Essential Questions: What were the effects of Anglicization? What regional differences emerged in the colonies??
I. Expansion vs Anglicization.
A. Threats to household autonomy
1. As Population rose, some families acquired more prestige than others
a. The �gentlemen� class began to dominate public life at the expense of the common man.
- They also dominated the assemblies
2. Young sons looked elsewhere for land.
B. Anglicizing the role of women
1. Women worked harder to sustain the levels of opportunities for their households
a. In New England, women took on spinning and weaving
2. European double standard of sexual behavior
II. Expansion, Immigration, and Regional Differences
A. Emergence of the Old South
1. Wealthy slaveholding planters dominated the regio n
a. Chesapeake region � tobacco, wheat
b. Carolina�s � rice, indigo
B. The Mid- Atlantic colonies: the best poor man�s country.
1. Rich farmlands
2. Increased Immigration (Germans, Irish)
C. The backcountry would be a distinct region (sparsely settled, relatively dangerous, and politically underrepresented.)
1. The interior of Virginia and the Carolina�s
D. New England suffered from a faltering economy and paper money.
1. Land of farmers, fisherman, and shipbuilders
2. New England�s isolation had negatives effects on the community
a. Disease invaded the region (small pox, diphtheria)
3. Grain exports declined, hurting the economy
a. The wheat blast blight
4. Paper money was not backed by gold or silver but was accepted
a. New England�s currency steadily declined in relation to the British pound
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Chapter 4: Provincial America and the Struggle for a Continent (Sec 2)
Essential Questions: What impact did the Enlightment and Great Awakening have on colonial America?
III. Anglicizing Provincial America
A. the world of print was spreading its way through the colonies.
1. By 1740, Boston had eight printers; New York and Penn. each had two.
2. These weeklies devoted most of their space to European affairs.
a. Spread the English Enlightenment throughout the colonies
B. The Enlightenment in America, in both its religious and secular forms, transformed colonist�s assumptions
and modes of thinking.
1. Rejected a vengeful God, and applauded man�s ability to think and learn
2. Enlightenment writers embraced men like Sir Isaac Newton.
3. They looked for ways to improve society.
a. John Locke
C. As in England, lawyers and doctors began to emerge as part of a group of professionals with growing prestige
and power.
1. They helped spread enlightenment ideas
IV. The Great Awakening or spiritual rebirth
A The origins of the revivals
1. They felt that organized religion had lost its direction.
2. A revival was an emotional response to God�s word that brought sudden conversions to scores of people.
a. Bible thumping, fire and brimstone sermons
-Jonathan Edwards
B. George Whitefield launches the transatlantic revivals in 1739.
1. He imitated Christ on the cross
C. The revivals caused disruptions and controversy in virtually every colony that
took years to die down.
1. In Georgia, Hugh Bryan denounced slavery as a sin
D. Historians have debated the exact long-term consequences of the revivals,
but they agree that the Great Awakening affected almost every community.
1. Religious schisms from the revivals resulted in the establishment of a number of new colleges
(Princeton, Brown, and Rutgers)
a. Anglicans countered with U of Penn., and Columbia)
2. The denominational realignment that ensued from the awakenings is a unique feature of American religion.
a. Methodists and Baptists grew at an astounding rate.
b. Puritans, Quakers, and Anglicans lost heavily.
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Chapter 4: Provincial America and the Struggle for a Continent (Sec 3)
Essential Questions: What were the differences/similiarities between the royal governors and the colonial assemblies?
Was a war for control of North America inevitable? Why?
V. Political culture in the colonies
A. The rise of the assembly and the governor
1. The elective assembly embodied a colony�s democratic elements
a. Three-fourths of free adult white males could vote
2. Royal governors learned to adapt and work with the assemblies
a. They relied less on royal powers and more on the ability to win over the assembly.
-persuasion and patronage
B. The southern colonies had �Country Constitutions�
1. A system of politics of harmony prevented governors from using patronage to fill assembly seats
a. The voters could turn them out in the next election
b. Governors found they could accomplish more with persuasion
C. �Court Constitutions� were characteristic of the northern colonies
1. Governors won support by using patronage
a. This created a huge political machine that rewarded many assemblymen
-These assemblymen won the confidence of the governor.
VI. Contention with France and Spain led to a renewal of imperial conflict by mid-century.
A. Challenges to French power in the interior regions of North America.
1. The British colonies, Spain, and eventually the Indians became involved
B. The danger of slave revolts and war with Spain grew in the first decades of the century
1. Stono Rebellion (1739)
a. Slaves from the British colonies were offered freedom in Spanish Fla.
2. War of Jenkin�s Ear in (1739)
a. Some 3,000 men, eager for plunder from the 13 colonies invaded Spanish territory
C. In 1744, France joined Spain to fight Britain in King George�s War
a. Untrained Yankee volunteers subdued the great French fortress of Louisbourg on June 16, 1745.
D. All of these conflicts merely foreshadowed the impending storm that would take place after mid-century.
1. After the war, the colonies promised land grants to many volunteers.
a. As a result, a frenzy of expansion began to alarm Indians and French alike .
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Chapter 4: Provincial America and the Struggle for a Continent (Sec 4)
Essential Questions: What were the causes and consequences of the French and Indian War?
VII. The war for North America French & Indian War (1755-1763)
A. The Albany Congress 1754 and the onset of the war.
1. All the colonies were invited to work a plan for intercolonial union.
a. Franklin�s plan called for a �President General.�
-Appointed by the crown
-Commander and Chief and administered laws of the union
b. Franklin�s plan also called for a �Grand Council�
-Elected every three years by the lower houses of each colony.
c. The union would have the power to raise soldiers, build forts, and levy taxes.
d. The plan failed because the colonies didn�t trust one another.
-In the end, the British Army was the safer choice
-They decided that the colonies were incapable of defending themselves without help.
B. The first years of the French and Indian war proved to be bitter years filled with British defeats.
1. Irregular war in the forests of N. America made the British uneasy
2. At Fort Duquesne, The British were defeated by French and Indian irregulars
3. Indian attacks devastated frontier settlements
C. Imperial tensions: From Loudoun to Pitt.
1. In 1755, the Earl of Loudoun took command of the British forces
a. The colonial units hated to serve under him
-The colonists didn�t like the harsh discipline and arrogant officers in the British army
D. The years from 1760-1763 can be termed the years of British victory
1. The British Royal Navy eventually cut off Canada from reinforcements
2. Britain had close to 60,000 men in North America
3. The British brokered an uneasy peace with the Indians, promising not to take lands after the war.
4. Peace with Indians permitted the British to move against France
5. After the fall of Quebec in 1760, the French surrendered
E. The Cherokee War and Spanish intervention
1. Cherokees launched an attack on backcountry settlers in SC
a. Redcoats eventually defeated the Cherokees in 1761
2. Spain entered the war in Jan. 1762 after France and Cherokees were defeated
F. The Peace of Paris of 1763 marked the pinnacle of the British Empire
1. French surrendered all of N. America east of Mississippi (except New Orleans) to the British
2. France gave Spain land (Louisiana) west of the Mississippi