
B. Factory Towns: The Waltham System
1. Boston Associates developed a different plan
a. Factories were heavily capitalized and fully mechanized
-Turned raw cotton into finished cloth (Little need for
skilled workers
b. Workers were young, single women from the farms of New
England
c. The idea was to build a profitable textile industry without
creating a permanent working class (England)
d. The system produced self-respecting sisterhood of independent,
wage earning women
C. Urban Businessmen
1. Market revolution hit America cities with particular force
a. Cities contained wealthy men of finance, a new middle class that
sold a variety of consumer goods, and impoverished men and
women who made the goods
b. In the 1820�s and 1830�s, the commercial classes transformed
the look and feel of American cities
-Commercial growth was symbolized by handsome retail
arcades (Quincy Market) that sprung up in the 1820�s
D. Metropolitan Industrialization
1. Prior to 1850, most goods were made by hand
2. The largest trades, like shoemaking and tailoring, were divided up into
skilled and unskilled segments
a. Most of the work was then farmed out to urban sub-contractors
-Skilled craftsmen cut cloth or leather into patterns
-The pieces were than sent out to workers who sewed them
together in their homes (most work done by women)
b. This created a large urban working class
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Chapter 9: The Market Revolution, 1815-1860 (Sec 4)
Essential Questions: What were the nature and limits of the Market Revolution in the South? Why?
V. The Market Revolution in the South
A. The Organization of Slave Labor
1. Plantations of the cotton belt were extremely commercialized
a. Many farmers grew nothing but cotton
2. Cotton was well suited for slave labor and the climate of the deep south
3. Division of labor by sex was standard practice
a. Women wielded the hoes, and the men did the plowing
b. During the harvest, men worked by men, women beside
women
B. Paternalism
1. Exploitation of slave labor became more humane after 1820
a. Planters paid close attention to slave discipline
-This sprang from both planter self-interest and a genuine
attempt to exert a kindly, paternal control
b. As a result, slave�s material status rose
-The slave population of the U.S. increased threefold
-Births outnumbered deaths among North American slaves
C. Yeomen and Planters
1. As the price of slaves and good land rose, fewer and fewer owners
shared in the profits of the cotton economy
a. Wealth was more concentrated in the hands of a few
b. Duel economy emerged with plantations at the commercial
center and white yeomanry on the fringes
c. Some small farmers were tied to the plantation economy
-They worked as overseer�s for the plantation owners, sold
them food, and served on slave patrols
d. Most small farmers lived away from the plantations (upcountry)
-Eastern Appalachia, mountains in KN and TN, Northern
MS and AL, parts of TX and LO, and the Ozarks
D. Yeoman and the Market
1. Large groups of yeoman practiced mixed farming for subsistence
a. They also traded within the neighborhood
b. Most land went into subsistence crops and livestock
-Cultivated a few acres of cotton to earn money
E. A Balance Sheet: The Plantation and Southern Development
1. Southern planters were among the richest men in the Western Hem.
a. But, wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few
2. South remained a poor market for manufactured goods
a. Slaves wore cheap clothes, plantation owners bought furnishings
from Europe, and yeoman farmers made things on the farm
b. Market revolution in the South only produced more slaves